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	Lunar distance (astronomy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In astronomy, a lunar distance (LD) is a measurement of the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
		The average distance from Earth to the Moon is 384,403 kilometers (238,857 miles).
		High-precision measurements of the lunar distance are made by measuring the time taken for light to travel between LIDAR stations on Earth and retroreflectors placed on the Moon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy) (157 words)

	Bin's On-Line Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lunar distance, the angular distance of the moon from the sun, a star, or a planet, employed for determining longitude by the lunar method.
		Lunar method, the method of finding a ship's longitude by comparing the local time of taking (by means of a sextant or circle) a given lunar distance, with the Greenwich time corresponding to the same distance as ascertained from a nautical almanac, the difference of these times being the longitude.
		Lunar observation, an observation of a lunar distance by means of a sextant or circle, with the altitudes of the bodies, and the time, for the purpose of computing the longitude.
	language.bin.org /ref/dict/?t=Lunar (246 words)

	A Lunar from 1825
		The observation consists of the angular distance between the Sun and the Moon and the altitudes of both objects.
		Then the distance is subtracted from the half sum to yield the "first remainder" and the Sun's altitude is subtracted from the half sum to yield the "second remainder".
		By using the online lunar distance almanac calculator on this web site, it was easy to find lunar distances at 6 hours and 9 hours Greenwich Time that closely matched the values in the logbook.
	www.clockwk.com /lunars/1825/main1.html (1683 words)

	Space Today Online - Solar System Moons - The Moon
		Retroreflectors were conceived in the 1960s by Montana State University physicist Kenneth Nordtvedt who suggested to NASA that a series of reflectors on the surface of the Moon could be helpful in determining the exact distance between Earth and the Moon.
		Because the Soviet Moon probe Lunakhod 2 was not manned, its retroreflector was not placed as carefully on the lunar surface as when the Apollo astronauts were able to aim their retroreflectors toward Earth.
		The distance the light travels is calculated by measuring the light pulse's round-trip travel time and multiplying that figure by the speed of light.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Moons/TheMoon/LunarDistance.html (516 words)

	Lunar Perigee and Apogee Calculator
		For each perigee and apogee the distance in kilometres between the centres of the Earth and Moon is given.
		Perigee and apogee distances are usually accurate to within a few kilometres compared to values calculated with the definitive ELP 2000-82 theory of the lunar orbit; the maximum error over the years 1977 through 2022 is 12 km in perigee distance and 6 km at apogee.
		ELP 2000-85 generates predictions of lunar longitude accurate to 0.0004 degrees for the years 1900 through 2100, and 0.0054 degrees for the period 1500 through 2500.
	www.fourmilab.ch /earthview/pacalc.html (742 words)

	The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology. Vol. IV. Foreword
		The lunar module separated from the command module and descended to within 15 kilometers of the lunar surface, proving that man could navigate safely and accurately in the moon's gravitational field.
		However, the lunar landing portion of the mission was aborted because of the explosion of an oxygen tank in the service module en route to the moon.
		Five lunar science stations, originally designed to last a minimum of a year, are still at work on the lunar surface, continuing to transmit to earth technical data about the moon.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4009/frwrd4.htm (2415 words)

	Soviet Craft - Zond
		The spacecraft flew by Mars on August 6, 1965, at a distance of 1500 km and a relative speed of 5.62 km/s.
		Photo transmissions by facsimile were returned to Earth from a distance of 2,200,000 km and were retransmitted from a distance of 31,500,000 km (some signals still being transmitted from the distance of the orbit of Mars), thus proving the ability of the communications system.
		The exact intended mission is not known, but may have a flight out to lunar distance (but in the opposite direction from the moon, as was done later for Zond 4) and return.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_zond.html (1980 words)

	The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle
		The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was an electric vehicle designed to operate in the low-gravity vacuum of the Moon and to be capable of traversing the lunar surface, allowing the Apollo astronauts to extend the range of their surface extravehicular activities.
		The longest traverse was 11.6 km and the LRV reached a distance of 4.5 km from the LM.
		The Lunar Roving Vehicle had a mass of 210 kg and was designed to hold a payload of an additional 490 kg on the lunar surface.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /planetary/lunar/apollo_lrv.html (1170 words)

	Exploring the Moon: Apollo 10 Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The purpose of the mission was to confirm all aspects of the lunar landing mission exactly as it would be performed, except for the actual landing.
		Additional objectives included verification of lunar module systems in the lunar environment, evaluation of mission-support performance for the combined spacecraft at lunar distance, and further refinement of the lunar gravitational potential.
		Apollo 10 entered orbit around the Moon and the lunar module was separated from the spacecraft to descend to within 9 miles of the lunar surface with two astronauts on board.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo10/Apollo10.html (814 words)

	Lunar orbit (Henry Spencer)
		To a first approximation, the spacecraft dawdles out to lunar distance, and the Moon comes up and almost-hits-it from behind, and simply selecting the exact position where this happens chooses the orbital inclination -- there is no extra cost for a polar orbit.
		That only happens twice a month in a lunar polar orbit, because the orbit is roughly fixed in space (lunar orbital precession is negligible) as the Moon goes around in its orbit.
		It is marginally possible that a carefully-chosen and quite low orbit could exploit lunar mascons to do the same trick, given a complete and detailed understanding of the lunar gravitational field (which we don't have yet), but I wouldn't bet money on it.
	yarchive.net /space/orbits/lunar_orbit.html (1805 words)

	Longitude - The Captains' Observations
		If true, in the nearly 4 hours between noon and the Lunar Distance observation it would have lost an additional 2.5 seconds, making the Local Apparent Time of the mean of the observation 3:59:18 PM.
		In addition, there is an error in the distance of 77°59'00" for the sixth data set; that distance probably should be 78°00'00".
		For the second Lunar Distance observation on the 6th (from eight data sets) the average chronometer time was 9:16:42.4 PM.
	www.lewis-clark.org /content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2081 (959 words)

	Easy Lunars
		This is exactly like the case of star-star distances except the Moon and the Sun move around much more rapidly, so we have to calculate two distances bracketing the time of the observations.
		So, for example, when you're shooting a lunar, if the Moon is exactly above the Sun or other object (so that their azimuths are identical), then the A and B factors would both be 100% (though opposite in sign).
		This method is also prone to error when the lunar distance itself is below 15 degrees or the altitudes of the objects are below 15 degrees, and it should not be used under those circumstances.
	www.clockwk.com /lunars/easylun.html (2024 words)

	The Basics of Lunar Ranging
		In addition to characterizing the shape of the lunar orbit, we we will be able to follow the slow recession of the lunar orbit by 3.8 cm (1.5 inches) per year due to tidal friction.
		We measure to the retroreflector arrays left on the moon by the Apollo astronauts, and by an unmanned Soviet rover carrying a French-built reflector.
		Though this is large compared to the size of the reflector (most of the light is wasted—never hitting the reflector), it is still a challenge to point and maintain the laser beam on this tiny patch of the moon.
	physics.ucsd.edu /~tmurphy/apollo/basics.html (2100 words)

	SDL / Conferences / Calibration Conference
		The lunar radiances were measured using the four CERES instruments (Flight Models1 through 4) aboard EOS Terra and Aqua platforms.
		Several lunar measurements were performed with CERES sensors at various phase angles ranging from 10 to 1 degrees before and after the full moon.
		The lunar radiances of CERES sensors from all instruments for a period of June 2003 to March 2006 were analyzed and compared.
	www.sdl.usu.edu /conferences/calcon/abstracts/solar-lunar (952 words)

	OL5 Space and Robotics 2002 - [TITLE]
		Longitudes roughly from 0° to 195° are on the lunar nearside (includes libration) and 195° to 360° span the farside.
		The Prime Meridian is specified as the intersection of the surface with the half-plane defined by the Z-axis, which is the axis of lunar rotation, and the X-axis, defined as normal to the Z-axis, vector in the equatorial plane in the mean direction of the Earth.
		For lunar nearside locations, Earth itself is the premiere indicator of longitude, hanging as it does in roughly one place in the lunar sky for any given surface location.
	www.oregonl5.org /l5sr02e.html (3165 words)

	Lunar Parallax Demonstration Project
		The circle represents the Moon and the central cross, the position of the centre of the lunar disk at 01h20mUT.
		The final part of this project is the calculation of the distance to the Moon from the recorded observations.
		Should any brave soul wish to submit their calculations and final value for the distance to the Moon, I will be happy to include the closest answer on this page.
	www.digitalsky.org.uk /calculating_lunar_distance.html (541 words)

	Lunar Perigee and Apogee Calculator
		This calculator is designed to display the date, time, and distance of lunar perigees and apogees for a given year.
		For each perigee and apogee the distance in kilometers between the centers of the Earth and Moon is given.
		Perigee and apogee distances are usually accurate to within a few kilometers compared to values calculated with the definitive ELP 2000-82 theory of the lunar orbit; the maximum error over the years 1977 through 2022 is 12 km (about 7.5 miles) in perigee distance and 6 km (about 3.3 miles) at apogee.
	www.csgnetwork.com /lunarpandacalc.html (514 words)

	Longitude by Lunar Distance
		Because the chronometer sometimes ran erratically, it is best to average this time with the time projected for the observation from the chronometer's error and the calculated time of the PM Equal Altitudes observation.
		Next subtract the moon's augmentation (8" from the Tables Requisite for the moon's altitude) and the result is the apparent distance: 77° 36' 14".
		Right Ascension: The Right Ascension of a celestial body is the angle expressed in hours-minutes-seconds between that body and a point in the sky where the sun will be or was at the mooment it crossed the celestial equator during the spring equinox.
	www.lewis-clark.org /content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2082 (748 words)

	Leonids on the Moon
		Lunar Prospector may simply have hit a dry spot, or perhaps the water vapor didn't rise high enough to see.
		Data from Lunar Prospector's neutron spectrometer indicate that water-ice on the moon is concentrated around the Moon's poles where shadowed areas would allow pockets of water to remain frozen (see the figure below).
		Neutrons are subatomic particles that are continually ejected from the lunar soil by cosmic rays.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast03nov99_1.htm (2079 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA Goes Lunar: Robot Craft, Human Outpost Plans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Beginning no later than 2008, the first in a series of robotic missions to the lunar surface are on tap to research and prepare for future human exploration.
		Once the lunar explorers depart the scene, the Habots separate from each other to being their trek to a new address elsewhere on the Moon.
		Lunar work underway includes staff members at Goddards Earth Sciences Directorate looking intensively at the application of their terrestrial remote sensing hardware and software to the Moon.
	space.com /businesstechnology/technology/moonbase_next_040303-1.html (1394 words)

	Various Other Apollo Image Anomalies
		the circumferential distance on the surface of the moon from 0 N/S, 0 E/W to 0 N/S, 30.8 E is
		The circumferential distance on the surface of the moon from 0 N/S, 0 E/W to 20.2 N, 0 E/W is
		The circumferential distance on the surface of the moon from 0 N/S, 0 E/W to 20.2 N, 30.8 E is
	internet.ocii.com /~dpwozney/apollo4.htm (973 words)

	USATODAY.com - NASA goes lunar: Robot craft, human outpost plans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		"The first step in the initiative is a lunar orbiter to gather data about the surface, and Federal law clearly states that data purchase from the private sector is the method that NASA is required to use, absent compelling reasons to do otherwise," said David Gump, President of LunaCorp, based in Reston, Virginia.
		The current study analyzes mission and spacecraft options for a Lunar Dish Observatory to be placed near the south pole of the Moon.
		Remembering the last lunar forays of Apollo — and the expensive bridge between Earth and the Moon that was allowed to vanish — Collins said lunar tourism is going to be huge, a mainstream activity.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/news/2004-03-04-lunar-outposts_x.htm (2288 words)

	Almanac
		In addition, the program calculates the geocentric angular distance between the chosen star and the center of the moon (lunar distance).
		Lunar distances have been used in the past to determine the approximate time.
		The rate of change of the lunar distance should be as high as possible.
	www.celnav.de /staralm.htm (531 words)

	Longitude1
		He suggested measuring latitude, the distance north or south of the equator, by determining the ratio of the longest to the shortest day at that place.
		Werner proposed using a cross-staff, an instrument derived from the Jacob staff of Levi ben Gerson, to measure the distance of the Moon from the chosen stars.
		He proposed a variation of the lunar distance method with some improvements such as better instruments and taking lunar parallax into account.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Longitude1.html (3502 words)

	Lunar Development
		She is an expert in Lunar Development and has written many papers on the topic with subjects ranging from Lunar Property Rights to Bioregenerative Life Support.
		We talked about NASA's Lunar planning,, he said they are working on the plan for the lunar surface now, he thought energy was among the justifications for going to the Moon.
		I suggested that Mid January would be a prime time to push the lunar energy justification in the Media as that is when the sky high heating bills will hit, estimated to be 250% of last years.
	www.kathryncramer.com /lunar_development (2111 words)

	Lunar distance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lunar distance (astronomy), the distance between the Earth and the Moon.
		Lunar distance (navigation), a measurement used in the calculation of longitude.
		This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lunar_distance (85 words)

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