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Topic: Lunokhod 1

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	Lunokhod 1
		Lunokhod 1 is the first of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program.
		Lunokhod 1 was a lunar vehicle formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently powered wheels.
		Lunokhod was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna[?], four television cameras[?], and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for soil density and mechanical property tests.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lu/Lunokhod_1.html (226 words)

	1971
		Lunokhod 1 is parked for its third lunar night, having travelled a further 1,936 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it's protective 'lid' is closed
		Lunokhod 1 is parked for its fourth lunar night, having travelled a further 1,573 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements and its protective 'lid' is closed - it has reached the end of its originally-planned life
		Lunokhod 1 is parked for its fifth lunar night, having travelled a further 2,004 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - it's protective 'lid' is closed
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/1971.htm (1507 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Lunokhod 1
		Lunokhod 1 (Луноход, moon walker in Russian) was the first of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program.
		The final location of Lunokhod 1 is uncertain by a few kilometers since lunar laser ranging experiments have failed to detect a return signal from it since the 1970s.
		Notwithstanding, Lunokhod 1 and the Luna 17 lander were sold by auction for $68500 in 1993 at Sotheby's in New York.
	reference.com /browse/wiki/Lunokhod_1 (674 words)

	Luna Ye-8
		The payload, the Lunokhod 1 unmanned rover, rolled down a ramp from the landing stage and began exploring the surface.
		Luna 17 / Lunokhod have landed on the Sea of Storms on the moon.
		The Lunokhod was not left in a position such that the laser retroreflector could be used, indicating that the failure may have happened suddenly.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lunaye8.htm (2993 words)

	NSSDC Master Catalog Display: Spacecraft
		The primary objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments from Earth, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study mechanical properties of the lunar surface material.
		Lunokhod 2 was equipped with three TV cameras, one mounted high on the rover for navigation, which could return high resolution images at different rates (3.2, 5.7, 10.9 or 21.1 seconds per frame).
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km of terrain including hilly upland areas and rilles, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /database/MasterCatalog?sc=1973-001A (616 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Lunokhod 1
		Lunokhod was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world.
		The lander had dual ramps from which the payload, Lunokhod 1, could descend to the lunar surface.
		Lunokhod had traveled 10,540m and had transmitted more than 20,000 TV pictures and more than 200 TV panoramas.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Lunokhod_1 (406 words)

	'Zarya' - Soviet Lunar Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lunokhod 1 descends a pair of ramps on Luna 17's landing stage and moves onto the moon's surface
		Lunokhod 1 is parked for the lunar night, having travelled 197 metres, returned 14 close up pictures of the Moon, and sent back 12 panoramic views during 10 communications sessions, and conducted analyses of the lunar soil - its protective 'lid' which carries a solar panel is closed
		Lunokhod 1 is parked for its second lunar night, 1,370 metres away from Luna 17, and having travelled a further 1,522 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - its protective 'lid' is closed
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Luna/Explore.htm (3697 words)

	Lunokhod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Lunokhod rovers were about 4-1/2 feet tall by 5-1/2 feet long by 5 feet wide (135 x 170 x 160 cm).
		Lunokhod had two speeds: 1 km/hr and 2 km/hr (both less than 2 miles per hour, which is a slow walking pace for a person).
		Lunokhod had solar panels on the inside of a round, hinged lid on its top.
	spacepioneers.msu.edu /robot_rovers/lunokhod.html (361 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lunokhod 1 weighed just under 2,000 pounds and was designed to operate for 90 days while guided by a 5-person team.
		Lunokhod 1 explored the Mare Imbrium for 11 months and traveled 11km and relayed television pictures and scientific data.
		Lunokhod 2 moon rover was an improved version of Lunokhod 1.
	www.orbitersim.com /v2/read.asp?id=24396 (1276 words)

	Soviet Craft - Luna
		This mission was launched a few hours after the Pioneer 1 mission, an unsuccessful attempt by the U.S. to reach the moon.
		Luna 1 was the first spacecraft to reach the moon and the first of a series of Soviet automatic interplanetary stations successfully launched in the direction of the moon.
		On January 3, at a distance of 113,000 km from Earth, a large (1 kg) cloud of sodium gas was released by the spacecraft.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_luna.html (5278 words)

	SPACE.com -- Lunar Lost & Found: The Search for Old Spacecraft
		Lunokhod 1 may still have value as a laser ranging target.
		The arrays of 14 prisms on Lunokhods 1 and 2 were built by the French.
		Lunokhod 1 is a tantalizing target, Williams said.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/060327_mystery_monday.html (1872 words)

	Qwika - similar:Apollo_moon_landing_hoax_accusations
		Lunar Rover-Manned land vehicle (NASA) Lunokhod series Soviet Moon exploration robot vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle or Lunar rover or LRV is a land vehicle for use on the Moon.
		Lunokhod series Soviet Moon exploration robot vehicle A panorama shot from Lunokhod 1 Lunokhod (Russian for "Moon walker") 1 and 2 were a pair of unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union.
		Lunokhod series Soviet Moon exploration robot vehicle Lunokhod 2 was the second of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod program.
	www.qwika.com /rels/Talk:Apollo_moon_landing_hoax_accusations (1507 words)

	Lunokhod programme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lunokhod 1 was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four television cameras, and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for density measurements and mechanical property tests.
		Scientific instruments included a soil mechanics tester, solar X-ray experiment, an astrophotometer to measure visible and ultraviolet light levels, a magnetometer deployed in front of the rover on the end of a 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) boom, a radiometer, a photodetector (Rubin-1) for laser detection experiments, and a French-supplied laser corner reflector.
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km (23 miles) of terrain, including hilly upland areas and rilles, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lunokhod_program (1114 words)

	Trip to Eastern Europe and Asia - 2002
		Lunokhod 1 was the first successful Soviet remote-controlled moon rover to land on the Moon on 17 November 1970.
		Lunokhod 1 explored Mare Imbrium for almost one full year, having traveled 11 km relaying TV pictures and scientific data.
		Lunokhod 2, an improved version of Lunokhod 1, landed on the Moon on 16 January 1973 and traveled 37 km in only 8 weeks.
	www.reaiche.org /Trip_to_EE_2002.html (1276 words)

	Lunar Retroreflectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Soviets landed two rovers on the moon, called Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2, on the Luna 17 and Luna 21 missions in 1970 and 1973, respectively.
		Lunokhod 1 was successfully ranged during its maneuvering phase, but has not been seen since—likely due to a poor parking job.
		Lunokhod 2 is still used, though the large size of the cubes makes them more susceptible to thermal distortions, so that the return is about 30 times weaker in lunar daylight than in lunar night.
	physics.ucsd.edu /~tmurphy/apollo/lrrr.html (517 words)

	UNIVERSE - UNI02430 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lunokhod 1 expected life was 90 days but it continued to operate for 11 months.
		Lunar radiation was compared with similar measurements made by Mars 1 and 2 in Martian orbit and by Venik 7 and 8, and Prognoz 1 and 2.
		It ceased to operate early on the 5th lunar day, which began on 8.May. First TV pictures showed that Lunokhod 2 was standing on an even plain between two small craters, with the low peaks of Taurus mountains about 6 km to the east.
	mypage.bluewindow.ch /horo/universe/html/uni02430.htm (1546 words)

	Lunokhod: Moon Robot
		Known as Lunokhod 1, it weighed just under 2,000 pounds and was designed to operate for 90 days while guided in real-time by a five person team at the Deep Space Center near Moscow, USSR, Planet Earth.
		The futuristic looking eight wheeler rode on top of a descent module that extended ramps from both sides offering alternative routes to the surface in case one side was blocked by boulders.
		Lunokhod 1 toured the lunar Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) for 11 months in one of the greatest successes of the Soviet lunar exploration program.
	www.astronet.ru /db/xware/msg/1210932 (171 words)

	What Proof is there that man went to the moon? - Page 4 - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		If the rover can't be found then 1) maybe there was an operator error during parking (unlikely), 2) there has been some accident after mission termination that destroyed the reflector (also unlikely), or people have been looking in the wrong place (intriguing, and suggested by several people).
		Lunokhod 1 failed to revive after a lunar night, Lunokhod 2 stopped responding during the day.
		In view of that, I'd expect Lunokhod 1 to be the one that was parked correctly.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?p=841622 (2235 words)

	Scientists search for lunar leavings - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		One nifty exercise that's now being considered is attempting to bounce a laser beam off a lost-on-the-moon Soviet rover: Lunokhod 1.
		The Lunokhod would rove during daylight, but was parked at night so that the array was oriented properly for Earth-to-moon laser ranging.
		"It is unclear whether the effectiveness of the Lunokhod 1 array has been compromised or whether position uncertainty and weak signal conspired to prevent its acquisition by standard ranging stations...
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/12037853/wid/6448213/page/2 (958 words)

	APOD: 14 Januari 2006 - Lunokhod: de Maanrobot
		Het wagentje, Lunokhod 1 genaamd, woog nèt onder 1000 kg en was
		Lunokhod 1 reed gedurende 11 maanden rond door
		Deze Lunokhod hield er officieel mee op op 4 oktober 1971, 14 jaar na de lancering van de Sputnik.
	www.public.asu.edu /~rjansen/apod/ap060114_nl.html (193 words)

	Astronomy - Making tracks - Andrew Fazekas
		Lunokhod 1 was part of the Soviet empire's last-ditch effort to take back some of the glory it lost to the immensely successful American Apollo program.
		Lunokhod carried an X-ray spectrometer, instruments to analyze soil density and composition, and a suite of television cameras.
		By the time Lunokhod was officially shut down October 4, 1971 — the anniversary of Sputnik's launch — the "Moon buggy" had set the bar high.
	www.astronomy.com /asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2599 (1672 words)

	TPS: Exploring Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Although it was a scientific instrument, the PROP (Figure 2) was also used as part of the safety system to determine the degree of wheel slippage and to forecast further motion [in response to commands.] The PROP system consisted of a free-rolling wheel (the "ninth wheel") and a penetrometer.
		Lunokhod 2 landed on the Moon on January 16, 1973.
		Experience in operating the Lunokhods, as well as differences in the conditions among the planets and their satellites, necessitated a search for better means of motion.
	www.planetary.org /mars/tpr_rover-rus.html (2239 words)

	Jack's Celestia Add-ons
		Lunokhod 1 & 2 were deployed from Luna 17 & 21, after their landings on the lunar surface.
		Lunokhod 1 & 2 rovers, and Luna 17 & 21 models.
		Explorer 1 ssc shows model in two orientations- the first is the intended spin, and the second is after the craft went into a flat spin, a few weeks after launch.
	homepage.eircom.net /~jackcelestia/spacecraft_earth_moon.htm (725 words)

	lunar_laser_ranging_experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The unmanned Soviet Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 rovers carried smaller arrays.
		Reflected signals were initially received from Lunokhod 1, but no return signals have been detected since 1971, at least in part due to some uncertainty in its location on the Moon.
		Einstein's theory of gravity and the general theory of relativity predict the moon's orbit to within the accuracy of the laser ranging measurements.
	www.autoalley.com /wiki/?title=Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment (403 words)

	Soviet Moon Images
		Frames 1 and 2 were probably pre-exposed test patterns and have not been published, frames 8-10 contained an ultraviolet spectrum, and frame 25 was never received.
		Luna-19 was a heavy orbiter based on the Luna-17 spacecraft and a lunokhod housing.
		Lunokhod images were published by the Sternberg Astronomical Institute, and others supplied by Phil Stooke and in Peredvizhnaia Laboratoriia na Lune Lunokhod-1.
	www.mentallandscape.com /C_CatalogMoon.htm (2033 words)

	lunokhod
		Ben Guenther was the first one to use these blueprints and build a 1/24 model of Lunokhod 2, with this model he won the first prize at the US IPMS 2005 National Convention, you can see its work here.
		(quote from Astronautica Encyclopedia) It is worth noting that Lunokhod 1 was the first vehicle to wheel on the moon prior to the Apollo XV flight which saw the first use of the lunar rover by astronaut Dave Scott and James Irwin.
		Other space modelers have also made models of the Lunokhod or are currently building a model using the blueprints and reference pictures on this web site, I have created a special page called "LUNOKHOD by other space modelers", I am sure you will appreciate their work and skill.
	spacemodels.nuxit.net /lunokhod/lunokhod.htm (764 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: History: History Timeline
		A precursor to modern robotic rovers, Russia's Lunokhod 1 makes history as the first unmanned wheeled vehicle on another world.
		Weighing in at a hefty 900 kg (2,000 pounds), Lunokhod 1 explored the Moon for an incredible 322 Earth days before sending its final signal on Sept. 14, 1971.
		Lunokhod 1 (part of the Luna 17 mission) is considered one of the greatest successes of Russia's lunar exploration program.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /history/timeline.cfm?Section=4 (746 words)

	Luna
		Luna 1, also known as Mechta (Dream), measured the strength of the solar wind and showed that the Moon had no magnetic field.
		Luna 2 was similar in design to Luna 1, a spherical spacecraft with protruding antennae and instrument parts.
		Having taken pictures of its surroundings, Lunokhod 1 then rolled down a ramp and began exploring the surface.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/Luna.html (1696 words)

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