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Topic: Lunar orbit rendezvous

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	Direct ascent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The other options that NASA considered for the mission to the moon were Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and Earth Orbit Rendezvous.
		Lunar Orbit Rendezvous was eventually chosen as the most feasible.
		The failure of the Soviets' N1 Rocket delayed their lunar program substantially, however, and they were nowhere close when Apollo 11 lifted off.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_ascent (203 words)

	NASA - Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and the Apollo Program
		Pictured is the Apollo lunar module during rendezvous in lunar orbit with the command module.
		John C. Houbolt explains the lunar orbit rendezvous concept that, in the opinion of many historians, was chief among the reasons why the U.S., in less than a decade, managed humankind's first extraterrestrial excursions.
		As a member of of Lunar Mission Steering Group, Houbolt had been studying various technical aspects of space rendezvous since 1959 and was convinced, like several others at Langley, that LOR was not only the most feasible way to make it to the moon before the decade was out, it was the only way.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/langley/news/factsheets/Rendezvous.html (2788 words)

	The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology. Vol. I. Part 3 (1962 2nd quarter)
		The advantages would be the much smaller craft performing the difficult lunar landing and takeoff, the possibility of optimizing the smaller craft for this one function, the safe return of the mother craft in event of a landing accident, and even the possibility of using two of the small craft to provide a rescue capability.
		A schedule for the letting of a contract for the development of a lunar excursion module was presented to the Manned Space Flight Management Council by MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth in anticipation of a possible decision to employ the lunar rendezvous technique in the lunar landing mission.
		Lunar orbit rendezvous, using the Saturn C-5 launch vehicle, should be the mission mode for lunar exploration.
	www.apolloexplorer.co.uk /books/SP-4009/v1p3c.htm (5216 words)

	Apollo LM
		Following the decision to use the lunar orbit rendezvous method to get to the moon, Grumman received the contract to develop the lunar module, which would take the first men to the surface to the moon.
		MSFC was requested to study earth orbit rendezvous, Langley to study lunar orbit rendezvous, and JPL to study lunar surface rendezvous.
		The report was the outgrowth of the decision announced by NASA on July 11 to continue studies on lunar landing modes while basing planning and procurement primarily on the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) technique.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/craft/apollolm.htm (9521 words)

	NASA Langley Research Center Contributions to the Apollo Program
		The ability to rendezvous and dock the two vehicles in space was critical to the success of LOR, because if there were a failure the two astronauts in the LEM would have no means to return to Earth -- and NASA would have no means to rescue them.
		Langley's Lunar Landing Research Facility, completed in 1965, helped to prepare the Apollo astronauts for the final 150 feet of their lunar landing mission by simulating both the lunar gravity environment and full-scale LEM vehicle dynamics.
		Twenty-four astronauts practiced lunar landings at this facility, the base of which was modeled with fill dirt to resemble the surface of the moon.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/Apollo.html (2881 words)

	Enchanted Rendezvous
		After braking into lunar orbit via the small rockets aboard the service module, two of the crew members would don space suits and climb into the lunar excursion module (LEM), detach it from the mother ship, and descend to the lunar surface.
		If rendezvous had to be part of the lunar mission, many felt it should be conducted only in the Earth’s orbit.
		The immediate advantage of Earth-orbit rendezvous, as von Braun clearly pointed out, was that it required a pair of less powerful rockets that were already nearing the end of their development—in other words, twice as many of his early Saturns.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/monograph4/against.htm (1567 words)

	Saturn IB
		The orbit achieved was 357 by 156 km and, during a six-hour period following insertion, four maneuvers placed the CSM into a 424 by 415 km orbit for rendezvous with the Orbital Workshop.
		Normal rendezvous sequencing led to stationkeeping during the fifth revolution followed by a flyaround inspection of the damage to the OWS.
		Rendezvous maneuvers were performed during the first five orbits as planned.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/mwade/lvs/saturnib.htm (11136 words)

	Concluding Remarks by Dr
		Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Mode with the strong recommendation (to make up for the limited growth potential of this mode) to initiate, simultaneously, the development of an unmanned, fully automatic, one-way C-5 logistics vehicle.
		We understand that the Manned Spacecraft Center was also quite skeptical at first when John Houbolt of Langley advanced the proposal of the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Mode, and that it took them quite a while to substantiate the feasibility of the method and finally endorse it.
		Earth Orbit Rendezvous as a general operational procedure will undoubtedly play a major role in our over-all national space flight program, and the use of it is even mandatory in developing a Lunar Orbit Rendezvous capability.
	www.spacewhatnow.com /reference/vonbraunlor.htm (3982 words)

	Chariots For Apollo, ch4-4
		The contractors agreed that either two-man direct flight or earth-orbit rendezvous was feasible but both were less attractive than lunar rendezvous because the probability for mission success was lower, the first landing would be later, and the developmental complexity would be greater.
		Earlier arguments for lunar rendezvous, the report stated, were as valid in October as they had been in July.
		My own view is that we should proceed with the lunar orbit plan, should announce our selection of the contractor for the lunar excursion vehicle, and should play the whole thing in a low key.
	www.apolloexplorer.co.uk /books/SP-4205/ch4-4.html (3802 words)

	ch8
		Braking into lunar orbit via the small rockets aboard the service module, two members would don space suits and climb into the lunar excursion module (LEM), detach it from the mother ship, and pilot it to the lunar surface.
		In outlining the requirements for a manned lunar flight, the committee's chief recommendation was to focus on the direct approach to the moon, thus leaving rendezvous out; LOR was not discussed at all.
		On 2 and 3 April, Shea presented LOR as a possible mission mode for Apollo in a headquarters meeting that was attended by representatives of all the NASA centers.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4308/ch8.htm (15523 words)

	moon season (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The approach previously favoured was the direct mode, which involved sending a massive rocket into space carrying a secondary rocket to land on and then lift off from the Moon.
		At first the NASA experts thought John Houbolt's lunar orbit rendezvous mode was not only hazardous but insane.
		When the time came to return it would use its base as a launch pad to return into lunar orbit and rendezvous with the main craft.
	www.channel4.com /science/microsites/M/moon/july1962.html (277 words)

	SCIENCE FICTION SPACE TECHNOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Early Lunar Landing Concepts in Sci-Fi During the late 1950s and early 1960s, a controversy arose in NASA and other scientific communities about the best approach to landing on the Moon.
		The lunar liftoff would approximate an Earth launch, a single rocket launching its crew for a voyage to Earth.
		The lunar orbit rendezvous approach employed two vehicles, a command or mother ship for travel to lunar orbit and a lander or lunar module for descent to and ascent from the Moon's surface while the command ship orbited the Moon awaiting for the return of the lander.
	vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/sfcraft.html (1680 words)

	Chariots For Apollo, ch3-4
		At a meeting of the Space Exploration Program Council on 5 and 6 January, his arguments for lunar rendezvous were lost in the attention being given to direct flight and earth-orbit rendezvous.
		A principal charge leveled at lunar-orbit rendezvous, Houbolt said, was the absence of an abort capability, lowering the safety factor for the crew.
		He then recommended that NASA use the Mark II Mercury in a manned rendezvous experiment program and the C-3 and lunar rendezvous to accomplish the manned lunar landing.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch3-4.html (1128 words)

	Georgia Tech's Institutional Repository: The Apollo Lunar Orbit Rendezvous Architecture Decision Revisited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Results of the study agreed with the Apollo selection of the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous mode based on the technology maturity and politics in 1962.
		Using today’s greater emphasis on human safety and improvements in technology and design maturity, a slight edge may be given to the direct lunar mode over lunar orbit rendezvous.
		Also, the NOVA direct mode and Earth orbit rendezvous mode are not competitive based any selection criteria.
	hdl.handle.net /1853/8042 (257 words)

	30th Anniv. Apollo 11 - Curator's Choice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In his plan, two smaller spacecraft would fly together to the Moon and then go into lunar orbit.
		Once there, a spacecraft designed specifically for the lunar landing would descend to the Moon's surface, land, and return the crew and samples back to the awaiting mothership.
		In fact, an entire lunar voyage could be accomplished in just one launch of the Saturn V--a fantastic benefit over the earth-orbit rendezvous concept.
	www.nasm.si.edu /exhibitions/cchoice/lm2/lm2_04.htm (111 words)

	UWTV Program: Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Sign up now, and get the inside scoop on our upcoming featured programs every month!
		In this episode of Destination Tomorrow, we see how NASA technology makes the following possible: a revolutionary new cockpit display system; fetal heart monitor; and an approach called Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and how it's being used to change our understanding of our atmosphere.
		Maintenance Notice: Video On-Demand will be unavailable Tuesday, March 15th beginning at 6:00 pm PT (GMT -8) for approximately 2 hours.
	www.uwtv.org /programs/displayevent.asp?rid=1418 (133 words)

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