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Topic: Lunokhod 2

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	Lunokhod
		Lunokhod 2 was very similar in appearance to Lunokhod 1, but there were improvements in a number of areas.
		The Luna 21 spacecraft with Lunokhod 2 was launched on January 8, 1973 aboard a SL-12 Proton launcher.
		Lunokhod 2 took TV images of its landing site, then the mission team gave the rover the command to descend the ramp to the lunar surface on January 16.
	www.lunarandplanetaryrovers.com /lunokhod.htm (937 words)

	Lunokhod 2
		Lunokhod 2 was equipped with three television cameras[?], one mounted high on the rover for navigation, which could return high resolution images at different rates (3.2, 5.7, 10.9 or 21.1 seconds per frame).
		Landing occurred at 23:35 UT in LeMonnier crater at 25.85 degrees N, 30.45 degrees E. The lander carried a bas relief of Lenin and the Soviet coat of arms.
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km of terrain including hilly upland areas and rilles[?], and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lu/Lunokhod_2.html (646 words)

	Lunokhod 2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was about 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) long and 160 cm (4 ft 11 in) wide and had 8 wheels each with an independent suspension, motor and brake.
		Lunokhod 2 was equipped with three television cameras, one mounted high on the rover for navigation, which could return high resolution images at different rates - 3.2, 5.7, 10.9 or 21.1 seconds per frame (not frames per second).
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km (23 miles) of terrain including hilly upland areas and rilles, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lunokhod_2 (716 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lunokhod 1 (ÐÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð´, moon walker in Russian) was the first of two unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program.
		Lunokhod 1 was a lunar vehicle formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently powered wheels.
		Lunokhod was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four television cameras, and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for soil density and mechanical property tests.
	countryiworld.com /wiki-Lunokhod_1 (296 words)

	Lunokhod
		Lunokhod had two speeds: 1 km/hr and 2 km/hr (both less than 2 miles per hour, which is a slow walking pace for a person).
		Lunokhod had solar panels on the inside of a round, hinged lid on its top.
		The rover carried scientific instruments that measured properties of the soil on the moon; that measured levels of radiation, light, and ultraviolet light; and that measured magnetic fields.
	spacepioneers.msu.edu /robot_rovers/lunokhod.html (361 words)

	MSN Encarta - Printer-friendly - Space Exploration
		Vanguard 2 was followed by the American satellite Explorer 3, launched on March 26, 1958, and by the Soviet satellite Sputnik 3, launched on May 15.
		It was followed by Pioneer Venus 1, an orbiter, and 2, which consisted of five atmospheric probes, which were launched on May 20 and August 8, 1978, and reached Venus on December 5 and 9, 1978.
		The orbiter mapped nearly the entire surface of Venus, using radar, and the atmospheric probes analysed the composition and movement of the atmosphere and its interaction with the stream of atomic particles from the Sun known as the solar wind.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761556756___14/Space_Exploration.html (3913 words)

	[FPSPACE] Did Lunokhod-2 'Turn Turtle' on the Moon? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After landing, Lunokhod 2 took TV > images of the surrounding area, then rolled down a ramp to the surface > at 01:14 GMT on 16 January and took pictures of the Luna 21 lander and > landing site.
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km of > terrain including hilly upland areas and rilles, and sent back 86 > panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.
		The Lunokhod was not left in a position such that > the laser retroreflector could be used, indicating that the failure > may have happened suddenly.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2004-June/012814.html (494 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, A Scientific Rationale for Mobility in Planetary Environments (1999)
		Lunokhod 1 returned data for more than 10 months and traversed 10.54 km, while its successor operated for only 3 months but ranged 37 km over the surface of the Moon.
		Lunokhod resembled a teapot, complete with an openable lid that was hinged along one side of the kettle top.
		The Lunokhods successfully negotiated the lunar mare, a surface that is relatively free of large obstacles and for which they were specifically designed.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309064376/html/30.html (597 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lunokhod 1 weighed just under 2,000 pounds and was designed to operate for 90 days while guided by a 5-person team.
		Lunokhod 1 explored the Mare Imbrium for 11 months and traveled 11km and relayed television pictures and scientific data.
		Lunokhod 2 moon rover was an improved version of Lunokhod 1.
	www.orbitersim.com /v2/read.asp?id=24396 (1276 words)

	Luna Ye-8
		The Lunokhod itself consisted of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight wheels.
		A D Konopatov describes the analysis of the stage 2 and 3 failures on the 20 January launch attempt.
		The payload, the Lunokhod 1 unmanned rover, rolled down a ramp from the landing stage and began exploring the surface.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lunaye8.htm (2702 words)

	TPS: Exploring Mars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although it was a scientific instrument, the PROP (Figure 2) was also used as part of the safety system to determine the degree of wheel slippage and to forecast further motion [in response to commands.] The PROP system consisted of a free-rolling wheel (the "ninth wheel") and a penetrometer.
		Lunokhod 2 landed on the Moon on January 16, 1973.
		Experience in operating the Lunokhods, as well as differences in the conditions among the planets and their satellites, necessitated a search for better means of motion.
	www.planetary.org /mars/tpr_rover-rus.html (2239 words)

	'Zarya' - Soviet Lunar Exploration (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lunokhod 2 is parked for its third lunar night, having travelled 16,533 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - its protective 'lid' is closed
		Lunokhod 2 is parked for its fourth lunar night, having travelled 8,600 metres and continued its programme of photography and soil measurements - its protective 'lid' is closed
		Lunokhod 2 is officially declared "dead", having travelled a further 880 metres (it probably ceased to operate at least two weeks earlier, during the lunar day) - it has traveled a total of 37 kilometres and transmitted over 80,000 TV pictures and 86 TV panoramas, as well as conducting over 700 lunar soil tests
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Luna/Explore.htm (3697 words)

	Lunar Retroreflectors (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Soviets landed two rovers on the moon, called Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2, on the Luna 17 and Luna 21 missions in 1970 and 1973, respectively.
		Lunokhod 1 was successfully ranged during its maneuvering phase, but has not been seen since—likely due to a poor parking job.
		Lunokhod 2 is still used, though the large size of the cubes makes them more susceptible to thermal distortions, so that the return is about 30 times weaker in lunar daylight than in lunar night.
	physics.ucsd.edu /~tmurphy/apollo/lrrr.html (517 words)

	lunokhod
		I built the model of the Lunokhod 2 unmanned soviet rover between 2001 and 2005.
		Ben Guenther was the first one to use these blueprints and build a 1/24 model of Lunokhod 2, with this model he won the first prize at the US IPMS 2005 National Convention, you can see its work here.
		(quote from Astronautica Encyclopedia) It is worth noting that Lunokhod 1 was the first vehicle to wheel on the moon prior to the Apollo XV flight which saw the first use of the lunar rover by astronaut Dave Scott and James Irwin.
	spacemodels.nuxit.net /lunokhod/lunokhod.htm (764 words)

	Lunokhod 2: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lunokhod 2 was the second of two unmanned (unmanned: more facts about this subject) lunar rover (lunar rover: the lunar rover was a manned land vehicle for transport on the moon....
		At this point the main thrusters shut down and the secondary thrusters ignited, slowing the fall until the lander was 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) above the surface, where the engine was switched off.
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km (23 miles) of terrain including hilly upland areas and rille (rille: a rille is used to describe any of the long, narrow depressions in the lunar surface that...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/lunokhod_2 (721 words)

	[No title]
		Lunokhod's could move at 2 different speeds, 0.9-1 km/h and 1.8-2 km/h and turn in motion as well as on the spot.
		2 panoramic cameras had field of view of ~180° horizontally and 30° vertically.
		2 other cameras had field of view of 360° vertically and 30° horizontally and resolution of 500x6000.
	vsm.host.ru /e_lunhod.htm (319 words)

	Space FAQ 08/13 - Planetary Probe History
		MARINER 2 became the first successful probe to flyby Venus in December of 1962, and it returned information which confirmed that Venus is a very hot (800 degrees Fahrenheit, now revised to 900 degrees F.) world with a cloud-covered atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide (sulfuric acid was later confirmed in 1978).
		VIKING 2 was launched on September 9, 1975, and arrived in Martian orbit on August 7, 1976.
		VOYAGER 2 was launched August 20, 1977 (before VOYAGER 1), and flew by Jupiter on August 7, 1979, by Saturn on August 26, 1981, by Uranus on January 24, 1986, and by Neptune on August 8, 1989.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/space/probe (3705 words)

	Chapter 2: Design Approach and Constraints (Site not responding. Last check: )
		[2] The amount of this albedo that impinges on the rover is dependant on the orientation of the rover and is much smaller in magnitude than direct solar radiation and IR radiation from the lunar surface.
		[2] In addition to the ionizing radiation that reaches the lunar surface, soft x-rays and ultraviolet light are also present in significant quantities.
		[2] The regolith, which is the material on the outer surface of the moon, has an angle of repose approaching 35°.
	www.frc.ri.cmu.edu /projects/lri/Luna/report/des_approach.html (2305 words)

	Trip to Eastern Europe and Asia - 2002
		Lunokhod 1 was the first successful Soviet remote-controlled moon rover to land on the Moon on 17 November 1970.
		Lunokhod 2, an improved version of Lunokhod 1, landed on the Moon on 16 January 1973 and traveled 37 km in only 8 weeks.
		Lunokhod 3 (photo) never made it to the Moon and to our luck could be admired in the museum.
	www.reaiche.org /Trip_to_EE_2002.html (1276 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Multimedia: Gallery: Luna 21/Lunokhod 2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Luna 21 carried the second successful Soviet "8YeL" lunar rover, Lunokhod 2, and was launched less than a month after the last Apollo lunar landing.
		The 840-kilogram Lunokhod 2 was an improved version of its predecessor and was equipped with a third TV camera, an improved eight-wheel traction system, and additional scientific instrumentation.
		The Soviets later revealed that during a conference on planetary exploration in Moscow, 29 January to 2 February 1973 (that is, after the landing of Luna 21), an American scientist had given photos of the lunar surface around the Luna 21 landing site to a Soviet engineer in charge of the Lunokhod 2 mission.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=3363 (327 words)

	Scientists search for lunar leavings - Space.com - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Soviet machinery is sitting silent at the most northerly of all landings on the moon to date, "and would be a vital part of understanding the moon's exact rotation for geophysical purposes," Stooke said.
		The arrays of 14 prisms on Lunokhods 1 and 2 were built by the French.
		The Lunokhod would rove during daylight, but was parked at night so that the array was oriented properly for Earth-to-moon laser ranging.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/6448213/did/12037853/page/2 (1057 words)

	Lunokhod 2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After landing, the Lunokhod 2 took TV images of the surrounding area, then rolled down a ramp to the surface at 01:14 UT on
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km of terrain including hilly upland areas and rilles,
		The Lunokhod was not left in a position such that the laser retroreflector could be used indicating that the failure
	pages.preferred.com /~tedstryk/lunokhod2.html (602 words)

	Soviet Moon Images
		Frames 1 and 2 were probably pre-exposed test patterns and have not been published, frames 8-10 contained an ultraviolet spectrum, and frame 25 was never received.
		Luna-19 was a heavy orbiter based on the Luna-17 spacecraft and a lunokhod housing.
		Lunokhod images were published by the Sternberg Astronomical Institute, and others supplied by Phil Stooke and in Peredvizhnaia Laboratoriia na Lune Lunokhod-1.
	www.mentallandscape.com /C_CatalogMoon.htm (2027 words)

	Luna 21 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Luna 21 mission deployed the second Soviet lunar rover (Lunokhod 2).
		The Lunokhod 2 rover was equipped with two TV cameras, one mounted high on the rover for navigation and one lower.
		After landing, the Lunokhod 2 took TV images of the surrounding area, then rolled down a ramp to the surface at 01:14 UT on 16 January and took pictures of the Luna 21 lander and landing site.
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /printerready/history/timeline_items/luna21.html (418 words)

	Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
		1957 - Earth - Partial success - Sputnik 2 is launched, the first Earth orbiting satellite with an animal (Laika)
		1959 - Moon - Success - Luna 2 lander launched, it was the first spacecraft to impact onto he surface of the moon
		1988 - Mars - Failure - Phobos 2 flyby and lander
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ti/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes.html (2184 words)

	Planetary Missions
		Lunokhod 2, an improved version, landed in 1973.
		Mariner 2 was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus, in 1962.
		The Titan III C was the launch vehicle for Voyager 1 and 2.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/projects/geoweb/participants/dutch/CosmosNotes/planetms.htm (507 words)

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