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	MoLAS publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Summary: This publication presents new evidence of fundamental importance to understanding the Middle Saxon settlement of Lundenwic, a flourishing centre for trade and manufacture from the 7th to 9th centuries AD.
		Lundenwic’s heyday was in the mid 8th century, when a main road, side streets and dozens of buildings occupied the site.
		Lundenwic was occupied by a Viking army in AD 871 and Anglo-Saxon occupation relocated to the city of London, known as Lundenburh.
	www.molas.org.uk /pages/publicationDetails.asp?pid=22 (196 words)

	British Archaeology, no 44, May 1999: Places (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Until the mid-1980s, nobody knew the location of Lundenwic, the London described in the 8th century by Bede as `a mart of many peoples coming by land and sea'.
		Lundenwic was flourishing by 700, and was possibly earlier in origin than similar trading places at Ipswich and Hamwich (Southampton).
		Why Lundenwic was founded outside the city walls remains a matter of debate.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba44/ba44regs.html (1463 words)

	History Bookshop.com: Charlemagne's Elephant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lundenwic, occupying the rising ground west of the deserted Roman walled city, was quite as rich in imported and local material culture as excavations beneath the Royal Opera House and even in the grounds of 10 Downing Street have shown.
		These were secular versions of the vici, the extra-mural market settlements described by chroniclers outside the holy precincts of monasteries like Monte Cassino (Italy) and St Denys (France) and now identified as clusters of timber buildings in the extensive excavations at San Vincenzo al Volturno, little different from a sector of a north European emporium.
		Alfred, we may suppose, the quintessential proponent of Charlemagne's ideas on cultural values and government, was locating his premier city in a place that possessed the spirit of antiquity - a place with a memory, as opposed to a non-place.
	www.historybookshop.com /articles/commentary/charlemagne-elephant-ht.asp (3129 words)

	Anglo Saxon London - london information from 4london.info
		Lundenwic, as the area had become known by the 670s, grew into a thriving settlement, 'a market for many peoples coming by land and sea' as Bede described it.
		Around 675 the Mercian Kings from Midland Britain became dominant over the city and may have established the first monastery at Westminster.
		The area of Lundenwic was abandoned, though the name survives today as the Auld-Wych (Aldwych).
	www.4london.info /londonhistoryanglosaxon.htm (1109 words)

	London History: From the Roman Period to the 20th Century
		This naturally advantageous position had the added political benefits of being on the boundary of a number of kingdoms.
		Lundenwic, as the area had become known by the 670s, grew into a thriving emporium: 'a market for many peoples coming by land and sea' as Bede described it.
		Lundenwic was abandoned, though the name survives today as the Auld-Wych.
	www.britannia.com /history/londonhistory/saxlon.html (1278 words)

	Saxons at the Opera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The existence of the settlement, Lundenwic, had been known for a long time from historical records but its exact location was discovered by archaeologists from the Museum of London in the 1980s.
		It is now known that it was a large and bustling trading port in which houses and other buildings were laid out along streets and alleys which were rebuilt many times.
		Lundenwic was abandoned in the 9th century because of Viking raids which forced the Saxons back behind the Roman walls still standing around the City.
	www.museumoflondon.org.uk /MOLsite/exhibits/saxons/saxons.htm (467 words)

	Historical London
		From the seventh through ninth centuries Lundenwic, as the Anglo-Saxons called Londinium, emerged again as a center of trade, even developing a mint, a royal residence, and an ecclesiastical center.
		However, eventually the Anglo-Saxons followed the Romans in decline, and in 1013 the Danes successfully conquered Lundenwic and all of England.
		Perhaps the most symbolic turn from the Anglo-Saxon Lundenwic to the Norman/medieval London was the replacement of the destroyed St. Paul's Cathedral with a new, gothic successor in 1087.
	www.macalester.edu /geography/courses/geog261/cakeson/city.htm (1286 words)

	Brief History of Covent Garden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The exact extent of the Saxon settlement is calculated to be up to 60 hectares and this figure is based on evidence from archaeological excavations, chance finds of artefacts during development and research.
		By the late Saxon Period, possibly as a result of the threats of Viking raids, the settlement moved back to the walled Roman city leaving Lundenwic a derelict waste that was soon used as farmland.
		Much of the evidence for Saxon Lundenwic comes from "rescue" excavation where archaeological remains are recorded during development.
	www.cgareatrust.org.uk /intro/history.htm (1515 words)

	molas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, the DUA's archaeological partner, the Department of Greater London Archaeology (DGLA), had discovered so-called Saxon farms in the area of Fleet Street, Covent Garden, and Westminster.
		In the mid 1980s Alan Vince and Martin Biddle independently came up with the idea that after the Dark Ages, London had restablished itself not in the City but a couple of miles west in the areas noted above, centred on the area called Aldwych and which was known as Lundenwic.
		In 886 AD Alfred the Great moved the Londoners back into the City of London which was known as Lundenburgh.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /MOLAS.html (359 words)

	London & Middlesex Archaeological Society: Transactions 39 (1988): Gazetteer of Middle Saxon sites: abstract
		The extent of the settlement thought to be Lundenwic, and the position of its boundaries, are at present uncertain, although the distribution of sites suggests a settlement area of about 60 ha.
		The western limit of the town may be marked by an area of gravel quarries found to the west of the National Gallery and possibly in Trafalgar Square.
		However, it is thought there may have been a Continental-style cemetery at St Martin-in- the-Fields, while undated burials in King Street and at 51-4 and 67- 8 Long Acre suggest the existence of a cemetery (possibly Saxon) to the north of Covent Garden Piazza.
	www.lamas.org.uk /abstracts/cowie1988a.html (781 words)

	Lundenwic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 605, the modern city of London was the Anglo-Saxon trading town of Lundenwic (wic means trading post).
		When Lundenwic was an Anglo-Saxon city it was partly within the walls of Roman London (what today is The City) and somewhat to the west of the wall.
		Westminster developed largely in thirteenth and fourteenth centuries around the palace and the abbey, but there is definite evidence of continued settlement here from 800 on.
	macalester.edu /geography/courses/geog261/buittenbogaa/lundenwic.html (244 words)

	LONDON - ALL ABOUT THE CITY - Where to go, What to see, What to do, Where to eat, Where to shop, How to get around (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is believed to have become the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in the early second century.
		After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Roman city was virtually abandoned and a Saxon town named Lundenwic was established a mile or two west in the Aldwych area in the 7th century AD.
		The fortified Roman City of London was reoccupied around the late 9th or early 10th century, whereafter it resumed its role as England's biggest city (although not its capital - Winchester served as capital until the 12th century).
	london.allaboutthecity.com /the-history.php (2560 words)

	PCA - News - Highlights - 15-16 Bedford Street
		Although terracing for the basements of the existing buildings led to the truncation of archaeological layers, deep cut features such as rubbish pits, cesspits and drains were recorded.
		The excavations identified Middle Saxon activity from the settlement of Lundenwic (7th to 9th century AD), including evidence for craft activity, and large 17th century pits, thought to represent gravel quarrying associated with the construction of Covent Garden piazza and the surrounding roads.
		Recent excavations have shone new light on domestic life, commerce and industry in Lundenwic and a picture of daily life is now beginning to emerge showing the settlement as a thriving and densely populated place, which traded throughout Europe (for more information see 'Tatberht's Lundenwic', PCA monograph 2).
	www.pre-construct.com /Sites/Highlights/Bedford.htm (880 words)

	The Work of the Field Monument Wardens
		Further work was conducted at the Covent Garden Piazza in Westminster, uncovering additional evidence of Lundenwic including buildings, yards and associated features.
		The sequence of Saxon and post medieval deposits recorded in the Heading Shaft illustrate many of the elements found during the main excavation.
		The imported pottery further demonstrates a link between the settlement at Lundenwic and the continent.
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /ArchRev/rev98_9/glaas.htm (3555 words)

	The Saxons and existing Roman settlements
		Lundenwic is unusual in that the Saxons do and don't re-occupy Londinium, in that they build their settlement slap bang against the very wall of the Roman city.
		We could start an entirely new Thread on the many reasons and theories given for this by historians & archaeologists, most of which are persuasive and are - with hindsight - simple common sense.
		For Saxons preferred to draw their boats up on the beach, and so it is not surprising that they began the first Lundenwic on (you've guessed it) The Strand.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/86091 (369 words)

	Maps of London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A new bridge was built over the river and excavations at Southwark south of the river, on the new Jubilee line, have revealed evidence for burning by Boudica in AD 60.
		When Roman London was abandoned, a new settlement was established further up river, at Lundenwic.
		It was abandoned in 886 when the Alfred re-occupied the old Roman city: the first traces of this have been discovered at Queenhythe.
	www.archaeology.co.uk /ca/timeline/roman/london/maps.htm (182 words)

	Time Pirates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		They have built a settlement further up the river, away from remains of the Roman city.
		I represent the king in the town of Lundenwic, and make sure the king's laws are obeyed.
		My officers collect the royal taxes and customs duties that have to paid on goods passing through the port.
	timepirates.atticmedia.com /html/location.aspx?id=200 (272 words)

	Trebeta - Das Hlynsbakkaætt (Wikinger Artikel Bdw 19990915)
		Die Einkaufsmeile gehörte zu einer angelsächsischen Stadt namens Lundenwic, die zwischen 720 und 866 ihre Blütezeit erlebte.
		Jahrhunderts wurde Sicherheit in Lundenwic offenbar immer stärker zum Thema.
		Sicher ist jedoch, dass König Alfred um 866 Londinium befestigen ließ, das dann bald Lundenwic den Rang ablief und heute besser bekannt ist unter dem Namen London.
	www.trebeta.net /page.php?pid=wikinger_artikel_bdw_19990915&navmode=none (303 words)

	Hammersmith & Fulham Adult Education: Discovering London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The course is a non-academic exploration of London's history, focusing this year on the roots of London.
		The lectures, held in the morning, will cover: Roman beginnings; the importance of the Thames; Saxon Lundenwic; early medieval times; William the Conqueror; the founding of the city of Westminster; the Strand and its palaces; and other topics besides.
		Morning lectures are followed by visits in the afternoons to underline and illustrate the themes: e g tracing the city walls; visits to the port and medieval streets; a Company headquarters; if possible, the Mansion House or Guildhall; the Museum of London; Westminster Abbey.
	www.courseinfo.co.uk /courses/short/course16885.cfm (181 words)

	Lundenwic - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Lundenwic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Here you will find more informations about Lundenwic.
		If you find this encyclopedia or its sister projects useful,
		See MOLAS and History of London pages for further details.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Lundenwic.html (90 words)

	Covent Garden Histories
		As the Roman period petered out, Londinium became depopulated, but there was little evidence of Saxon occupation.
		The contemporary writings of the Venerable Bead suggest that Saxon Lundenwic, as it was called, was a large and thriving port; but despite extensive excavation, no hint of it had been discovered within the area of the Roman city now buried beneath the City of London.
		Some archaeologist therefore concluded that the urban Saxon community did not come into being before the tenth century.
	www.covent-garden.co.uk /histories/histories2.html (408 words)

	[No title]
		His talk, illustrated by various case studies, will discuss the importance of understanding the fabric of historic buildings and, in particular, how evidence is obtained to enable informed decisions being made regarding the listing of such buildings.
		Gordon Malcolm The area which became available for excavation around the Royal Opera House is an unusually large site within the heart of the Saxon town of Lundenwic.
		From this and smaller archaeological investigations in the vicinity has come occupation evidence in the form of buildings, floor surfaces, alleyways, industrial/craft activities, burials and a range of cut features such as ditches, refuse pits and wells where the associated artefacts give a date range of 7th - 9th century.
	www.enfarchsoc.org /archive/Eas999.doc (6045 words)

	London and Middlesex Archaeological Society: 1998 Archaeological Conference Report
		But perhaps the thing that most puzzled historians then was why there was no archaeological evidence for 7th and 8th-century London – a city which Bede had described as ‘a trading centre for many nations’.
		We now know that Lundenwic lay outside the old walled city, to the west, around Covent Garden and the Strand.
		Discussion of these and many other themes made for a fascinating afternoon.
	www.lamas.org.uk /arconf98_report0.html (212 words)

	Lundenwic - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Lundenwic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lundenwic is not available in the Hutchinson encyclopedia.
		You may also use the word browser links:
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Lundenwic (77 words)

	PCA - Publications PCA Monograph No. 2
		Tatberht's Lundenwic: Archaeological Excavations in Middle Saxon London
		This important new review of Middle Saxon London introduces the results of four archaeological excavations from across the settlement.
		It contrasts the almost rural environment of the National Portrait Gallery on the western periphery of Lundenwic with the more central sites at James Street, Maiden Lane and the Lyceum Theatre.
	www.pre-construct.com /Public/Monographs/Lundenwic.htm (175 words)

	London trivia
		They probably chose this site because the riverbanks east of this point were too marshy for settlement.
		Lundenwic - Saxon trading town, established by the 640s, west of the city walls in what is now the Strand and Charing Cross.
		Lundenberg - the name for Alfred the Great's city (meaning a fortified town in reference to the Roman walls that encircled the city) that had grown from the ruins of the old Roman city.
	www.alanharding.com /london_trivia.html (2120 words)

	British Archaeology, no 51, February 2000: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Samson's views on Hodges can be summed up by one of his sub-headings: 'Bad and Mad Dark-Age Economic Theories'.
		Woolf, for example, seems to be offering almost contemporary confirmation that ports of trade existed in the northern world and that they were centrally controlled.
		This short book provides an introduction and guide to the important prehistoric and early historic monuments of the Kilmartin valley in Argyll, and is published by the new Kilmartin House Museum, which was created in 1997.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba51/ba51book.html (2529 words)

	Pre-Construct Archaeology - News
		This volume tells the story of the Saxons, Templars and Lawyers who previously occupied the quiet courtyards of the Inner Temple.
		Here, beyond the recognized extent of Lundenwic, a Middle Saxon weapon burial and occupation activity were surprising finds, although previous discoveries in the area included a hoard of coins, possibly buried in response to the escalating threat of Viking raids in the late 9th century.
		This volume tells the story of the occupants of this area over a period of some 6,000 years, as revealed by archaeological excavations conducted to the south of the village.
	www.pre-construct.com /Sites/News.htm (556 words)

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