Lunar soil - Factbites

Lunar soil - Factbites
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Topic: Lunar soil

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	Congressional Testimony of Paul D. Spudis: Lunar Science & Resources: Future Options SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		Lunar soil can be sintered by microwave into very strong building materials, including bricks and anhydrous glasses that have strengths many times that of steel.
		Light elements, including hydrogen and carbon, are present, but in small amounts - in a typical lunar mare soil, hydrogen makes up between 50 and 90 parts per million by weight.
		Water is producible there regardless of the nature of the polar volatiles - ice of cometary origin is easily collected and purified while molecular hydrogen on lunar dust from the solar wind can be combined with oxygen extracted from rocks and soil (through a variety of processes) to make water.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewsr.html?pid=12407

	Rover Subsystem - Texas Tech
		The rover will be fitted with a device capable of collecting up to 1kg of lunar soil and rocks from remote areas away from the contamination region created by the landerÕs rocket thrusters.
		A lunar rover is needed to collect lunar soil samples and return them to the processing station.4 The rover will be assisted by remote control, and will also perform other scientific tasks.
		The rover will be controlled by an Earth-based station, but due to time delays, the rover will have some autonomous control to prevent damage to the rover.1 The rover will also have the ability to inspect the lander and the surrounding area with a video camera.
	www.ae.utexas.edu /design/tsgc/public_html/rover/cdr.html (2509 words)

	Moon phases garden calendar 2006,lunar planting,moon calendar,moon phase gardening calendar,best days to plant
		The lunar phase controls the amount of moisture in the soil.
		For more information about how lunar planting works, including research and references, continue on to the next page, or skip to the topic of your choice.
		This method has been practiced by many for hundreds of years, and is a perfect compliment to organic gardening because it is more effective in non-chemically treated soil.
	www.gardeningbythemoon.com (549 words)

	Lunar Prospector Impact Detailed Discussion
		The Lunar Prospector $63million mission was designed to search the surface of the Moon for specific minerals as well as hydrogen in the lunar soil (the regolith).
		The hydrogen detected by LP near the lunar poles, in particular, was the best indication ever found for the presence of water ice in permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles.
		Figure: Lunar disk spectrum scaled to the level of the continuum at 3105A and then subtracted from each offset spectrum produces the residual spectrum seen in the lower part of the figure.
	www.ae.utexas.edu /research/cfpl/lunar/pressrelease/discussion.html (549 words)

	escar.txt
		For them, all the blame fell on the solar wind by default: "The large amounts of rare gases found in the lunar soil and breccia indicate that the solar atmosphere is trapped in the lunar soil as no other source of such large amounts of gas is known" [emphasis added].
		From Baldwin's analysis of lunar and terrestrial explosion craters, it would appear that such a bolt ought to produce a lunar crater about 85 meter in diameter (see Figure 1.) Aristarchus, as indicated in the figure, was probably formed by an explosion, releasing some 2 X 1021 joules of energy.
		Water, outgassed from the lunar interior and trapped beneath a layer of permafrost, could be released by a meteoritic impact and overflow the crater to form an ice- covered river.
	www.kronia.com /library/journals/escar.txt (549 words)

	Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Journal : Images
		Craters visible on the lunar surface are Bessel and Deseilligny.
		Jack's Shorty pan, which he was about to start when he noticed the orange soil.
		Portrait of Gene Cernan in the Command Module in lunar orbit during Rev 72.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /alsj/a17/images17.html (549 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Apollo 17 Exploration
		The final splashdown from a lunar mission was cheered by a crowded and jubilant mission control, who had assembled to witness the return of the last lunar mission.
		Schmitt descended down the outer flank of the crater to inspect a large boulder; and as he turned to regain the height of the rim to take photographs he noticed that his footprints had exposed a different coloured soil.
		Re-entry and splashdown in the Pacific concluded the final lunar mission on 19 December, 1972; and crew and spacecraft were picked up by the USS Ticongerona.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A481295 (549 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Apollo 17 Exploration
		The final splashdown from a lunar mission was cheered by a crowded and jubilant mission control, who had assembled to witness the return of the last lunar mission.
		Schmitt descended down the outer flank of the crater to inspect a large boulder; and as he turned to regain the height of the rim to take photographs he noticed that his footprints had exposed a different coloured soil.
		Re-entry and splashdown in the Pacific concluded the final lunar mission on 19 December, 1972; and crew and spacecraft were picked up by the USS Ticongerona.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A481295 (549 words)

	The Apollo 15 Flight Journal - Solo Orbital Operations - 2
		Gamma-rays emanate from the Moon's surface by the natural decay of radioactive isotopes in the lunar regolith or by bombardment of the soil by the incessant blast of cosmic rays.
		Using the chemical symbols of these two elements and adding an acronym for rare earth elements, lunar geologists came up with the adjective "KREEP" to describe rock samples which differed from others because of this enrichment.]
		Having just passed the landing site, where it is early in the lunar day, he soon flies over the terminator.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/ap15fj/14solo_ops2.htm (549 words)

	Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Journal : Mission Summary
		As mentioned previously, in a cratering event the ejecta is laid down as an overturned blanket; and the presence of the orange soil near the rim indicates either that it was dug up from nearly the deepest point of penetration or that it was injected into a rim fracture by the force of the impact.
		And Lunar Module Pilot Jack Schmitt not only knew the LM but was also a professional geologist who, as we have seen throughout the previous chapters, was an active participant in the planning that had gone into the prior missions.
		From his relatively lofty perch, Cernan had a good view of the rim beyond the Rover and it was only a moment or two before he spotted more of the orange soil.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/alsj/a17/a17.summary.html (549 words)

	20020603.txt
		Comparisons between the lunar and Martian neutron spectrometer data reveal that Mars' soil is richer in hydrogen than is the moon's soil by more than several factors of 10 to several factors of 1,000.
		The first successful attempt to measure the global distribution of neutrons about a planetary body was made using a similar neutron spectrometer aboard Lunar Prospector.
		The circular features are the locations of buried craters that were originally formed by meteor impact.
	www.lyon.edu /projects/marsbugs/2002/20020603.txt (549 words)

	Associazione Lunar Explorer Italia - Fotografie ed Immagini della Luna, Marte, Il Sistema Solare e l'Universo - Before the Moon and Walking on the Moon (partially edited)
		Equipped with television cameras and soil sampling experiments, the US Surveyor spacecraft were intended to determine if the lunar surface at chosen locations was safe for the planned Apollo landings.
		Covered with dusty lunar soil, the footpad is about half a meter in diameter".
		Crescent Earth from the Lunar Orbiter 1-25 visteCaption NASA originale:"Lunar Orbiter 1 new of the Moon and crescent Earth.
	www.lunexit.it /gallery/thumbnails.php?album=60 (1013 words)

	Associazione Lunar Explorer Italia - Fotografie ed Immagini della Luna, Marte, Il Sistema Solare e l'Universo - Before the Moon and Walking on the Moon (partially edited)
		Covered with dusty lunar soil, the footpad is about half a meter in diameter".
		Equipped with television cameras and soil sampling experiments, the US Surveyor spacecraft were intended to determine if the lunar surface at chosen locations was safe for the planned Apollo landings.
		Crescent Earth from the Lunar Orbiter 1-25 visteCaption NASA originale:"Lunar Orbiter 1 new of the Moon and crescent Earth.
	www.lunexit.it /gallery/thumbnails.php?album=60 (1013 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Destination Mars \| New phase of exploration beginning for Mars rovers
		Spherical gray particles that have been fancifully called blueberries are plentiful in some soil patches higher on the inner slope of the crater than near the center of the crater.
		Before leaving Eagle Crater, Opportunity inspected the soil at five sites in the opposite half of the crater from the outcrop.
		Spirit landed inside that 150-kilometer-wide (95-mile-wide) crater 12 weeks ago, and the rover's main task is to find geological clues about whether the region ever had a wet environment.
	spaceflightnow.com /mars/mera/040326status.html (1013 words)

	Geoffrey A. Landis, Scientific Publications
		al., "Transient Liquid Water as a Mechanism for Induration of Soil Crusts on Mars, " in Lunar And Planetary Science XXXV (LPI Publication 1197, 2004).
		Landis, et al., "Spirit at Gusev Crater: Preliminary Observations, Potential Processes and Hypotheses," in Lunar And Planetary Science XXXV (LPI Publication 1197, 2004) Presented at the 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, League City TX, Mar 15-19 2004.
		Presented at the 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, League City TX, Mar 15-19 2004.
	www.sff.net /people/geoffrey.landis/sci_biblio.htp (1013 words)

	Shuttle Excursion Module™ (SEM)™
		The Shuttle would dock with the SEM with the Shuttle providing guidance for the SEM, which would be loaded with lunar soil propellant.
		The External Tank would be modified before lift-off with the addition of an engine that could burn Lunar Soil Propellant (LSP).
		Once in lunar orbit, the Shuttle can deploy Lunar Space Station modules, lunar satellites or undock from the SEM and dock with the Shuttle Landing Module (SLM) so that it can land on the moon.
	www.space-rockets.com /sem.html (1013 words)

	The Moon
		A close-up view of an astronaut's footprint in the lunar soil, photographed with a 70mm lunar surface camera during the Apollo 11 extravehicular activity (EVA) on the Moon.
		This is an oblique view of the large crater Copernicus on the lunar nearside, as phtographed from the Apollo 17 spacecraft in lunar orbit.
		The lunar terrain pictured is in the area of Smyth's Sea on the nearside.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/moon.htm (1013 words)

	A Lunar Outpost
		A site for the lunar outpost will be selected by evaluating factors such as closeness to surface features of scientific interest, Earth's visibility, soil chemistry, and roughness of terrain.
		One design option for a permanent lunar habitat is an inflatable structure (1), erected in a crater or an excavation and shielded with bags of lunar surface material.
		Establishment of a permanently inhabited lunar outpost is a crucial step toward fulfilling the national space policy goal of expanding human presence into the solar system.
	vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/gotomoon.html (1013 words)

	Appendix A
		Whatever the composition of the lunar soil, by 1960 the impact thesis was generally accepted among planetary astronomers and geophysicists as describing the primary process that shaped the lunar surface.
		By the same token, assuming that lunar organisms might exist, Apollo astronauts returning from the moon would have to be quarantined to prevent "back contamination" of the earth.
		More plausible than the Darwinian postulate, this theory also held the moon to be a primary body in the solar system, rather than a chunk of the earth's mantle, and it attracted many planetologists who hoped to find undisturbed on the moon clues to the formation of the solar system.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm (1013 words)

	Chinese Lunar Base
		On October 4, 2000 Associated Press reported that Zhuang Fenggan, vice chairman of the China Association of Sciences, declared that one day the Chinese would create a permanent lunar base with the intent of mining the lunar soil for Helium-3 (to fuel nuclear fusion plants on Earth).
		A lunar landing stage developed for a Shenzhou-derived return vehicle could also be used on a one-way trip to place moon base payloads of about 11 tonnes on the lunar surface.
		The objective would be for a self-sufficient lunar base to be in operation by 2020.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/chirbase.htm (1013 words)

	PSRD Hot Idea: Lunar meteorites and the lunar cataclysm
		Some of these meteorites are regolith breccias, formed when a chunk of regolith (the "soil," including all the rock fragments in it) is compressed into a single rock.
		In testing the Lunar Cataclysm, we expected that if impact melt older than 3.9 billion years existed and was abundant on the Moon's surface, it was probable that we would find a piece of it among the four meteorites.
		In fact, the lunar highlands are saturated with craters, which means that if a new crater were to form, it would have to wipe out other craters because there is no empty space left.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /Jan01/lunarCataclysm.html (2202 words)

	Lunar Meteorites
		Some lunar meteorites come from the vast plains of basalt, or maria, on the Moon, which are the dark gray areas one can see on the surface.
		Since impact craters occur at random locations, lunar meteorites provide a set of samples from all portions of the Moon, including the farside and polar regions, which Apollo astronauts and Luna spacecraft were unable to visit.
		During the Apollo 17 mission, the astronauts found a deposit of orange glass beads that was so thick it formed a carpet of orange soil.
	www.lpl.arizona.edu /SIC/moon/lunar_meteorites (700 words)

	The Moon
		The false-color processing used to create this lunar image is helpful for interpreting the surface soil composition.
		This is an oblique view of the large crater Copernicus on the lunar nearside, as phtographed from the Apollo 17 spacecraft in lunar orbit.
		It was in the valley among the Taurus-Littrow hills on the southeastern rim of Mare Serenitatis.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/moon.htm (700 words)

	APOD Search Results for "craters"
		Craters and large chunks of rock are seen scattered on the surface while some of the craters appear to be covered by a layer of powdery soil or "regolith".
		impact craters on the Moon, the central uplift was produced by a rebound of the suddenly molten lunar crust during the violent impact event.
		Lunar Prospector spacecraft support the idea that the Moon itself formed from the debris of a giant impact of a mars-sized planetary body with the Earth nearly 4.5 billion years ago.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /cgi-bin/apod/apod_search?craters (700 words)

	Moon Base Alpha
		Their base housed 21 crew members and was located in tunnels dug into the ground or buried under lunar soil for radiation protection.
		A lunar base will need a landing/launch pad, a power plant (perhaps a solar cell array for daytime "peak" energy and a small nuclear power plant for night time), base construction equipment, a spare parts and maintenance garage, a central control and communications center, housing for the people on-site, and life support systems.
		In 1963, William Sims proposed an "Architecture of the Lunar Base," in the the Proceedings of the (13th) Lunar and Planetary Exploration Colloquium.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /HAS/cirr/em/8/6.cfm (700 words)

	Degradation of the Lunar Vacuum by a Moon Base - G. A. Landis (1990)
		Finally, the lunar soil contains trapped gas at a concentration on the order of 50 ppm by weight, primarily hydrogen and helium from the solar wind, plus and carbon compounds and nitrogen.
		The major contribution to the lunar atmosphere from a small exploration base is exhaust gas from the transport.
		While the lunar vacuum may not be sufficient for some operations, it must be kept in mind that even after degradation, the ambient remains a very high vacuum.
	www.islandone.org /Settlements/DegradeLunarVacuum.html (700 words)

	Apollo 12 Lunar Surface Journal : Images
		Al Bean (right) hammers a core tube into a box full of lunar soil simulant during training.
		The coordinates of the center of the lunar surface shown in picture are 4.5 degrees west longitude and 7 degrees south latitude.
		A source for both thumbnail and low -resolution versions of the lunar surface images is a website compiled by Paul Spudis and colleagues at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /alsj/a12/images12.html (9774 words)

	Apollo Lunar Module - Lunar Rover
		The Lunar Roving Vehicle or LRV is a small dune-buggy car that permitted the Apollo astronauts to drive from the vicinity of their landing site on the moon to make geological observations, collect rock/soil samples and use scientific instruments at various moon locations.
		The LRV was designed to have a 78 hour life-time during the lunar day where the temperature in the sun was 243 degrees F and shadows where the temperature plunged to -279 degrees F. For more information see the NASA Lunar Rover site.
		One of the instruments which was carried on the Lunar Rover was a Traverse Gravimeter.
	www.fi.edu /pieces/schutte/LRV.html (686 words)

	Artemis Project: Adapting the CMU Roving Robot as a Regolith Mover
		Since the basic Lunar Rover has been optimized for a mission requiring no moving or hauling of any mass other than its own, there are several questions that need to be addressed concerning power production and sharing, weights and balances, and mechanical loads on the Rover frame and wheel assemblies.
		This possible adaptation is based upon the addition of a tool-carrying framework, referred to as the "scoop assembly," to the basic LunaCorp lunar rover configuration.
		But these machines rely on their mass and weight as anchors to give them the leverage to break the soil loose.
	www.asi.org /adb/04/02/05/04/01/adapt-cmu-rover.html (1026 words)

	Lunar and Meteorite Samples
		Lunar samples include a variety of rocks and soils returned from the Apollo missions to the Moon.
		Lunar samples are accompanied by a copy of the "Exploring the Moon" educator's guide, and a videotape of "The Moon: The Geologic History and Future Exploration".
		Fragments composing this soil are from the breakup of highlands rocks by meteorites.
	education.ksc.nasa.gov /erc/lunar.htm (384 words)

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