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Topic: Lunar surface

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BIOMEDICAL RESULTS OF APOLLO - APOLLO MISSIONS (Sec.1,Ch.2) The Apollo 15 mission was the fourth successful manned lunar landing mission, and the first in a series of three lunar missions designed to maximally utilize man’s capability for scientific exploration of the lunar surface. The Apollo 12 lunar surface crew made two extravehicular excursions, remaining on the moon for 31 hours, seven and three-quarters of which were spent exploring and working on the lunar surface. The crew landed 270 m (886 ft) northwest of the planned landing site on a hilly and furrowed edge of the Kent Plateau in the Central Lunar Highlands, among the highest mountains on the lunar surface. lsda.jsc.nasa.gov /books/apollo/S1ch2.htm

Apollo 12 Science Experiments The Lunar Surface Magnetometer measured the strength of the Moon's magnetic field. The Lunar Dust Detector studied the effects of lunar dust on the operation of the experiment package. Each experiment was connected by a cable to the ALSEP central station, which provide radio communication to Earth and electrical power from a radioisotope thermal generator. www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo12/A12_science.html

Apollo 15 Mission Report Chapter 4 The purpose of the operations was to observe the effects of the lunar module depressurizations for the second and third extravehicular activities and equipment jettison, the effects of the lunar module ascent from the lunar surface, and lunar module ascent stage impact. The lunar surface magnetometer was deployed approximately 15 meters (48 feet) west-northwest of the Apollo lunar surface experiment package central station. The suprathermal ion detector experiment was deployed and aligned approximately 17 meters (55 feet) east-northeast of the Apollo lunar surface experiment package central station. www.hq.nasa.gov /pao/History/alsj/a15/a15mr-4.htm

Apollo ALSEP An ultraviolet spectrometer measured lunar atmospheric density and composition; an infrared radiometer mapped the thermal characteristics of the moon; and a lunar sounder acquired data on the subsurface structure. While the lunar module was on the moon, astronaut Worden completed 34 lunar orbits in the CSM operating scientific instrument module experiments and cameras to obtain data concerning the lunar surface and environment. ALSEP (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package) was the array of connected scientific instruments left behind on the lunar surface by each Apollo expedition. www.astronautix.com /craft/apoalsep.htm

Lunar Seismology Home The astronauts in the Apollo moon missions delivered several scientific instruments to the lunar surface as parts of ALSEP, the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package. APSE consisted of four seismometers deployed on the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. Lunar seismology examines earthquakes on the moon, or moonquakes. mahi.ucsd.edu /rbulow/lunars.html

Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal : Images A source for both thumbnail and low -resolution versions of the lunar surface images is a website compiled by Paul Spudis and colleagues at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. Apollo 14 Commander Alan B. Shepard addresses the House of Representatives on the highlights of the Apollo 14 mission. The Apollo 14 Saturn V on the Pad 39A incline during rollout. www.hq.nasa.gov /alsj/a14/images14.html

NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-17 Scientific objectives of the Apollo 17 mission included geological surveying and sampling of materials and surface features in a preselected area of the Taurus-Littrow region, deploying and activating surface experiments, and conducting inflight experiments and photographic tasks during lunar orbit and transearth coast (TEC). Deorbit firing of the ascent stage was initiated at 06:31:14 GMT on 12/15/72 and lunar impact occurred 19 min 7 sec later approximately 0.7 nm from the planned target at latitude 19deg 56min North and longitude 30 degrees 32min East. Landing occured at 19:54:57 GMT on 12/11/72 at lunar latitude 20 degrees 10min North and longitude 30 degrees 46min East. science.ksc.nasa.gov /history/apollo/apollo-17/apollo-17.html

Lunar Republic : Apollo Lunar Landing Sites (For more information on the ALSEP project, please click here.) "LRRR" refers to the L aser R anging R etro r eflector experiment deployed on Apollos 11, 14, and 15, which were able to reflect laser beams from the lunar surface back to observatories on Earth. Lunar Republic, S.A. and the International Lunar Society. But even scientists sometimes give conflicting answers as to where exactly the lunar module Eagle landed. www.lunarrepublic.com /history/apollo_sites.shtml

Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Experiment Equipment Included are the Geophone Module and Cable Reels of the Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment (S-203), a component of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package which will be carried on the Apollo 17 lunar landing mission. Table-top views of some of the Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Experiment equipment. After it is triggered, the experiment will settle down into a passive listening mode, detecting Moonquakes, meteorite impacts and the thump caused by the Lunar Module ascent stage impact (37259); The remote antenna for the Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment (S-203) (37260). www.tsgc.utexas.edu /images/spacecraft/apollo17/experiment5.html

Category:Apollo program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For more information, see the article about Apollo program. This page was last modified 18:46, 25 July 2005. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Apollo_program

ALSEP Chronology Click here for information on ALSEP support equipment, including info and images on the ALSEP Central Station, RTG power source, and lunar drill (linked text goes to page for that experiment) www.myspacemuseum.com /alsep01c.htm

Chapter 2: Design Approach and Constraints Dust can be lifted off the lunar surface by thruster firings of the lander, impacts by non-microscopic meteoroids, and infrequent temporary raising of dust from the surface along the terminators (the boundaries between day and night) due to charging by solar ultraviolet radiation. Since the lunar atmosphere is a hard vacuum, the lifted particles do not remain suspended in the atmosphere, but quickly return to the surface. The lunar surface acts as a grey body source at the temperature of the surface. www.frc.ri.cmu.edu /projects/lri/Luna/report/des_approach.html   (2305 words)

Surveyor 1 Surveyor 1 also acquired data on the radar reflectivity of the lunar surface, bearing strength of the lunar surface, and spacecraft temperatures for use in the analysis of the lunar surface temperatures. It was the first American probe to soft land on the lunar surface. Surveyor 1 was primarily an engineering test mission for Apollo, validating technologies necessary for flying and landing on the lunar surface. www.finetuning.com /articles/p4-507-a-brief-history-of-the-exploration-of-the-moon.html   (426 words)

Nat' Academies Press, A Science Strategy for the Exploration of Europa (1999) Although varying interpretations of cratering statistics and surface age dating leave the absolute age of the europan surface uncertain, current analysis suggests that the surface is quite young (10 million to 50 million years old) and therefore that these Europa displays a complex and diverse surface history involving disruption of its icy crust by fracturing, impact cratering on a wide range of scales, and possible eruptions of materials onto the surface from the interior. G.R. Hoppa et al., "Rotation of Europa: Constraints from Terminator Positions," Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Abstracts 28: 597, 1997. www.nap.edu /books/0309064937/html/13.html   (426 words)

Terrestrial Impact Craters Slide Set All the craters appear to be partially filled with dark (smooth) units, which are probably lavas that have risen to the surface through the extensive network of fractures produced by the impact. The scouring is produced as blocks ejected from the crater plough into the surface of the growing ejecta blanket and surrounding target rocks and testifies to the erosional capabilities of meteorite impact. Finally, as a cautionary example of the limitations of using images to identify impact craters on Earth, we include two structures that are clearly not of impact origin but nonetheless have some of the surface characteristics of impact features. www.lpi.usra.edu /publications/slidesets/impacts.html   (426 words)

ANOMALOUS FEATURES Upon closer inspection it was disclosed that the crater floor had a different and higher albedo than the walls of the crater and the surface of the surrounding plain. The crater floor also was found to have a very smooth surface and formed a distinct boundary where the floor met the crater wall. Finally, it is suggested that this new found crater cluster in the Cydonia area may represent the location of near surface water-ice that is much closer to the surface and in greater quantities than previously thought. members.aol.com /erjavecj/cydonia/ice1.htm   (426 words)

Martian Crater Counts This means that even in regions where lunar rocks have not been dated, we may infer the ages of any surface that belongs to a system with a radiometric age. The x-axis is the age of the surface, in billions of years. If cratering continues over a long period of time, a surface may become ``saturated.'' Explain what this means, and why smaller craters are likely to be more affected than larger ones. www.astro.lsa.umich.edu /users/cowley/Craters   (426 words)

CHAPTER 5: PLANETARY GEOLOGY: Manual of Remote Sensing As well, the proximity and relatively straightforward geology of the airless lunar surface has been important in the theory, development, and testing of the various fundamental tenets upon which the field of planetary geology is based. Impact cratering is the dominant surface modification process on these small objects, and evidence for local- to hemispheric-scale composition heterogeneity has been found using impact craters both as a surface age dating tool and as a mineralogic probe of the asteroids' interiors. The heavily cratered terrain is very similar to the lunar highlands, with densely packed and overlapping craters of all sizes and little evidence for discrete ejecta blankets and secondary crater fields. clamcake.tn.cornell.edu /rsm.html   (426 words)

Lunar Exploration Vehicles - Exhibition Home Page The descent (lower) stage was equipped with a rocket motor to slow the rate of descent to the lunar surface. Both operated together during descent and lunar surface operations. After the crew entered the command module for the trip back to Earth, the lunar module was released and eventually crashed into the Moon. www.nasm.si.edu /galleries/gal112/gal112.html   (426 words)

Apollo 12 The lunar module landed two men (Commander Charles P. "Pete" Conrad and LM Pilot Alan L. Bean) on the surface of the moon in the vicinity of Surveyor 3, while the piloted (by CM pilot Richard F. Gordon Jr.) command module continued in orbit. An Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP) was placed on the lunar surface, samples of the lunar terrain were acquired, and various photographs of 16-, 35-, and 70-mm film sizes were exposed from the lunar and command modules and by the astronauts during lunar surface activities. The Command Module "Yankee Clipper" is on display at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. lunar.arc.nasa.gov /printerready/history/timeline_items/apollo12.html   (426 words)

Lunar space elevator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia With conventional rocketry the fuel to reach the lunar surface from LEO is many times the landed mass, thus the elevator can slash launch costs by a similar factor. A lunar elevator could massively reduce the costs for reliably and cheaply soft-landing equipment on the lunar surface. It would instead be constructed with its center of gravity in a stationary position above the surface of the Moon, providing a controlled means to transport people and/or materials between the surface and lunar orbit. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lunar_space_elevator   (426 words)

A Lunar Outpost One design option for a permanent lunar habitat is an inflatable structure (1), erected in a crater or an excavation and shielded with bags of lunar surface material. A site for the lunar outpost will be selected by evaluating factors such as closeness to surface features of scientific interest, Earth's visibility, soil chemistry, and roughness of terrain. The use of extraterrestrial resources could be demonstrated as well; for instance, a pilot plant could be built to test various methods of extracting oxygen from lunar surface materials. www.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/gotomoon.html   (426 words)

The Apollo 16 Flight Journal - Apollo 16 Flight Summary Although their time on a lunar surface had been less than planned, John Young and Charlie Duke had broken records for the time spent there, and for the weight of the samples that they were bringing back. After about four hours on the lunar surface the two astronauts climbed aboard the Lunar Rover and drove approximately 1.4 kilometres to a crater planned as the first site for their geological investigations. The descent of Orion towards the lunar surface went smoothly, although the fuel level indication was about two percent lower than the oxidiser indication throughout. history.nasa.gov /ap16fj/a16summary.htm   (5581 words)

LUNAR MODULE MISSIONS The fourth successful manned lunar landing, this was also the first of the Apollo J missions capable of a longer stay on the lunar surface and the first to carry the LRV. The mission of Apollo 10 was to conduct all phases of Apollo spacecraft operations except the actual lunar landing, including rendezvous and docking between the CSM and LM in lunar orbit and descent of the LM to within 50,000 feet of the moon's surface. At 101 hours 12 minutes, Aldrin and Armstrong in LM-5 (Eagle) separated from CSM-107 (Columbia) to make their descent to the lunar surface, where they landed in the Sea of Tranquility (0" 4'15" N lat/23" 26' E long) at 102 hours 45 minutes into the mission. users.specdata.com /home/pullo/lm_mis1.htm   (5581 words)

20040622.txt That crater was named "Eagle Crater" after the Apollo 11 lunar module that carried Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the surface of the moon for the first human lunar landing on July 20, 1969. The first high-resolution images of Phoebe show a scarred surface, covered with craters of all sizes and large variations of brightness across the surface, giving strong evidence that the tiny moon may be rich in ice and covered by a thin layer of darker material. The diameter of one large crater, called Left Foot, is one fifth of the surface of the comet. www.lyon.edu /projects/marsbugs/2004/20040622.txt   (5581 words)

20040622.txt That crater was named "Eagle Crater" after the Apollo 11 lunar module that carried Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the surface of the moon for the first human lunar landing on July 20, 1969. The first high-resolution images of Phoebe show a scarred surface, covered with craters of all sizes and large variations of brightness across the surface, giving strong evidence that the tiny moon may be rich in ice and covered by a thin layer of darker material. The diameter of one large crater, called Left Foot, is one fifth of the surface of the comet. www.lyon.edu /projects/marsbugs/2004/20040622.txt   (5581 words)

volinfo.txt General Characteristics: The site was north of Lunar Lake, and consisted of lava flow with surface of boulders to gravel with windblown silt cover, forming a well developed desert pavement surface. July 17 - 18, 1989 (Lunar Lake Subsurface Temperature Experiments) Temperature data were collected from the playa and cobble modeling sites. Data were recorded at Lunar Lake North between 13:32 on 16 July 1989 and 17:16 on 18 July 1989 for a total of 52 hours; and at Lunar Lake South between 16:51 on 16 July 1989 and 16:13 on 18 July 1989 for a 42 total of 48 hours. wufs.wustl.edu /geodata/grsfe/gr_0001/document/volinfo.txt   (5581 words)

ASTRONOMY PRIMER And the lunar surface is covered with craters, the scars from countless boulders - some much bigger than mountains - that struck it over billions of years. Like the astronauts who went to the Moon, you would have to carry your own air with you on the lunar surface. Mercury's surface is hard and rocky, pitted with craters, and probably is covered with a thin layer of fine dust. members.aol.com /skysgt/index/primer.htm   (5581 words)

Lunar Exploration Vehicles - Exhibition Home Page The descent (lower) stage was equipped with a rocket motor to slow the rate of descent to the lunar surface. Both operated together during descent and lunar surface operations. After the crew entered the command module for the trip back to Earth, the lunar module was released and eventually crashed into the Moon. www.nasm.si.edu /galleries/gal112/gal112.html   (880 words)

Abstract In the specific case of the lunar surface, it is important to know of things that develop on the surface (either volcanically or due to an impact) because it is the closest indicator of what may be happening at the earth's outermost layer of atmosphere. Using the region of the lunar surface around the crater Aristarchus, digital comparisons yielded that there was no evidence that the lunar surface had changed. This research project attempted to create a method of comparison between the imagery from the Lunar Orbiter program (from the mid 1960's) with that of the Clementine mission (of the mid 1990's). www.cis.rit.edu /research/thesis/bs/1998/sivanandam/abstract.html   (395 words)

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