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Topic: Lumumba

	Patrice Lumumba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lumumba was born in Onalua in the Kasai province of the Belgian Congo.
		Lumumba was arrested on December 1, 1960 by troops of Mobutu.
		Lumumba was then transported on January 17, 1961 from the military prison in Thysville near Leopoldville to a 'more secure' prison in Jadotville in the Katanga Province.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Patrice_Lumumba (1294 words)

	MSN Encarta - Patrice Lumumba
		Lumumba was born in Onalua in the southern province of Kasai in the Belgian Congo.
		Lumumba worked for the Belgian colonial administration for 11 years, mainly as a postal clerk in the northeastern city of Stanleyville (now Kisangani).
		Lumumba was taken from prison and flown to Brussels, Belgium, where negotiations with Congolese activists led to the scheduling of unconditional independence for the almost totally unprepared colony.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559104/Patrice_Lumumba.html (620 words)

	AllRefer.com - Patrice Emergy Lumumba (African History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Lumumba appealed for aid to the United Nations, which sent troops to reestablish order.
		Shortly afterward, Lumumba was put under house arrest by Colonel Mobutu.
		Lumumba escaped but was recaptured and then flown (Jan., 1961), on orders from Mobutu and Kasavubu, to Katanga, where in February, it was announced that he had been killed.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Lumumba.html (374 words)

	Lumumba
		Lumumba's MNC party emerged as the winner in the May elections and Lumumba was the leading nationalist politician.
		Lumumba's fiery speech at the swearing in ceremonies left no doubt that Congolese independence was due strictly to the desire and perseverance of free-minded citizens, ready to govern themselves, and not due to the benevolence of the white Belgians relinquishing control.
		Lumumba is the story of a man of strength and character, determined to lead his people in the pursuit of freedom.
	www.reelmoviecritic.com /2002/id1735.htm (710 words)

	The unquiet death of Patrice Lumumba
		Lumumba was among the most courageous and principled figures in a generation of young nationalist leaders who came forward in the second half of the twentieth century to claim freedom from European colonialism.
		Lumumba’s forthright demands for economic independence, social justice and political self-determination, and his hostility to a political setup based upon tribal divisions, which the colonialists had effectively used to divide and rule Africa, sealed his fate.
		Lumumba was unable to counter the enemies arrayed against him because, in the final analysis, he too was balancing between the imperialists on the one hand and the oppressed African masses on the other.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2002/jan2002/lumu-j16.shtml (2323 words)

	Lumumba
		The effort involved in "Lumumba" is quite ambitious as Peck and his crew before and behind the camera strive to bring to life this slice of world history that might have gone unexplored for decades, if at all.
		Lumumba replaced Janssens, making Mobutu a colonel, and went on a pacification tour with Congolese President Joseph Kasa Vubu (Maka Kotto), but it was too late.
		Lumumba's intelligence and ability to strategize, even as he's cornered by insurmountable odds, are given life by Ebouaney.
	www.reelingreviews.com /lumumba.htm (1190 words)

	Who Killed Lumumba?
		It was as leader of the MNC that Lumumba emerged as Congo's first prime minister after elections in June 1960.
		Lumumba was beaten again on the flight to Elizabethville on January 17th.
		When Lumumba's death was formally announced on Katangese radio, it was accompanied by an elaborately implausible cover involving an escape and murder by enraged villagers.
	www.africawithin.com /lumumba/who_killed_lumumba.htm (2332 words)

	The Passing of Patrice Lumumba
		When Lumumba found that the UN troops could not be used as a private army to put down his political opponents he became disenchanted with their presence in his country.
		Lumumba had pledged to give assistance to the African nations to the east and the south of the Congo who are still struggling to attain independence, particularly Angola.
		Lumumba was a true son of Africa, and in his short unhappy lifetime he was accepted as belonging to all of Africa, not just the Congo.
	www.nbufront.org /html/MastersMuseums/JHClarke/Contemporaries/LumumbaPassing.html (3837 words)

	raceandhistory.com - Who Killed Lumumba?
		Lumumba was born in the tiny village of Onalua, in Kasai Province.
		Lumumba was now viewed as both a hero of the independence movement and a dangerous troublemaker.
		Victor Nendaka had been with Lumumba at the founding of the MNC but by 1960 he was head of Mobutu's secret service and a party to decisions about Lumumba's future.
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/Lumumbascript.html (4847 words)

	New revelations on the assassination of Patrice Lumumba
		The murder of Lumumba and two of his ministers, Mpolo and Okito, cleared the road for the crushing of the anti-imperialist uprisings in the Congo and thus laid the foundations for the compradore regime of Mobutu.
		Lumumba became the symbol of a very young and rapidly radicalising independence movement which unfortunately was too unorganised to survive the murder and/or imprisonment of its most prominent leaders.
		Today Lumumba still lives on as a genuine and honest revolutionary for many thousands of African workers and youth who try to find a way out of the deadly impasse of imperialism on the fl continent.
	www.newyouth.com /archives/africa/congo/lumumba_assassination_20000401.asp (1370 words)

	afrol News: Belgium admits guilt in Lumumba killing
		François Lumumba, now a Congolese opposition party leader, told the press in Brussels the long-awaited recognition of Belgian guilt was "a determining step, a sign of political courage that must be congratulated." The Belgian press also proved content with its government's move.
		In Katanga, Lumumba was killed by a firing squad commanded by a Belgian officer - according to the officer accompanying Lumumba, interviewed by de Witte.
		Lumumba was followed by pro-Western dictator Mobutu Sésé Séko, governing Congo ("Zaire") for 30 years as his personal estate resulting in the total impoverishment of the nation.
	www.afrol.com /News2002/drc003_lumumba_bel.htm (854 words)

	Lumumba
		When Lumumba was elected Prime Minister, he was forced to share duties with Joseph Kasavubu, a timid and temporizing bourgeois politician.
		In short order, however, Lumumba will learn that they are determined to destroy the infant nation and return it to bondage no matter what they do.
		Put in the most succinct terms, Lumumba was a politician who sought to rule through conventional measures while counter-revolutionary violence was being organized all around him.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/culture/lumumba.htm (1340 words)

	Lumumba (2000)
		Many of those that Lumumba regarded as his friends were to become his executioners as they justified their actions in the face of political or personal expediency.
		Patrice Lumumba genuinely loved his land and bled and broke for it, only to be vilified wrongly by his countrymen and the world at large.
		As an historical figure, Patrice Lumumba still courts controversy, with even the UN weighing in with some fairly hefty criticisms of the man. This portrait is entirely sympathetic, and if that is going to go against your beliefs about Lumumba then you are in for 115 minutes of outrage.
	www.michaeldvd.com.au /Reviews/Reviews.asp?ID=4196 (1341 words)

	Lumumba A Biography
		But the problems Lumumba faced in parliament and in the cabinet were small when compared with the mutiny which broke out among the soldiers of the Congolese army only a few days after independence was proclaimed.
		On another level, one of Lumumba's greatest handicaps was the fact that even in the face of all these problems the Congolese were not really united.
		Some of Lumumba's successors took a lot of advice, and some of them were positively pro-Western, but conditions in the Congo were often worse than they were under Lumumba.
	www.nathanielturner.com /lumumbaabiography.htm (2125 words)

	Lumumba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The film opens with a depiction of Lumumba's ignominious fate -- his body and the corpses of two companions are hacked up and burned by two Belgian soldiers one windy night far away from any witnesses.
		Lumumba and Kasavubu were elected by popular vote in the large, fractious country rich in natural resources soon after independence from Belgium.
		Despite the presence of new faces in nearly every scene and a flurry of names and places, "Lumumba" rates as one of the most accomplished and vital historical films to be made in a long time that also succeeds as a fully engaging moviegoing experience.
	www.hollywoodreporter.com /hollywoodreporter/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=788266 (663 words)

	Congo
		On 17 January 1961 at 5.30am Patrice Lumumba, the first fl prime minister of the newly independent Congo, was taken from his prison cell and driven to an airstrip where he and his aides were pushed onto a plane bound for Katanga.
		Lumumba's goatee and several tufts of his hair were torn out.
		A plot was hatched for the 'élimination définitive' of Patrice Lumumba.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /sr255/otoole.htm (932 words)

	We should always remember Patrice Lumumba
		Patrice Lumumba was rooted in his determination to fight against the forces of the European world in the most turbulent period of the history of the Congo.
		This statement by Patrice Lumumba caused the white world and their African servants to conspire in the next year to find a way to get rid of this most courageous spokesman for the interests of the Congolese people.
		Patrice Lumumba was assassinated on January 17, 1961 at the hands of African mercenaries working in the interests of the Europeans through the United States and the CIA.
	www.finalcall.com /perspectives/Lumumba07-24-2001.htm (829 words)

	The Assassination of Lumumba - Ludo De Witte
		Lumumba was under UN protection after Mobuto (who had removed him from office) surrounded his house with troops on 10 October 1960.
		Lumumba's head-on attack against them may have sounded good to his audience (and may have even been just and right), but it was also unrealistic.
		Lumumba also may have been working towards this, but he was much less successful.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/congo/lumumba1.htm (3621 words)

	Probe V6N3: Midnight in the Congo: Assassinations, Plural? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1959, Lumumba had visited businessmen in New York, where he stated unequivocally, "The exploitation of the mineral riches of the Congo should be primarily for the profit of our own people and other Africans." Affected minerals included copper, gold, diamonds, and uranium.
		The very next day, Devlin was told by a Congolese leader that the captive Lumumba was to be transferred to a prison in Bakwanga, the "home territory" of his "sworn enemy." Three days later, Lumumba and two of his closest supporters were put on an airplane for Bakwanga.
		Some accounts indicated that on the plane, Lumumba and his supporters were so badly beaten that the Belgian flight crew became nauseated and locked themselves in the flight deck.
	www.webcom.com /ctka/pr399-congo.html (6721 words)

	Asia Times
		Public apologies to the Lumumba family and the Congolese people were added as sops to sweeten the eyewash that sought to protect the highest authorities of the land whose hands were unquestionably soaked in Lumumba's blood.
		Such was the adulation and popular appeal of Lumumba's name and vision all over the Congo that even though he was ejected from power and incarcerated, Brussels and its lackeys in Africa suffered sleepless nights, with fears of nationalist uprisings in the army and civilian population.
		The merciless execution and interment of Lumumba, carried out by Belgian intelligence agents on January 17, should not be seen as the action of "local commanders" who went wild, but the consummation of Brussels's remote control over the ghastly Congolese nightmare that began right from the day of the hand-over of power to Africans.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Front_Page/DG03Aa01.html (1206 words)

	UN
		Lumumba asked the United Nations to use the military force to crash the power of Tshombe in Katanga.
		Lumumba’s anger at the United Nations failure to act against Katanga, lead to him asking the USSR for help.
		Lumumba and Kalonji’s groups both had weapons off of the Russians and the country by the summer of 1961 seemed to be on the verge of implosion.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /united_nations_congo.htm (1094 words)

	The Assassination of Lumumba
		Patrice Lumumba, first prime minister of the Republic of Congo and a pioneer of African unity, was murdered on 17 January 1961.
		Lumumba was at the centre of the country’s popular defiance towards the relentless exploitation of its Belgian coloniser.
		When independence was finally won in June 1960, his unscheduled speech at the official ceremonies in Kinshasa, which described Belgian rule as "a humiliating slavery imposed by brute force," received a standing ovation and made him a hero to millions.
	www.versobooks.com /books/cdef/d-titles/de_witte_lumumba.shtml (320 words)

	Lumumba (2001)
		In Lumumba, Haitian-born writer/director Raoul Peck's unforgettable profile of the late premier, we see Lumumba both at the apex of glory and at the nadir of despair.
		Lumumba is also depicted as an uncompromising ideologue who refuses to compromise or even act as the flames of civil war begin to lick higher around him.
		Peck presents Lumumba's death as a tragic inevitability, and his shattering film serves as a gut-wrenching requiem for the hope of peace and prosperity in post-colonial Africa.
	www.reel.com /movie.asp?MID=132220&buy=closed&Tab=reviews&CID=13 (517 words)

	Lumumba (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lumumba was brutally murdered by his own countrymen with America and Belgium cheering from the sidelines.
		Lumumba never had a chance and he made it worse for himself by delivering an un-programmed and fiercely anti-colonial speech on Independence Day.
		The Congolese come out worst of all, appropriately, since in the long term they are the ones who also suffered (and continue to suffer) the most as a result of not being able to act together irrespective of tribal origin.
	us.imdb.com /Title?0246765 (620 words)

	The Congo: How and why the West organised Lumumba's assassination Review of two BBC documentaries: Who Killed Lumumba?, ...
		The circumstances of Lumumba's death have been shrouded in mystery for forty years, but as the Congo's vast mineral wealth is once again becoming a focus for imperialist rivalries, documents long hidden in official archives have been brought to light.
		Mobutu then lead a coup d'état and Lumumba was placed under house arrest, from which he escaped only to be captured by troops loyal to Mobutu.
		When Lumumba showed that he could not be relied upon to control the Congolese working class, his fate was sealed.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/jan2001/lum-j10_prn.shtml (1385 words)

	California Newsreel - LUMUMBA: LA MORT DU PROPHETE
		Lumumba: la mort du Prophete offers a unique opportunity to reconsider the life and legacy of one of the legendary figures of modern African history.
		Like Malcolm X, Patrice Lumumba is remembered less for his lasting achievements than as an enduring symbol of the struggle for self-determination.
		Therefore present-day Europe figures as prominently in Lumumba as the Congo in 1960, because Europe was the unseen hand behind the camera and the events leading to Lumumba's assassination.
	www.newsreel.org /films/lumumba.htm (447 words)

	Glossary of People: L
		Lumumba was the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		In September Lumumba was dismissed from government by Kasavubu, an act of dubious legality.
		Following a U.N. report that Lumumba had been mistreated by his captors, his followers threated (on December 9) to arrest all Belgians and “start cutting off the heads of some of them” unless Lumumba was released within 48 hours.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/people/l/u.htm (2826 words)

	The Militant - July 23, 2001 -- Patrice Lumumba and revolution in the Congo
		Claiming that Lumumba was inspiring "racial hatred" and couldn't be trusted to govern the Congo, they rushed in new troops, and separated Katanga from the Congo Republic--using Moise Tshombe, a wealthy plantation owner and businessman as their Katanga front-man.
		Overridden by the U.S. and her UN lackeys, their motion to restore Lumumba was defeated November 22 by a vote of 53-to-24.
		On December lst, Lumumba was seized, publicly mauled in a truck before U.S. TV cameras and imprisoned in Leopoldville; this while UN forces stood by.
	www.themilitant.com /2001/6528/652850.html (3181 words)

	Congo 1960-1964 KH
		Patrice Lumumba became the Congo's first prime minister after his party received a plurality of the votes in national elections.
		Influencing this policy, in addition to Washington's ideological aversion to Lumumba, was the fact that a number of prominent administration officials had financial ties to the Katanga wealth.
		CIA officers encouraged and offered to aid these Congolese in their efforts against Lumumba, although there is no evidence that aid was ever provided for the specific purpose of assassination.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Congo_KH.html (1824 words)

	Lumumba, Patrice -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		in full Patrice Hemery Lumumba African nationalist leader, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (June–September 1960).
		Lumumba was born in the village of Onalua in Kasai province, Belgian Congo.
		The first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba held office for less than three months and was murdered by his opponents four months after being ejected from office.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9049346 (657 words)

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