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Topic: Lunar sample

	Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Preparation of samples for shipment to authorized recipients is conducted in stainless steel environmental cabinets purged by high-purity nitrogen that is continuously monitored for oxygen and moisture contents.
		Samples that are not consumed in analysis are retrieved by NASA as "returned" samples that are recycled to other users as appropriate.
		Lunar sample studies have inspired the development of new methods for chemical and isotopic analysis and have honed the skills of two professional generations of scientists; the third generation is well into training in the 1990s.
	www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov /lunar/lun-fac.cfm (585 words)

	BIOMEDICAL RESULTS OF APOLLO - THE LUNAR QUARANTINE PROGRAM (Sec.5,Ch.1)
		The period of quarantine for spacecraft, crew, and lunar samples was considered to have begun as soon as the Apollo crewmen left the moon.
		Because the lunar material had existed for millions of years in an almost perfect vacuum, the physical scientists decided that the lunar samples should be transported to Earth under environmental conditions as near to those on the moon as technically feasible.
		Although the formal quarantine for the crew, spacecraft, and lunar samples was over, procedures for handling lunar material and protecting it from contamination remained in effect for the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions.
	lsda.jsc.nasa.gov /books/apollo/S5CH1.htm (5604 words)

	Apollo 11 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On July 20, 1969, while on the far side of the Moon, the lunar module, called Eagle, separated from the Command Module, named Columbia (Some internal NASA planning documents referred to the callsigns as Snowcone and Haystack; these were quietly changed before being announced to the press.
		Armstrong took manual control of the lunar module at that point, and with Aldrin's assistance, calling out data from the radar and computer, guided it to a landing at 20:17 UTC on July 20 with about 15 seconds of fuel left.
		Following this address, radio communications with the moon would have been cut off, the astronauts left alone to die, while a clergyman was to commend their souls to "the deepest of the deep" in the fashion of a burial at sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apollo_11 (3901 words)

	Planetary Protection: Office of Space Science
		The goals of the Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory were multiple and broadly encompassed the scientific disciplines of geology, geophysics, chemistry and biology.
		Ways that samples may be injurious to organisms from Earth are from inherent toxicity of material or the capability of the material to propagate itself in Earth species.
		Carefully controlled trial runs of all systems should begin fully one year in advance of receipt of the first lunar samples, and 'unknown' terrestrial soil samples should be carried through all systems to insure the technical competence of the laboratory facility.
	planetaryprotection.nasa.gov /pp/summaries/nr9_2209.htm (659 words)

	Lunar Sample Return Mission
		The Lunar Prospector data suggests there is an immense amount of water on the Moon in the form of ice mixed in with lunar soil.
		ASR says it expects to launch its lunar sample return mission, the Lunar Retriever, by September 2000, the 30th anniversary of Luna 16, the first robotic sample mission to soft land on the moon.
		In 1993, a sample of lunar material said to be from the Apollo 14 mission was sold publicly despite a federal policy prohibiting private ownership of material collected during the U.S. manned lunar landings.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/moonret.html (1499 words)

	Collecting Moon Rocks During the Apollo Program
		The sample collection to be performed at each field stop was carefully planned prior to the start of the mission.
		The Special Environmental Sample Container used a special seal to ensure that the enclosed sample was protected from atmospheric gases prior to being opened in a vacuum chamber at the Johnson Space Center.
		The lunar samples were stored inside the ascent stage of the lunar module for the trip back to lunar orbit.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo11/A11_Samples_tools.html (837 words)

	LRegolith
		Because elevated levels of Al in the sample makes An very tough material we were unable to cut the sample with a normal diamond wet saw and had to switch half way through the process to an oil lubrication saw normally used for exceptionally hard materials.
		Lunar Regolith is ubiquitous to the surface of the volatile depleted lunar environment and is composed of a wide array of anhydrous silicates and accessory metals.
		While the lunar surface itself is composed of a narrow range of silicates, the wide array of accessories and accidentals is due to micro-meteorite impact debris and solar wind implantation over millions of years, and the resulting products.
	www.bccmeteorites.com /LRegolith.html (1526 words)

	Luna sample Return
		Luna 16 was launched toward the Moon from a preliminary earth orbit and entered a lunar orbit on September 17, 1970.
		After 26 hours and 25 minutes on the lunar surface, the ascent stage, with a hermetically sealed soil sample container, left the lunar surface carrying 100 grams of collected material.
		The lower stage of Luna 16 remained on the lunar surface and continued transmission of lunar temperature and radiation data.
	www.prioritet-school.ru /referat/moon-14.html (259 words)

	Luna Ye-8-5
		Lunar samples were obtained by means of an extendable drilling apparatus.
		The ascent stage of Luna 20 was launched from the lunar surface on 22 February 1972 carrying 30 grams of collected lunar samples in a sealed capsule.
		After successfully entering earth orbit, flying to the moon, entering lunar orbit, and descending toward the surface, the spacecraft was damaged during landing in Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises).
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lunaye85.htm (3137 words)

	Lunar Sample Laboratory At Johnson Space Center Turns 25
		The Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at Johnson Space Center in Houston is NASA's chief repository for materials returned from the moon during the Apollo era.
		While early studies focused on studying them to reconstruct the overall structure of the moon, today scientists study the lunar samples for two primary reasons: to conduct comparative planetology studies and to take advantage of recent improvements in analytical instruments primarily in the field of isotope geochemistry.
		Recently, a new lunar mineral was named in honor of a lunar scientist at the University of Pittsburgh.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/lunar-04zb.html (707 words)

	Where No Man Has Gone Before, Ch4-2
		Preliminary definitions of the lunar science program noted the importance of laboratory studies on returned lunar material, but offered no suggestions as to how samples should be collected and handled.
		Their plan called for a small (100 square feet, 9.5 square meters) laboratory in which sample containers could be opened and their contents repackaged under high vacuum (one ten-millionth of atmospheric pressure) for distribution to the scientists who would conduct most of the studies.
		Foster to Eggleston, "Proposal for Cataloging of Lunar Samples by Elbert A. King and Donald A. Flory," Aug. 17, 1964; Foster to Faget, "Requirement for Laboratory Facilities for Receiving, Unpacking and Preliminary Examination of Lunar Samples," Aug. 17, 1964.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4214/ch4-2.html (1735 words)

	Meteorites and lunar sample research
		Primitive achondrites and chondrules are analyzed in order to characterize the elemental and isotopic composition of the reservoirs that eventually formed the sun, planets and their atmospheres and all the small bodies of the solar system (section D.2 and D.3).
		The origin of the samples that we are analyzing and the dynamics of past and present solar system is studied by investigating the break-up of large bodies (section D.6), and the ejection from planetary surfaces (section D.7).
		Finally, analysis of lunar samples allow us to discuss solar activity during the past billion years (section D.8) while individual impact craters on the Moon can be dated from samples collected by the Apollo astronauts (section D.9).
	www.phim.unibe.ch /internal/nf01web/node40.html (344 words)

	Timeline of Solar System Exploration Encyclopedia @ LaunchBase.com (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Lunar Orbiter 2 - 6 November 1966 - Lunar Orbiter
		Lunar Orbiter 3 - 4 February 1967 - Lunar Orbiter
		Lunar Orbiter 5 - 1 August 1967 - Lunar Orbiter
	www.launchbase.com /encyclopedia/Timeline_of_solar_system_exploration (2129 words)

	Planetary Protection at NASA
		Biological containment was thus established as necessary for Apollo lunar sample returns, and it was the most difficult requirement established for Apollo lunar sample handling.
		NASA's Apollo-era Lunar Receiving Laboratory was responsible for distributing samples to the scientific community, performing time-critical sample measurements, permanently storing a portion of each sample and testing samples, spacecraft and astronauts for contamination.
		Today, NASA lunar sample curators are responsible for maintaining the sample collection and distributing samples for research and educational use.
	planetaryprotection.nasa.gov /pp/missions/past/apollo.htm (575 words)

	Apollo Geology Tool Catalog
		The rock box is full of documented sample bags and the aluminum tab on one of the bags was entrapped in the knife edge and indium seal; thus, the seal was not good.
		The Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle Sampler consisted of a head, which contained a stack of cup-shaped sample bags similar to the ones used on Apollo 12 and 14, attached to a Universal Handling Tool (UHT).
		The Organic sample monitor consisted of a roll of clean aluminum metal mesh which was packed in the SRCs.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/alsj/tools/Welcome.html (5339 words)

	NASA - Apollo Chronicles: The Smell of Moondust
		These are flammable organic molecules "not found in lunar soil," says Gary Lofgren of the Lunar Sample Laboratory at NASA's Johnson Space Center.
		Another possibility is that moondust "burns" in the lunar lander's oxygen atmosphere.
		There are hundreds of pounds of moondust at the Lunar Sample Lab in Houston.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm (1272 words)

	Space Studies Board
		In the decades since the lunar sample-return missions, changes have occurred in the perception of risk associated with large-scale scientific endeavors (NRC, 1996, 1989) and in the manner in which programmatic decisions are made for such activities.
		During the early years of the Apollo program, while lunar sample-return missions were still in the initial planning phase, it was recognized that planetary protection, particularly protection against back contamination of Earth by hypothetical lunar organisms, was a critical issue that had to be addressed before sample-return missions could go forward.
		Formal administrative oversight is required to avoid the lapses in quarantine and handling that occurred during lunar sample-return missions (Bagby, 1975).
	www7.nationalacademies.org /ssb/mrsrch8.html (931 words)

	Artemis Project: Lunar Sample Return
		Our Lunar Sample Return concept, originally developed in 1996, is a proposal to send a small probe to the Moon and return samples to Earth for both science and commercial use.
		The samples would be sold to pay for the mission and generate revenues for Artemis Project Reference Mission.
		Concepts for microlander spacecraft grew from development of the sample return mission, which in turn lead to establishing the Artemis Society Microlander Team and then to Transorbital, Inc, an Artemis Project Program Participant developing microspacecraft for orbital and landing missions.
	www.asi.org /adb/05/05 (200 words)

	Apollo 17 - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Schmitt took this picture of Cernan flanked by an American flag and their lunar rover's umbrella-shaped high-gain antenna near the beginning of their third and final excursion across the lunar surface.
		The lunar module impacted the Moon on 15 December 1972 at 06:50:20.8 UT (1:50 AM EST) at 19.96 N, 30.50 E. On this mission the astronauts took a famous photograph of the earth known as "The Blue Marble".
		Apollo 17 broke several records set by previous flights, including longest manned lunar landing flight; longest total lunar surface extravehicular activities; largest lunar sample return, and longest time in lunar orbit.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/a/p/o/Apollo_17.html (914 words)

	NASM Space Artifacts: Apollo 11 Lunar Sample Return Container (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		This specially designed aluminum "rock box" was used in July 1969 during the first manned lunar landing mission, Apollo 11, to store and transfer to earth some of the surface samples collected by astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
		Designed to provide a lunar-like vacuum for the samples and to protect them from physical damage and contamination, the sample-laden container was opened under controlled conditions in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Houston Manned Space Center.
		One of the basic goals of the Apollo program was to obtain and study samples of soil and rock from the lunar surface.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/artifacts/HS-apollo11.htm (293 words)

	Chart Service: Lunar Return Sample Printout
		The Lunar Return is a monthly chart calculated for the time when the Moon returns to the exact position it was in your natal chart.
		This happens every twenty-eight days; there are thirteen Lunar Returns in a year.
		Your finances could vary abruptly, for better or for worse, and it is not a good time to apply for credit or to incur debts.
	www.astrosoftware.com /Lunarhve.htm (1175 words)

	SPACE.com -- Lunar South Pole Landing Sites Studied
		Much of the area around the Moon's south pole is within the South Pole-Aitken Basin (shown at left in blue on a lunar topography image), a giant impact crater 1,550 miles (2,500 kilometers) in diameter and 7.5 miles (12 kilometers) deep at its lowest point.
		To best sample SPA rim material, Stooke said, sites are chosen on the ejecta blankets of Shackleton and de Gerlache craters (which cover the whole 'peak'), but adjacent to small craters which will have excavated, fresher material from under the local weathered lunar regolith.
		Knowledge of lunar topography is extremely limited in this area because of the effects of shadowing in both Clementine images and Earth-based radar, especially inside craters.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/moon_southpole_030604.html (1384 words)

	Activity: The Lunar Disk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		To carefully look at, describe, and learn about the origins of the six lunar samples contained in the disk.
		Look at each lunar sample with and without a magnifying lens or stereo microscope.
		The only way to handle the Lunar Sample Disk is with care.
	www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu /class_acts/LunarDisk.html (158 words)

	Space Future - sf-discuss:[Fwd: RETURNING TO THE MOON: RETRIEVING
		The current market for lunar samples is restricted by low supply > >and characterized by extremely high prices.
		In 1993, a sample of lunar > >material said to be from the Apollo 14 mission was sold publicly despite a > >federal policy prohibiting private ownership of material collected during > >the U.S. manned lunar landings.
		Manifold explains that an In-Situ Resource > >Utilization (ISRU) program is key to developing a manned lunar base, and > >key to ISRU development is having samples of lunar resources in the hands > >of scientists on Earth.
	www.spacefuture.com /lists/sf-discuss/January-1998/msg00013.html (2068 words)

	NASA - Lunar Samples for Loan from the Goddard Visitor Center
		The lunar sample kit will be mailed to your school on the designated date.
		Use the lunar/meteorite sample(s) ONLY at the locations that you indicated on your security agreement.
		When not in use, the lunar/meteorite sample(s) should be SECURED in the vault or safe.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/goddard/visitor/loan/lunar.html (547 words)

	Monthly Lunar Return
		Since the Lunar Return Moon is the same as your natal Moon, any aspects to it are also transiting aspects to your natal horoscope, thus uniquely entwining both charts and making the Lunar aspects especially important.
		Your Lunar return is the monthly chart of the instant the Moon in the sky returns to the exact position it was at your birth.
		A Lunar return is the astrological depiction of the new beginning you make each month and what results from it until the next cycle begins.
	www.astrologymatch.com /lunar-return (12699 words)

	Lunar Landing Sites
		soft landers proved the lunar surface was sufficiently flat and strong to allow the Apollo Lunar Module to land.
		manned lunar landings returned more than 380 kilograms of samples from a variety of lunar terrain and emplaced instrument packages which performed measurements long after the astronauts had left.
		Seismometers allowed studying the lunar interior, both from response to natural moonquakes and impacts when spent S-IVB stages that boosted Apollo to the Moon and Lunar Modules (after the astronauts had departed, of course!) were deliberately crashed into the Moon.
	www.fourmilab.ch /earthview/lunarform/landing.html (752 words)

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