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Topic: Luna 20

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	Luna 20
		Luna 20 was placed in an intermediate Earth parking orbit and from this orbit was sent towards the Moon.
		On February 21 1972, Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Apollonius highlands[?] near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had impacted.
		The ascent stage of Luna 20 was launched from the lunar surface on 22 February 1972 carrying 30 grams of collected lunar samples in a sealed capsule.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lu/Luna_XX.html (143 words)

	Luna
		Lunas were the first manmade objects to attain of escape velocity; to impact on the moon; to photograph the far side of the moon; to soft land on the moon; to retrieve and return lunar surface samples to the earth; and to deploy a lunar rover on the moon's surface.
		Luna 12 was launched towards the Moon from an earth-orbiting platform and achieved a lunar orbit of of 100 km x 1740 km on October 25, 1966.
		Luna 16 was launched toward the Moon from a preliminary earth orbit and entered a lunar orbit on September 17, 1970.
	www.astronautix.com /project/luna.htm (5495 words)

	Luna
		Lunas were the first manmade objects to reach escape velocity, crash into the Moon, photograph the Moon’s farside, soft land on the Moon, automatically return lunar surface material to Earth, and deploy a rover on the Moon’s surface.
		Luna 3 was launched on a figure-eight trajectory bringing it within 6,200 km of the Moon and around the farside, which was sunlit at the time.
		Luna 16 landed safely on the Moon on Sep. 20, 1970 on the Sea of Fertility and deployed an extendable arm with a drilling rig to collect 100 g of soil and rock.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/Luna.html (1698 words)

	Luna 20
		On February 21, 1972, Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area near Mare Foecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 kilometers (75 miles) from where Luna 16 had impacted.
		Luna 20 was launched from the lunar surface on February 22, 1972, and landed in the Soviet Union on February 25, 1972.
		The Luna 20 drill was a thin-walled tube carrying helical threads on its outside surface and a crown on sharp teeth at its cutting end.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/luna20.htm (448 words)

	Soviet Craft - Luna
		The Luna 13 spacecraft was launched toward the moon from an Earth-orbiting platform and accomplished a soft landing on December 24, 1966, in the region of Oceanus Procellarum.
		The spacecraft instrumentation was similar to that of Luna 10 and provided data for studies of the interaction of the Earth and lunar masses, the lunar gravitational field, the propagation and stability of radio communications to the spacecraft at different orbital positions, solar charged particles and cosmic rays, and the motion of the Moon.
		Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the moon and return a sample to Earth and represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union and the third overall, following the Apollo11 and 12 missions.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_luna.html (5278 words)

	Luna
		Luna 16 was launched toward the Moon from a preliminary earth orbit and entered a lunar orbit on 17 September1970 after one mid-course correction on 13 September.
		Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and return a sample to Earth and represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union and the third overall, following the Apollo 11 and 12 missions.
		Luna 20 was launched from the lunar surface on 22 February1972 carrying 30 grams of collected lunar samples in a sealed capsule, and landed in the Soviet Union on 25 February 1972.
	members.tripod.com /moon-landings/id64.htm (1293 words)

	Luna 20 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Luna 20 (Ye-8-5 series) was an unmanned space mission of the Luna program, also called Lunik 20.
		On February 21, 1972, Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Apollonius highlands near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
		The 55-gram soil sample differed from that collected by Luna 16 in that the majority (50 to 60 %) of the rock particles in the newer sample were ancient anorthosite (which consists largely of feldspar) rather than the basalt of the earlier one (which contained about 1 to 2 % of anorthosite).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Luna_20 (474 words)

	Tracking Luna 24 from Florida and Stockholm
		Since Sven Grahn tracked the Luna 20 return flight four years earlier, Dick Flagg had put a 9 meter dish into operation at the University of Florida and this antenna could now be used to monitor the flight on both 922 MHz and 183 MHz.
		For Luna 20 and Luna 16 the re-entry to earth was along a direct path from the moon to the earth.
		In the case of Luna 24 the landing longitude was 6 degrees further east and to null out the orbital velocity of the moon less velocity for the probe was needed, resulting in a slower return trajectory.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /trackind/Luna24/Luna24.htm (1209 words)

	Soviet Missions to the Moon
		NSSDC currently holds data from the Luna 3, 9, 13, 21, and 22 and the Zond 3, 6, 7, and 8 missions.
		Lunar flyby missions (Luna 3, Zond 3, 6, 7, 8) obtained photographs of the lunar surface, particularly the limb and farside regions.
		The purpose of the photography experiments on the lunar landers (Luna 9, 13, 22) was to obtain closeup images of the surface of the Moon for use in lunar studies and determination of the feasibility of manned lunar landings.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html (428 words)

	Microorganisms from the Moon. by Brig Klyce
		Further study of the Luna samples was later undertaken by two biologists at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Stanislav I. Zhmur, Institute of the Lithosphere of Marginal Seas, and Lyudmila M. Gerasimenko, Institute of Biology.
		Specifically, some spherical particles from the Luna 20 regolith plainly resemble fossils of modern coccoidal bacteria like Siderococcus or Sulfolobus in their scale, distribution, form, and the distortion of the spheres that occurs during fossilization.
		The Luna 16 regolith contained a fossil whose striking morphology was not overlooked by the editors of the 1979 atlas.
	www.mufor.org /lunarfossils.htm (654 words)

	'Zarya' - Soviet Lunar Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Luna 17 (E-8-203) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 192 x 237 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission is to enter orbit around the Moon and then land the Lunokhod 1 remote-controlled roving vehicle on its surface
		Luna 22 (E-8LS-206) launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome by four-stage Proton rocket into 187 x 226 kilometre orbit around the Earth at 51.5 degrees inclination - its mission, similar to that of to Luna 19, is to enter orbit around the Moon and study the surface
		Luna 23 lands on the Moon in the Mare Crisium - it is damaged during the landing and the drill is inoperable so it is not possible to retrieve the planned soil sample from 2.5 metres depth - the mission has to wait for the landing of
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Luna/Explore.htm (3697 words)

	Luna 24
		Luna 24 was an unmanned space mission of the Luna program, also called Lunik 24.
		The last of the Luna series of spacecraft, the mission of the Luna 24 probe was the third Soviet mission to retrieve lunar ground samples (the first two were returned by Luna 16 and Luna 20).
		The probe landed in the area known as Mare Crisium (Sea of Crisis).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lu/Luna_24.html (80 words)

	Luna 20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It also is used to give the option to advance to the next page, the option to close the browswe window,and to give a print page option.
		"Lunik 20" NSSDC ID: 72-007A Description: Luna 20 was placed in an intermediate earth parking orbit and, from this orbit, was sent towards the Moon.
		On February 21, 1972, Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area near Mare Foecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 Km from where Luna 16 had impacted.
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /history/timeline/info/luna2001.htm (187 words)

	Reception of signals on 183.54 MHz from the Luna 20
		During the flight of Luna 16 it was announced that the return spacecraft carrying the lunar samples transmitted signals on 183.6 MHz.
		The Soviet spacecraft Luna 20 landed on the Moon on Feb. 21,1972 and took off towards the Earth after sampling the lunar surface at 2258 UT on February 22, 1972
		A Russian description of the development of this ranging system describes how it was used on all the early Luna probes as well as later Luna probes (15-24) and missions to Mars and Venus.
	www.svengrahn.pp.se /trackind/luna20/LUNA20.htm (1519 words)

	Luna Ye-8-5
		The party line is that the Soviet Union is not about to risks the lives of its cosmonauts on flights to the moon, when automated probes can safely retrieve soil from the moon for study on earth.
		The cause of the Ye-8-5 failure is found to be a valve that was stuck open after the first stage burn, resulting in the oxidiser boiling away in the vacuum of space.
		After successfully entering earth orbit, flying to the moon, entering lunar orbit, and descending toward the surface, the spacecraft was damaged during landing in Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises).
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lunaye85.htm (3119 words)

	luna_20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Luna 18, on September 7, 1971, entered lunar orbit, completed 85 communications sessions and 54 lunar orbits, then was sent towards the lunar surface by use of braking rockets.
		It impacted the Moon on September 11, 1971 and signals ceased at the moment of impact.
		Luna 20, the topic of this web page was very successful.
	www.astrosurf.com /lunascan/luna_20.htm (258 words)

	Luna Mission Summaries
		Luna 2 was the second of a series of spacecraft launched in the direction of the Moon.
		Luna 3, an automatic interplanetary station, was equipped with radio communication and telemetering systems, a television system with an automatic film processing unit, a set of scientific instruments, systems for orientation relative to the sun and moon, solar cells for electric power supply, and a temperature control system.
		Luna 10 measured the magnetic field of the moon intermittently for 2 months.
	astro.if.ufrgs.br /solar/lunall.htm (2492 words)

	SPACE.com -- Moscow's Moon Memories -- 25 Years Ago (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Twenty-five years ago, the Soviet Union launched Luna 23, a spacecraft that was to land on the moon, collect ground samples and then return them to Earth.
		Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the moon and send a sample back to Earth, though its accomplishment was tempered by the fact U.S. astronauts had already brought back samples during the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions.
		Luna 24 would be the last of the Luna series of spacecraft.
	www.space.com /news/luna23_991028.html (444 words)

	The Universe Today - Special Report: Luna 16
		On September 12, 1970, the Soviet Union launched Luna 16 to Earth's moon in what would become the first successful return of lunar regolith by an automated probe: 101 grams from the Sea of Fertility.
		The Soviets were able to accomplish this goal with robots two more times, in 1972 with Luna 20 and 1976 with Luna 24.
		Luna 16 made the first night landing on Luna, some sixty hours after sun "set".
	www.universetoday.com /html/special/luna16.html (390 words)

	Soviet Moon Images
		One July 20, 1965, Zond-3 was the second spacecraft to view the far side of the Moon.
		A session of 20 full-Moon pictures was followed by a session of 78 Lunar-surface pictures (including 17 shots of the Earth over the Lunar horizon).
		Luna-16 landed in the Sea of Fertility on September 20, 1970.
	www.mentallandscape.com /C_CatalogMoon.htm (2033 words)

	'Zarya' - Soviet Lunar Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As with the American Lunar Orbiter and Surveyor missions, automatic spacecraft of the Luna series were used to survey the Moon's surface from orbit and to test it for the ability to support the weight of a piloted spacecraft.
		Luna 18 - soil sampler - toppled over on landing
		Luna 23 - soil sampler - damaged on landing
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Luna/Index.htm (270 words)

	Other Luna Missions
		The Luna Space Programme was one of two lunar exploration programs conducted by the former Soviet Union.
		Although the Luna program experienced many ups and downs and failed to lead to a manned mission to the Moon, it also achieved many 'firsts'.
		Among them were the first flyby of the Moon, the first impact on the Moon, the first photographs of the farside, the first soft landing, the first lunar satellite, the first analysis of lunar soil, the first sample return, and the first lunar rover deployment.
	members.tripod.com /moon-landings/id65.htm (391 words)

	Ninfinger Productions: Soviet Space Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is an example of a Luna sample return craft.
		Luna 16 landed one September 17, 1970, and returned the first remotely collected samples from the moon.
		Subsequent successful missions were Luna 20, launched on February 14, 1972, and Luna 24, launched on August 9, 1975.
	www.ninfinger.org /~sven/models/sovietsp/luna02.html (46 words)

	Luna 20: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		To take an oath, ancient Romans put a hand on their testicles that s where the word testimony comes from.
		Link to this page: The easy way of educating your website visitors.
		Post a link to definition / meaning of " Luna 20 " on your site.
	www.encyclopedian.com /lu/Lunik-XX.html (201 words)

	The Moon
		Luna 9 was the first craft to successfully soft land on the moon in the Sea of Storms on 3 February 1966.
		Astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean visited the spacecraft on their second moonwalk on 20 November, examining Surveyor 3 and its surroundings, taking photographs, and removing about 10 kg of parts from the spacecraft, including the TV camera, for later examination back on Earth.
		As with Zond 5, the gyroscope became disabled and reentry was at 20G's.
	www.worldspaceflight.com /probes/themoon.htm (1666 words)

	Victoria Advocate - Obituaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		He was born in Gonzales on Nov. 17, 1922 to the late Jose and Marcelina Vasquez Luna.
		He was preceded in death by: son, Albert Luna; two sisters, Maria Luna and Esperanza Gomez; and two brothers, Henry Luna and Canuto Luna Sr.
		Honorary pallbearers are Ryan Luna, Justin Luna, Nicholas Luna, Joe "Square Head" Garza, Jesse Caldera, David Calzada and Eric Lerma.
	www.thevictoriaadvocate.com /145/story/16445.html (309 words)

	Luna Missions
		The Luna Program was one of two lunar exploration programs conducted by the Soviet Union.
		This was a very long-running program, with the first mission flying in 1959 and the last flying in 1976.
		The Luna missions were designed to collect information about the Moon and its environment, not only for scientific purposes but also to be used in the planning of future lunar missions including manned missions to the Moon.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/luna/luna.html (289 words)

	Moon Missions - Luna Missions
		Read about luna spacecraft by clicking on the links to moon pictures and more.
		Luna 12 - Oct 22, 1966 - Orbiter
		Luna 19 - Sep 28, 1971 - Orbiter
	www.aerospaceguide.net /spacecraft/luna.html (596 words)

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