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Topic: Lunda language

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	Probert Encyclopaedia: Language (Lul-Lz) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Lumbu is a Bantu language spoken in Gabon and Congo.
		Lunda is a Bantu language spoken in Zambia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
		Luvale is a Bantu language spoken in Zambia and Angola.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /WLI.HTM (318 words)

	BANTU LANGUAGES - LoveToKnow Article on BANTU LANGUAGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Ci-subiya is the dominant language of South-West Zambezia, along a portion of the Zambezi river south of Barotseland, and in the lands lying between the Zambezi and the Chobe-Linyante river.
		Sc-sub is the langtiage of Basutcland; Se-rolo, Se-inangwabo, of the Eastern Kalahri; Se-kololo is the court language of Barotseland; Ci-venda and Se-pedi or Fell are the principal dialects of the Transvaal.
		OtheradmirableworksaretheDictionaryof the Congo Language, by the Rev. Holman Bentley (1891), and The Folklore of A~i~ola, and a Grammar of Kimbundu, by Dr. Heli Chatelain.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BANTU_LANGUAGES.htm (9163 words)

	AllRefer.com - Lunda, Africa History (African History) - Encyclopedia
		The Lunda speak a Bantu language and now live in S Congo (Kinshasa), E Angola, and N Zambia.
		Lunda living near the upper Lulua and Kasai rivers assimilated political ideas from the Luba (especially regarding divine kingship and bureaucratic administration) and formed a kingdom ruled by the mwata yamvo, or king.
		At the same time, dissident Lunda migrated eastward; some of them founded the kingdom of the Mwata Kazembe, centered near the Luapula River, which was a flourishing trading state in the period from the late 18th to the early 19th cent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Lunda.html (258 words)

	Angola - The Definition of Ethnicity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Some of the languages in any set may be more or less mutually intelligible, especially in the areas where speakers of a dialect of one language have had sustained contact with speakers of a dialect of another language.
		In the Lunda case, the empire had been so far-flung and internal conflict had become so great by the nineteenth century that political cohesion was limited (see Kongo Kingdom; Lunda and Chokwe Kingdoms, ch.
		Until such naming, and sometimes long after, the various communities or sections of a set sharing a language and culture were likely to call themselves by other terms, and even when they came to use the all-encompassing name, they tended to reserve it for a limited number of situations.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-557.html (957 words)

	Lunda People
		Although it is impossible to isolate specific examples of Lunda art, their political activity in the region and their patronage of artists living in neighboring ethnic groups influenced the artistic styles found throughout the region.
		Lunda history is intricately tied to the peoples living throughout the entire region of south central Congo (Zaire), western Zambia, and northern Angola.
		It is believed that the Lunda may have at one time been patrilineal, but as they conquered and incorporated various ethnic groups that were matrilineal, their political system transformed to reflect a preference for matrilineal descent.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/people/Lunda.html (532 words)

	Language and Learning in Zambia
		Their own local languages, and even in the school s the medium of instruction was in their own local language at least up to the 4th grade.
		By 1950, the language policy in African schools was that the mother tongue was to be used as medium of instruction during the first two years of primary education and a dominant vernacular to be used up to standard Five and thereafter English was to replace the local languages.
		In other words, language is a tool used for the preservation of cultural heritage of the tribe and with it, the clan, the family and the individual.
	www2.ncsu.edu /ncsu/aern/manpisi.html (3694 words)

	Suku People
		Oral history suggests that the Suku, along with the Yaka, were part of an invasion against the Kongo Kingdom that came from the Lunda Plateau in the 16th century.
		Lunda expansion and creation of the Inbangala Kingdom in 1620 greatly affected the occupants of the Kwango River area, which included both the Yaka and the Suku.
		In an effort to expand to the northwest and east, Yaka chiefs weakened their kingdom's strength and were forced to become subservient to the Lunda.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/people/Suku.html (444 words)

	Angola - Lunda-Chokwe
		The Lunda alone were a congeries of peoples brought together in the far-flung Lunda Empire (seventeenth century to nineteenth century) under the hegemony of a people calling themselves Ruund, its capital in the eastern section of Zaire's Katanga Province (present-day Shaba Province).
		Lunda is the form of the name used for the Ruund and for themselves by adjacent peoples to the south who came under Ruund domination.
		The languages spoken by the various elements of the so-called Lunda-Chokwe were more closely related to each other than to other Bantu languages in the Zairian-Angolan savanna but were by no means mutually intelligible.
	countrystudies.us /angola/62.htm (891 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Gazetteer (Lum-Lx) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Lunda Norte is a province of north-east Angola.
		Lunda Sul is a province of eastern Angola.
		The House of Luxembourg was founded in 1060 by Count Conrad and became a Duchy in 1354 and was ruled by various Eurpean powers until it became independent in 1848.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /GGF.HTM (926 words)

	Encyclopedia article: Ethnicity and identity in South Central Africa
		They are claimed to organize major aspects of the individual’s life in the field of language, expressive and ritual culture, kinship, production, and reproduction; allegiance and opposition in traditional and modern politics are considered to be largely determined along ethnic lines.
		Lunda, Ndembu, Luvale, Mbunda, Chokwe, Luchazi) associated with the widespread Lunda complex of language and political and ceremonial culture, as against other yet related groups such as Nkoya and Mbwela, who practiced circumcision until the 19th century.
		Language for the native speaker tends to be the last refuge of owning and belonging, of competence and identity.
	www.shikanda.net /ethnicity/encyclop.htm (5302 words)

	Ntama Journal of African Music and Popular Culture
		Consequently, speakers of those numerous Zambian languages lacking official status, -- the guess is that there are 73 languages in the country -- feel deprived of their ethnic identity, having to cling to a day-in day-out practice of code switching.
		For Angola, their acknowledgement as languages to be used in primary and adult education is the first such step in the country's history and must, of course, be highly praised.
		The phonology of Mbunda is at notable variance with all the other "Ngangela" languages and would really demand the use of phonetic symbols for the representation of some of its phonemes; in any case an orthographic system different from that proposed by the study group of the Instituto Nacional de Línguas, Luanda.
	ntama.uni-mainz.de /content/view/48/37/1/2 (1004 words)

	CBOLD Bibliography: full citations
		Notes from source: This collection is mainly devoted to papers on language use and language in education, with a useful introductory chapter on the classification and distribution of Kenyan languages.
		A grammar of the Mpongwe language, with vocabularies
		Languages of Africa: comparisons between the Mandingo, Grebo and Mpongwe dialects.
	www.linguistics.berkeley.edu /~jblowe/CBOLD/Bibs/BibAu.51.html (1264 words)

	Interpreting Services - Interpreters - Interpreter - Russian - English - French - Japanese - Arabic - Italian - German ...
		Worldwide court interpretation services, in all languages combination and for those cases that are required to be conducted by a certified, official or sworn court interpreter who is authorized and permitted to conduct interpetation by the authorities of a specific state or country.
		The two activities are very similar in that they both involve the understanding of language and of the underlying meaning, but then their ways part.
		A witness with only a superficial knowledge of the language can become seriously confused and his credibility lost if he is uncertain of the meanings of questions or if he guesses at the meaning of a question.
	www.businessenglish.de /dolmetsch.htm (4696 words)

	Global Communicators - Language Specialist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Translations are completed by the world's most qualified network of professional translators, who specialise in your area of business.
		Whatever your translation needs; a one page letter to a complete set of company manuals, we have the experience, resources and knowledge to provide total project management, into and from over 150 languages in many exacting fields.
		We understand the necessity to communicate successfully, especially when speaking your client's language.
	www.globalltd.net (104 words)

	Lunda language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Lunda language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Lunda, also known as Chilunda, is a Bantu language (of the larger Niger-Congo family) that is spoken in Zambia, Angola and, to a lesser extent, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		Lunda and its dialects are spoken and understood by perhaps 2.6% of Zambians (1986 estimate), and the language is used overwhelmingly in the northern part of that country.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Lunda (114 words)

	The Rosetta Project: the 1000 language archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Lunda texts are available in the categories below.
		A brief language description provided courtesy of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
		Send a message to a language specialist or native speaker who might be able to review or contribute materials.
	rosettaproject.org /live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=LVN (99 words)

	JLPCA 1(3) - Johannes Fabian: Commenting Kalundi's comments: Notes on the ethnography of translating the "Vocabulary of ...
		The change of language vividly depicted, or enacted, what was the case in those days: To stay in touch with one's friends and relatives, one had to send written letters and thereby enter the colonizer's world.
		The latter was the case with private letters that speakers of Sh/KS, though not literate in that language (most had learned reading and writing in French or one of the local Bantu-languages), had been exchanging for a generation or two.
		By all-encompassing I mean to indicate Sh/KS served in all conceivable domains of contemporary life (even at the university it was used, though not as the language of instruction); it was however part of a context of pronounced multilingualism, its ever-present raison d'être.
	www2.fmg.uva.nl /lpca/jlpca/vol1/fabian.html (9838 words)

	THE MAJOR TRIBES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Lozi migrated into Western Zambia from the Luba Lunda Kingdom of Mwata Yamvwa in Zaire, which was one of the greatest central African Chieftainships in the 17th and 18th Century.
		They left their language, Sikololo as the lingua franca of the Barotse plains and imposed much of their cultural tradition on the area.
		Representing some 18% of the population, the Bemba, along with the Lunda recognise an almost legendary place called Kola as their land of origin.
	www.zambiatourism.com /travel/hisgeopeop/tribes.htm (647 words)

	african people luchazi
		The peoples of Africa are often described in terms of their ethnic background or their languages.
		This is a case where a little advanced knowledge of the subject may be an advantage when using these pages.
		Between 1600 and 1850 they were under considerable influence from the Lunda states and were centrally located in Angola." You will find material related to art, culture, history, religion, political structure and more.
	www.archaeolink.com /african_people_luchazi.htm (225 words)

	Lunda Tribe Information and Resources
		lazy and indolent" and the Lunda considered to have "an inborn distaste...
		Language: Wuchokwe (Bantu) Neighbours: Luba, Lunda, Lwena, Ovimbundu, Songo
		the goddess-founder of the Lunda tribe and Mukulu, a mortal chief...
	www.boatsmarineyachts.com /more/boatsmarine/Lunda-Tribe.html (463 words)

	FMO Research Guide: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Mbundu (language Kimbundu) are the second largest group and live predominantly in the coastal regions around Luanda and the provinces of Malanje.
		The third largest ethnic group is the BaKongo (language Kikongo), settled in the north-western provinces that form a border with the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Congo.
		Smaller ethnolinguistic groups are the Lunda-Chokwe (language Chokwe) and the Nganguela (language Nganguela) and are located in a belt through several of the central provinces, including Huila and Huambo.
	www.forcedmigration.org /guides/fmo037/fmo037-3.htm (1834 words)

	Minority language and the state in Zambia and Botswana
		Language policy — even if appealing to ‘objective’ considerations of linguistic analysis, constitutional equity and socio-economic development — is often formulated and implemented in a political and ideological context partly defined by ethnic parameters.
		Meanwhile, throughout Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) of which Barotseland formed part, seven languages had come to be recognized by the state as vehicles of formal education, broadcasting, the judiciary, and state/subject interaction: Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi (throughout Barotseland and in the region of Livingstone, the early colonial capital in the south), Lunda, Luvale and Kaonde.
		In Botswana, Kalanga is very much a minority language, in which no formal education is offered, which is not used in the media, practically not admissible for use in courts of law except in outlying villages, and with hardly any published material circulating in that language.
	www.shikanda.net /ethnicity/minority.htm (9590 words)

	Lunda Tribe
		Types of Art:Although it is impossible to isolate specific examples of Lunda art, their political activity in the region and their patronage of artists living in neighboring ethnic groups influenced the artistic styles found throughout the region.
		Economy:The economic pursuits of Lunda peoples are dictated by the region in which they live.
		Political Systems:The head of the Lunda is entitled Mwaat Yaav and, together with a council of royal dignitaries, was at one time responsible for overseeing political decisions for the entire kingdom.
	www.gateway-africa.com /tribe/lunda_tribe.html (537 words)

	Resources on the Lunda
		For example, the girls among the Lunda of Zambia...
		The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia began to...
		...was the region of the Lunda Kingdom), Zimbabwe...
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/african/Lunda.html (566 words)

	Vaelen.Org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		For locales with only a language code the Accept-Language header is set to "language, English".
		For locales with a country code as well as a language code the Accept-Language header is set to "language-country, language, English".
		It also fixes a bug in the language pack installer scripts.
	www.vaelen.org /languagemenu (115 words)

	Impressions of Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Northeastern Lunda District, and some in eastern Bie, western Moxico, and central Cuando Cubango.
		LUNDA (CHILUNDA) [LVN] 90,000 in Angola (1993 Johnstone); 176,800 in Zambia (1986); 266,800 in all countries or more.
		MBUNDU, LOANDA (LUANDA, LUNDA, LOANDE, KIMBUNDU, NORTH MBUNDU, NBUNDU, N'BUNDO, DONGO, NDONGO, KINDONGO) [MLO] 3,000,000 (1995 WA) or 25% of the population (1990 WA), including 41,000 Ngola (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin).
	groups.msn.com /ImpressionsofAngola/languages.msnw (1178 words)

	Collection 228 - Lyndon Hess. T1 Transcript
		HESS: The language of the people in that part of the country was Lunda.
		Now the Lunda are an unfortunate people in that their tribe is divided into three.
		I read a tract written in our language, Lunda language, and there was the same sort of communistic teaching that you get anywhere.
	www.wheaton.edu /bgc/archives/trans/228t01.htm (9449 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		White, C. (1944) The noun prefixes of the west-central zone of Bantu languages.
		White, C. (1944) Some comparative notes on the noun prefixes of the west-central zone of Bantu languages.
		White, C. (1947) A comparative survey of the verb forms in the West Central Bantu group (Lunda, Lwena, Chokwe and Luchazi).
	www.albany.edu /~lb527/Lunda.html (124 words)

	Chokwe/ Ruund Language Page - Handbook of African Language Resources (ASC)(MSU)
		Chokwe (also spelled Cokwe) and Ruund are two distinct Bantu languages belonging to the Chokwe- Luchazi Group (Guthrie K10) and the Lunda Group (Guthrie L50) respectively.
		Nash (personal communication, 1985) reports that "to avoid confusion, the term `Lunda' is now generally used to refer to all those connected in some way to the greater political/cultural state and `Ruund' to those with very close cultural, ethnic and linguistic ties to the Lunda capital area in western Shaba province, Zaire."
		While UBS (1982) notes 170,000 "Lunda" [Ruund] speakers and 500,000 Chokwe speakers, Hoover suggests this figure is too low for first-language speakers and fails to consider the use of both languages as a lingua franca.
	www.isp.msu.edu /afrlang/Chokwe_Ruund-root.html (353 words)

	Angola Products and Chokwe, Kimbundu - See Umbundu, Kongo, Lunda, Lwea, Mbundu, Portuguese, Umbundu Languages
		The most important native language is Mbundu, a term that actually embraces two languages-Umbundu, with about 3 million speakers in central Angola, and Kimbundu, with about 2 million speakers in the north.
		Kongo is spoken by about one million people in the far north, Chokwe by a about 500,000 people in the northeast and Ewena (Luvale) by about 350,000 people in the eastern panhandle.
		Lunda, closely related to Chokwe, is spoken by about 100,000 people in the northeast.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Countries/Angola.htm?CalledFrom=211206 (1598 words)

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