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	David B. Wake's Lab - Publications
		Quantitative kinematics of feeding in Bolitoglossa occidentalis: a salamander with a "free" projectile tongue.
		Limb chondrogenesis of the seepage salamander, Desmognathus aeneus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae).
		Taxonomy of the plethodontid salamander genus Hydromantes (Caudata: Plethodontidae).
	ib.berkeley.edu /labs/wake/Papers.html (4790 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lungless Salamander
		Salamander is the common name applied to approximately 500 amphibia n vertebrate s with slender bodies, short legs, and long tails (order Caudata or Urodela).
		Salamanders are generally restricted to the northern hemisphere, with the exception of a few species in the northernmost part of South America.
		Albumin evolution and its phylogenetic implications in the plethodontid salamander genera Plethodon and Ensatina.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lungless-Salamander (553 words)

	Salamanders may one day monitor degradation in small streams
		Because these salamanders are lungless, breathing through their skin and the linings of their mouths, they can be very sensitive to changes in their aquatic and terrestrial environments.
		Lungless salamanders are abundant and widespread; serve as both predators and prey; and lead both aquatic and terrestrial lives.
		The spring salamander, based on field sampling only, appears to be relatively acid tolerant and was found in most of the episodically acidified streams and in the lesser contaminated sections of acid mine drainage impacted streams.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-06/PS-Smod-250699.php (854 words)

	Lungless salamander - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lungless salamanders (Family Plethodontidae) are salamanders which do not have lungs and instead conduct respiration through their skin and the tissues lining their mouth.
		Currently approximately 377 species of plethodontid salamanders are known, making up the majority of known species (Min et al., 2005).
		Only two of these species are found outside the Western hemisphere, seven in the Mediterreanian and one in Korea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lungless_Salamander (144 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Lungless Salamander
		Lungless salamanders breathe through the mucous membrane in the mouth and throat and through the skin.
		Moisture is especially important to lungless salamanders, because their skin must be wet in order to absorb oxygen.
		These animals shelter in damp places such as caves and the bottom of logs, only venturing out when the air is sufficiently humid.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461543803_761558552_-1_1/Lungless_Salamander.html (57 words)

	Georgia Wildlife Web Site; amphibians: Caudata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Salamanders are found in a variety of habitats, including streams, swamps, marshes, forests, caves, and rock ledges.
		Salamanders breathe using lungs or gills, although in some instances (the Lungless Salamanders) they may absorb oxygen through the skin.
		They are called Lungless Salamanders because they have no lungs and absorb oxygen through the skin and the lining of the mouth.
	museum.nhm.uga.edu /gawildlife/amphibians/caudata/caudata.html (661 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| First Ever Lungless Salamander Found
		The animal is a lungless salamander of the Plethodontidae family and was discovered inÂ South Korea by a team of US and Korean zoologists.
		It is 40 mm (1.6 inches) long, fl with a dark red or yellow stripe on its back and belongs to the family of lungless salamanders that breathe through their moist skins and make up 70 percent of the total of 535 salamander species.
		The find suggests that lungless salamanders are more widely distributed than previously believed and 60 million to 100 million years ago may have had a worldwide presence.
	www.redorbit.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=148120 (252 words)

	New Korean Salamander Looks Just Like American Cousin
		The outward appearance of the salamander is superficially similar to American species, Wake said.
		The Korean lungless crevice salamander, of the new genus Karsenia.
		This Korean crevice salamander, a new species of lungless salamander in the genus Karsenia, was discovered in Korea by Stephen Karsen.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/050504_salamander.html (555 words)

	The Australian: First lungless salamander found (archived) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A TYPE of lungless salamander thought to be confined to the Americas and parts of Italy and Sardinia has been found in Asia, the British magazine Nature reports tomorrow.
		The animal is a lungless salamander of the Plethodontidae family and was discovered in South Korea by a team of US and Korean zoologists.
		It is 40mm long, fl with a dark red or yellow stripe on its back and belongs to the family of lungless salamanders that breathe through their moist skins and make up 70 per cent of the total of 535 salamander species.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /common/story_page/0,5744,15185411%255E1702,00.html (249 words)

	05.04.2005 - Discovery of American salamander in Korea tells 100 million-year-old tale
		The discovery of a lungless salamander from the family Plethodontidae was made two years ago by Stephen J. Karsen, a biologist from Illinois who teaches in the Taejon Christian International School in Chungcheongnam-do province midway down the western edge of the Korean peninsula.
		To date, the salamander has been found in 16 locations in three Korean provinces, and Wake and his colleagues have established that it differs significantly from all other lungless salamanders, which make up 70 percent of the known 535 salamander species in the world.
		The Korean crevice salamander is the only lungless salamander between Italy and British Columbia, Wake said, and it split off from the aquatic salamanders common in Korea at least 175 million years ago.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2005/05/04_korea.shtml (1193 words)

	Northern Two-Lined Salamander
		The Northern two-lined salamander is a lungless salamander.
		The lungless salamanders are slender and have neither gills nor lungs.
		Description: This common salamander of the Northeast is 2 1/2 - 3 3/4 in.
	bigdarby.org /Media/iRepTwolined.htm (114 words)

	NRDC: End of the Road - Chapter 1
		Salamander species, for example, are top predators within the detritus food web and regulate populations of soil microfauna.
		Salamanders were counted at night, with each pair of stands being surveyed a total of five times during the study.
		Salamander abundance was compared on plots (225 m2 in size) in clearcuts and in adjacent forest.
	www.nrdc.org /land/forests/roads/chap1.asp (9956 words)

	09.03.97 - More extreme than chameleons, some salamanders literally shoot their tongues at insects, UC Berkeley ...
		"(The salamander) Hydromantes launches its entire tongue skeleton at prey and thus is the only vertebrate known to shoot part of its visceral skeleton completely out of its body as a projectile," the researchers conclude in their Nature note.
		Most lungless salamanders -- so-called because they breathe through their skin and have no lungs -- live in the New World tropics, but many live in North America and five species inhabit southern Europe, primarily France, Italy and Sardinia.
		The salamander flings its tongue in the same way a melon seed is launched from between two fingers.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/97legacy/salamander.html (1097 words)

	Discovery Of American Salamander In Korea Tells 100 Million-year-old Tale
		Salamanders May One Day Monitor Degradation In Small Streams (June 30, 1999) -- Lungless salamanders may join fish and stream bugs as indicators of the environmental health of small streams, according to Penn State researchers.
		Wake, the world's top expert on lungless salamanders, and colleagues in South Korea and Illinois report the discovery and their analysis of the new species, which they named Karsenia koreana, in the May 5 issue of Nature.
		Brandon recognized the salamander as a plethodontid and drew it to the attention of Wake.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/05/050505124544.htm (1358 words)

	Slender Salamander - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Slender Salamanders is the name often given to Plethodontid (lungless) salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps.
		They are distinguished from other lungless salamanders by their four toes on each foot.
		Desert slender salamander - (Batrachoseps aridus or Batrachoseps major aridus)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Batrachoseps (110 words)

	Digimorph - Chiropterotriton priscus (primeval splayfoot salamander)
		It is a member of the supergenus Bolitoglossa, the tropical salamanders (a clade within the lungless salamander family Plethodontidae).
		For a tropical salamander it is relatively well developed, but it is a "stripped-down" version in comparison to other salamanders (for example, Dicamptodon).
		The head was scanned by Matthew Colbert on 12 February 2002 along the coronal axis for a total of 608 slices, each slice 0.0178 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 0.0178 mm.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Chiropterotriton_priscus (368 words)

	BioKIDS: Four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum) : Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The four-toed salamander is a small, lungless salamander only 5 to 10.2 cm (2 to 4 in) in length.
		Four-toed salamanders will share breeding sites with ambystomatid salamanders ("mole salamanders") and they have been found sharing habitats with other lungless salamanders such as the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus), although interactions between these species have not been observed (Easterla 1971, Petranka 1998).
		The four-toed salamander is thought to be in a state of decline throughout its range due primarily to its specialized habitat requirements combined with destruction, degradation, and fragmentation of wetlands and forests.
	www.biokids.umich.edu /critters/information/Hemidactylium_scutatum.html (1420 words)

	May 2002 - Ohio Amphibians - Salamanders
		Tremblay's salamander is restricted to northwestern Ohio, occurs in nearly all-female populations, and at least occasionally is associated with male blue-spotted salamanders for successful reproduction.
		The smallmouth salamander is one of the least particular in its choice of habitat.
		Spotted salamanders are found throughout Ohio in low-lying moist woodlands adjacent to swamps, ponds, and creeks.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /publications/amphibians/salamanders.htm (1298 words)

	KS Wild - Siskiyou Mountains Salamander
		It is a member of the lungless salamander family, Plethodontidae, and the woodland salamander, Plethodon, genus.
		As a lungless salamander, Siskiyou Mountains salamanders breathe through their skin, which must always be moist or wet for respiration to occur.
		The salamander was formerly protected under a provision of the Northwest Forest Plan called the “Survey and Manage” Program, which required the Forest Service and BLM to conduct surveys for the salamander and protect its habitat.
	www.kswild.org /Issues/SpeciesProtection/sms (430 words)

	PRBO: Salamanders and Newts
		Salamanders are on the surface of the land and in the water in late winter and early spring.
		These are "lungless" salamanders (respiration takes place through the skin) that lay eggs in damp, dark places.
		Yellow-eyed, Oregon and Monterey Salamanders are Ensatina sub-species that occur in the S.F. Bay Region.
	www.prbo.org /cms/print.php?mid=204 (806 words)

	The Tucson Herpetological Society
		Plethodontids comprise the largest salamander family with over 350 species found from British Colombia and Nova Scotia south to Brazil and Bolivia and in a small, disjunct portion of southern Europe (Dunn 1926; Frost 2004; Wake 1966; Wake and Lynch 1976).
		The absence of Lungless Salamanders from these arid and semi-arid regions is perhaps to be expected for amphibians that absorb oxygen through moist skin and lay eggs in damp soil.
		However, when Lowe (1955) reviewed the salamanders of Arizona, he considered that field work to that date had been inadequate to rule out the possibility that plethodontids may occur in moist coniferous forests at high elevations in the state (especially in the Pinaleño and White Mountains) as they do in New Mexico.
	www.arts.arizona.edu /herp/PSBE.html (1331 words)

	Adopt-A-Pond
		Salamanders can actually lose parts of their bodies to predators (better to lose a tail than a life).
		Lungless salamanders do not have lungs but rely on cutaneous and buccopharyngeal respiration.
		Salamanders are secretive and, unlike frogs and toads, they do not make their presence known through loud calls and songs.
	www.torontozoo.com /adoptapond/curriculum/d1-amphib-background.html (2420 words)

	10.08.97 - Hunting With a Bodily Spear
		While photographing a lungless salamander from Sardinia, however, Berkeley graduate student Stephen M. Deban discovered that it actually extends its tongue so far out of its mouth that it must be shot out like a bullet.
		Deban and David B. Wake, professor of integrative biology and a specialist in frogs and salamanders, in collaboration with Gerhard Roth of the Brain Research Institute of the University of Bremen, Germany, report their finding in a brief scientific correspondence in a September issue of Nature.
		Most lungless salamanders-so-called because they breathe through their skin and have no lungs-live in the New World tropics, but many live in North America and five species inhabit southern Europe, primarily France, Italy and Sardinia.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/berkeleyan/1997/1008/tongues.html (758 words)

	Amphibians of the Kern River Valley
		Many salamander species are found all throughout the region, from along the Kern River and its tributaries to the summit of the mountains.
		Contrary to what most popular books depict, the majority of the world's salamander species do not breed in water, and thus are not dependent on surface water for any part of their life cycle.
		The salamander family Plethodontidae (the lungless salamander) is the largest family with over 160 species.
	www.natureali.org /wildamphibians.htm (1758 words)

	Friends of the Clearwater Species Spotlight: Coeur d’Alene Salamander
		Found in the St. Joe and North Fork drainages of the Wild Clearwater Country, the Coeur d’Alene salamander is somewhat of an ecological marvel.
		It is the northern-most Plethodontid, or lungless, salamander and one of only four salamander species known to occur in Idaho and Montana.
		Lungless salamanders do lack internal lungs, respiring rather through their thin moist skin.
	www.moscowfood.coop /garden/salamander.html (367 words)

	Critter thought to be found in one area isnt - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
		Lungless salamanders, such as the newly discovered Korean crevice salamander shown here, breathe through their moist skins.
		It is 1.6 inches long, fl with a dark red or yellow stripe on its back, and belongs to the family of lungless salamanders that breathe through their moist skins and make up 70 percent of the total of 535 salamander species.
		Newts and salamanders have always fascinated me. This is a really great find to know that this species has been found elsewhere.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=40121&st=0&p=610319&#entry610319 (756 words)

	Georgia Wildlife Web Site; amphibians: Ambystoma talpoideum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Mole Salamander is found in pine woodlands and bottomland forests where there is abundant debris on the forest floor.
		The Mole Salamander is common in the Coastal Plain, with a few isolated populations in northwest Georgia.
		Some Lungless Salamander (Family Plethodontidae) have the Mole Salamander's unexceptional coloration but their body form is much leaner, with thin legs and a small head.
	museum.nhm.uga.edu /gawildlife/amphibians/caudata/ambystomatidae/atalpoideum.html (306 words)

	Salamander diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae) are mostly distributed in the Americas;
		Salamanders are terrestrial and aquatic amphibians; terrestrial salamanders
		salamanders by a number of traits and are actually unlikely to be related to
	www.fiu.edu /~acaten01/saldiv2.html (1041 words)

	The Berkeley Science Review: Read: Articles
		The salamander is Karsenia koreana, and its recent discovery is a story of surprises, paradoxes, and new insights into the history of salamanders.
		The salamander was clearly different from all known Asian salamanders and was identified as a plethodontid, or lungless salamander.
		Wake, known to some as “Commander Salamander,” and his colleagues published the discovery in Nature last May. They explain that this Asian discovery was initially astonishing because 99% of lungless salamanders are found in the Americas.
	sciencereview.berkeley.edu /articles.php?issue=9&article=salamander (817 words)

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