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	LSAM
		Lunar lander proposed by NASA in 2005 for their planned return to the moon by 2018.
		The LSAM ascent stage would be cast away, and the CEV would perform the trans-earth injection maneuver, and then take the crew to a return to earth at Edwards Air Force Base.
		NASA foresaw the new lunar missions concentrating not so much on the traditional lunar science subjects, but rather on the search for water and other resources on the moon that could be used to refuel spacecraft, and testing of technology and equipment for future Mars expeditions.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lsam.htm (769 words)

	Orion
		Together with the Earth Departure Stage (EDS), the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM), and the Ares rocket system, Orion is one of the elements of NASA's Project Constellation.
		Once a lunar outpost is established, crews could remain on the lunar surface for up to six months.
		Orion was also the name of the Lunar Module that landed astronauts on the Moon in 1972 in the second-to-last Apollo mission, Apollo 16.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/O/Orion_spacecraft.html (1260 words)

	Lunar Surface Access Module - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The LSAM is currently expected to be named "Artemis" after the Greek goddess of The Moon, however no official announcement has been made.
		Like the Apollo LM, the LSAM's crew module is based on a sideways cylinder, but unlike its two-man Apollo ancestor, the LSAM is designed to carry the entire four-man mission crew to the surface while the Orion Spacecraft remains unmanned in lunar orbit.
		Because of the spacecraft's size and weight, the LSAM, and its associated Earth Departure Stage, will be launched into a Low-Earth Orbit using the heavy-lift Ares V launch vehicle, followed by a separate launch of an Orion spacecraft lifted by an Ares I.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lunar_Surface_Access_Module (660 words)

	Apollo Lunar Module - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Apollo Lunar Module came into being because NASA chose to reach the moon via a lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) instead of a direct ascent or Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) (see Choosing a mission mode for more information on the available rendezvous types).
		Aquarius served as a refuge for the astronauts during their return to Earth, while its batteries were used to recharge the vital re-entry batteries of the command module that brought the astronauts through the Earth's atmosphere and to a safe splashdown on April 17, 1970.
		This will allow the LSAM to land anywhere on the Moon, although NASA has targeted the the polar regions of the Moon (Apollo was limited to the equatorial regions), which is a desired location for a future lunar base.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module (2132 words)

	The Space Review: Just another Apollo? Part one (page 2)
		The LSAM will be able to sustain a crew of four on the surface for periods of time ranging from four days to several months.
		The descent stage of the LSAM will be powered by a throttleable hydrogen/oxygen derivative of the venerable RL10 workhorse rocket engine, which will provide enough delta-v to allow the LSAM to land anywhere on the Moon (Apollo LMs could only land in the equatorial regions of the Moon’s near side).
		A long-term six-month mission with an LSAM and a crew of four could enable more than 30 times the number of crew-hours on the lunar surface of the entire Apollo program, which was achieved with six heavy-lift Saturn 5s, 18 astronauts, and 12 spacecraft, over three years.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/502/2 (2001 words)

	Executive Summary (Introduction): NASA Exploration Systems Architecture Study Final Report (DRAFT) October 2005 \| Mars ...
		Three of the DRMs were for lunar missions: transportation of crew and cargo to and from anywhere on the lunar surface in support of 7-day "sortie" missions, transportation of crew and cargo to and from an outpost at the lunar South Pole, and one-way transportation of cargo to anywhere on the lunar surface.
		A primary objective of the lunar architecture is to establish a continuous human presence on the lunar surface to accomplish exploration and science goals.
		The surface exploration capability is implemented through a split mission concept in which cargo is transported in manageable units to the surface, or Mars orbit, and checked out in advance of committing the crews to their mission.
	www.marstoday.com /news/viewsr.html?pid=19066 (4435 words)

	Lunar Soil - Daily news on the Earth's Moon (New)
		A recent survey using radar dampens (sorry, it had to be said) hopes that the lunar poles contain water that can be used as resources for visiting astronauts.
		Lunar Soil is a weblog dedicated to news about our Earth's Moon and its exploration.
		Lunar Soil is edited by Fred Kiesche and Joost Schuur, powered by Movable Type and hosted by Verve.
	www.lunarsoil.com (426 words)

	CEV CM
		The Crew Module of NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle was the re-entry capsule that also provided all of the planned living accomdation for up to six crew between earth and the ISS, the lunar surface, or an interplanetary Mars Transfer Vehicle.
		For the lunar missions, the CM would launch with a sea-level one atmospheric pressure, and the cabin is depressurized to 0.648 atmospheres prior to docking with the LSAM.
		It was determined that the internal volume for the CM was too small, especially for the lunar surface direct landing mission scenario baseline at that point the CEV would be taken to the lunar surface.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/cevcm.htm (2086 words)

	Transformational Space :: Projects :: Crew Transfer Vehicle
		As 70 percent of the Earth's surface is ocean, water landing is important to enable safe abort under all circumstances.
		A separate lunar lander ("Lunar Surface Access Module" in the new NASA vernacular) must be developed, which requires development funds.
		It goes all the way to the lunar surface, and its cargo container is winched straight down a few feet to the ground.
	transformspace.com /index.cfm?fuseaction=projects.view&... (2665 words)

	A Closer Look at NASA's New Exploration Architecture \| Moon Today - Your Daily Source of Moon News
		The LSAM will be a two stage, expendable spacecraft with a general look and feel similar to the Apollo Lunar Module.
		In the case of lunar missions, it its possible that lunar water ice deposits could be mined, and the oxygen used as to fuel LSAM return missions and perhaps life support systems as well.
		While no formal plans for a lunar base have been baselined by NASA as part of the ESAS, Connolly did speak of a general concept that everyone has been working toward- a base located at the Moon's south pole where possible water ice deposits and plentiful solar energy are possible resources that could be tapped.
	www.moontoday.net /news/viewnews.html?id=1069 (4963 words)

	NASA JSC Solicitation: Lunar Lander Concept Studies \| Commercial Space News
		The Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) derived during NASA's ESAS study was a preliminary concept with the ability to support a wide array of potential surface missions ranging from short science missions distributed across the lunar globe to supporting the build-up of a large lunar outpost at the south-pole.
		The objective of this study is to define innovative lunar lander approaches that meet the fixed requirement set and fall within the bounding cases for trade studies.
		LSAM performs lunar orbit insertion, deorbit, powered descent, hazard avoidance, terminal landing, ascent, and rendezvous.
	www.comspacewatch.com /news/viewsr.html?pid=20739 (1853 words)

	Lunar Soil - Daily news on the Earth's Moon (New)
		The Lunar Surface Access Module is getting the much nicer name Artemis (with thanks to Curmudgeon's Corner for beating me to it!).
		The myth has surface again on a few sites, so let's try to put it to rest: The blueprints for the Saturn V are safe and sound.
		In the second, the CLV may have to be modified both in terms in the number of segments that make up the solid rocket "stick" for the first stage and also the engine used in the second stage.
	www.lunarsoil.com /archives/cat_project_constellation.php (1043 words)

	Project Apollo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lunar Module itself was composed of a descent stage and an ascent stage, the former serving as a launch platform for the latter when the lunar exploration party blasted off for lunar orbit where they would dock with the CSM prior to returning to Earth.
		To learn lunar landing techniques, astronauts practiced in the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), a flying vehicle that simulated (by means of a special, additional jet engine) the reduced gravity that the Lunar Module would actually fly in.
		The Lunar Module (LM) (also known as Lunar Excursion Module, or LEM), was the part of the spacecraft that actually landed on the moon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apollo_program (3767 words)

	The Space Review: Just another Apollo? Part two (page 1)
		By building on Apollo technology, surface stays would gradually be extended from three astronauts with Apollo-like capabilities for a month to a base of six people with a pressurized rover and yearlong stays on the Moon.
		As described in Part 1 of this article, even the baseline LSAM could support four crew for six months on the lunar surface, exceeding the capabilities of even moderately well-developed Apollo-derived outposts of the LM taxi/shelter design.
		A lone LSAM could be equivalent to a small Apollo outpost, filling the role of truck, shelter, and taxi, as described above; an LSAM supplemented by a second cargo LSAM would have the capabilities of an Apollo-type outpost of a fairly large size, with several LM trucks having landed.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/507/1 (1281 words)

	CEV
		Lunar surface habitation and power systems would be developed, and the CEV would have to be capable of long-duration lunar-surface or lunar-orbit storage between crew rotations or expeditions.
		SAIC's notional CEV was a Soyuz-shaped aeroshell, enclosing a common pressurized module, and accomodating a crew of four.
		The final Spacehab CEV concept was a three-module spacecraft using a slightly enlarged Apollo command module for return of the crew to earth.
	www.astronautix.com /craftfam/cev.htm (2583 words)

	NASA - Constellation Program: Ares V Cargo Launch Vehicle
		Once mated with the crew module, the departure stage fires its engine to achieve "escape velocity," the speed necessary to break free of Earth's gravity, and the new lunar vessel begins its journey to the moon.
		The crew module remains in lunar orbit until the astronauts depart from the moon in the lunar vessel, rendezvous with the crew module in orbit and return to Earth.
		This module includes the descent stage, developed by the Marshall Space Flight Center, that will carry explorers to the moon’s surface; and the ascent stage, developed by the Johnson Space Center, that will return them to lunar orbit to rendezvous with the crew exploration module, their ride home to Earth.
	www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/constellation/ares/aresV.html (972 words)

	DigitalSpace Projects : Lunar Surface Access Module
		This is a real-time 3D simulation of NASA's conceptual Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) which is a component of the Vision for Space Exploration announced in September 2005.
		The LSAM is a significantly updated successor to the original Apollo Lunar Module.
		The LSAM is designed to carry up to four astronauts to the lunar surface for stays of a week or longer.
	www.digitalspace.com /projects/dss/lsam2/index.html (392 words)

	NASA outlines plans for vehicle to replace shuttle \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		According to a list of objectives the space agency sent to major aerospace companies, the CEV will be designed to carry four to six astronauts into Earth orbit in 2014.
		It's supposed to land a crew on the moon in 2020, then establish a lunar base where people can live for months at a stretch.
		Once there, a "Lunar Surface Access Module" will carry the astronauts to the surface.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20050308/news_1n8nasa.html (351 words)

	Airliners.net Military: Lockheed Martin Studies Lunar Lander Design
		Or is the Lunar and Mars partions a seperate RFPs?
		The Lunar Surface Access Module, the new Lunar Lander, won't go out for bids until around 2011 with first flight probably around 2018, because there won't be any money available to build it (and the huge Ares 5 rocket to launch it) until after Shuttle's 2010 retirement.
		LSAM will dwarf the Apollo Lunar Module because in the new program the LSAM, not the Orion (Apollo Command/Service Module analog) will be performing the Lunar Orbit Insertion rocket firing.
	www.airliners.net /discussions/military/read.main/55604 (711 words)

	NASA Lunar Surface Access Module « Ken Presley’s Blog
		Here is another interesting drawing of the proposed LSAM (Lunar Surface Access Module) for the return to the moon.
		It would be paired with a multi-stage SRB, Command Module, and CEV (Crew Exploration Vehicle).
		This entry was posted on Thursday, October 27th, 2005 at 7:42 pm and is filed under Astronomy & Space.
	kenpresley.wordpress.com /2005/10/27/nasa-lunar-surface-access-module (112 words)

	The Space Review: The challenges of manned Mars exploration (page 1)
		The likely reason for this is that NASA has its hands full right now attempting to deal with lunar missions, and Mars missions have been pushed back beyond the back burner, to the point where they have fallen off the stove.
		For lunar outpost missions, the transits to and from the Moon are very short and as in the case of sortie missions, shielding would reduce the risk of shortened life due to an SPE during solar maximum.
		On the surface of Mars, over the course of a year, the accumulated GCR 95% CI dose is about 77 cSv, which exceeds the annual allowable of 50 cSv.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/602/1 (2835 words)

	Clarkson University - Calendar
		The use of this exploration architecture to build a permanent, sustainable lunar base is investigated.
		Basic requirements for initial base modules are outlined, and a set of base modules which fulfill those requirements is presented.
		Mining and processing of in-situ lunar materials, and methods by which they can be used to expand the base and provide cost effective transportation throughout the Earth-Moon system are addressed.
	www.clarkson.edu /calendar/index.php?entry_id=654 (552 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Setting a new course for space
		It's supposed to land a crew on the moon in 2020, then establish a lunar base where humans can live for months at a stretch.
		If it works, it'll be the first time humans will have set foot on the moon since the last Apollo astronauts, Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, departed on Dec. 15, 1972.
		Once there, a "Lunar Surface Access Module" will lower the astronauts gently to the surface.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002200177_nasa08.html (615 words)

	Space Age Publishing Company -- Lunar Enterprise Daily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		NASA Releases RFI for Lunar Lander Concept Studies.
		The lander, based on the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) as described in the Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS), will deliver crew and cargo to the surface of the Moon NET 2015.
		Using the LSAM as a departure point, proposals should address unresolved issues such as ascent and descent stage propulsion system packaging, piloting sightline / visibility studies, airlock design, split volume options, and Reaction Control System layout.
	www.spaceagepub.com /ArticleArchive/20060529_1.html (252 words)

	Space Politics: Comment on Keeping the vision alive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A larger version of the Apollo Lunar Module, the LSAM would sustain a crew of four during surface stays of less than 90 days and, in unpiloted mode, could pre-position about 20 tons of cargo at the lunar South Pole for an eventual base.
		In one of the Griffin plan's few new-technology elements transferable to Mars exploration, the liquid-propellant LSAM ascent rocket would be fueled with methane that could be extracted from Mars' atmosphere.
		Griffin seems to be trying to ride Mars development onto the lunar plan, possibly so that the step from lunar base to Mars missions is small at the time that step is taken, maybe sooner in Mr.
	www.spacepolitics.com /mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=648 (11098 words)

	NASA - Marshall Center Missions
		The Marshall Center has been selected to lead the Lunar Precursor and Robotic Program -- an effort that will pave the way back to the moon.
		A new Lunar Lander Project Office also will be established at Marshall, reporting to the Constellation Program Office.
		This office will be responsible for performing early trade studies and developing requirements for the Lunar Surface Access Module, the capsule that will transport crew members to and from the surface of the moon.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/marshall/missions/index.html (462 words)

	Print the story
		For example, NASA has moved up by two years - to this summer - its time for choosing the initial design for the Crew Exploration Vehicle, the spacecraft intended to replace the space shuttle fleet.
		NASA has asked for $839 million for FY 2007, and according to its budget plans will ask for comparable amounts for two more years, but the request is expected to jump to $1.1 billion in FY 2009, and about $2 billion in FY 2010 and FY 2011.
		NASA's concept calls for the CEV design to be an Apollo-like capsule, capable of transporting four astronauts at a time to the lunar surface, which the agency wants to attempt no later than 2020.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=10841 (691 words)

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