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Topic: Lunokhod programme

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Lunokhod 1

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	Lunokhod
		The Lunokhod itself consisted of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight wheels.
		The payload, the Lunokhod 1 unmanned rover, rolled down a ramp from the landing stage and began exploring the surface.
		The Lunokhod was not left in a position such that the laser retroreflector could be used, indicating that the failure may have happened suddenly.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lunokhod.htm (1730 words)

	Space Exploration - Search View - ninemsn Encarta
		The Luna 16 spacecraft, launched on September 12, 1970, landed on the Moon and placed about 113 g (4 oz) of lunar soil in a sealed container that was then launched from the Moon and recovered in the USSR (Luna 20 repeated this feat in 1972).
		In the US programme, Mariner 4, launched in November 1964, flew past Mars in July 1965 and transmitted to Earth the first close-up photographs of the Martian surface, which revealed the presence of craters.
		Tragedy struck the shuttle programme for the second time when Columbia was destroyed during re-entry after a 16-day science mission, killing all seven astronauts aboard and scattering debris over Texas.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761556756__1/Space_Exploration.html (10702 words)

	Lunokhod 2 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Lunokhod 2 was the second of two unmanned space missions lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod program.
		Lunokhod 2 was equipped with three television cameras, one mounted high on the rover for navigation, which could return high resolution images at different rates - 3.2, 5.7, 10.9 or 21.1 seconds per frame (not frames per second).
		Lunokhod 2 operated for about 4 months, covered 37 km (23 miles) of terrain including hilly upland areas and rilles, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.
	read-and-go.hopto.org.cob-web.org:8888 /Lunokhod-programme/Lunokhod-2.html (701 words)

	Lunokhod Rover - Picture - ninemsn Encarta
		In 1970 and 1973 the Soviet Luna programme delivered two rovers to the Moon.
		These eight-wheeled robotic explorers rolled down ramps to leave their parent spacecraft (Luna 17 and Luna 21 respectively).
		The Lunokhods carried cameras, soil analysers, and solar panels for power.
	au.encarta.msn.com /media_461547910/Lunokhod_Rover.html (43 words)

	US Bazaar.com : Encyclopedia Pages : Lunar rover
		The original cost-plus-incentive-fee contract to Boeing (with Delco as a major sub-contractor) was for US$19 million and called for delivery of the first LRV by 1 April 1971, but cost overruns led to a final cost of US$38 million.
		Also on that list are the Soviet Union's unmanned rovers named Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2.
		The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle was an electric vehicle designed to operate in the low-gravity vacuum of the Moon and to be capable of traversing the lunar surface, allowing the Apollo astronauts to extend the range of their surface extravehicular activities.
	encyclopedia.us-bazaar.com /?title=Lunar_rover (1294 words)

	Lunokhod - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Lunokhod
		Both of the solar-powered eight-wheeled rovers carried television cameras, soil-testing equipment, a laser reflector, and several other scientific instruments.
		Lunokhod 1 was taken to the Moon by the Luna 17 spacecraft, landing in the Sea of Showers on 17 November 1970.
		Lunokhod 2, carried on Luna 21, landed in the Sea of Serenity on 15 January 1973 and travelled 37 km/23 mi before ceasing to function on 4 June 1973.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Lunokhod (151 words)

	UN Registry: Notes
		Description: Prolonged exploration of outer space during flight to the planet Mars; establishment of inter-planetary radio communications; photgraphing of the planet Mars and subsquent radio-transmission to Earth of the photographs of the surface of Mars thus obtained.
		In addition to Soviet instruments, carried scientific apparatus for the investigation of gamma rays developed by specialists of the USSR and France under the Soviet-French programme of co-operation in the study and mastery of outer space for peaceful purposes.
		In accordance with the programme of the spacecraft's on board systems, the reactor was shut off; it was separated from the satellite and transferred to a long-life orbit where the radioactive products of the reactor will decay to a safe level.
	www.planet4589.org /space/un/un_notes.html (17355 words)

	Lunokhod 1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tracks of Lunokhod showing the "little wheel" in the center that was used for odometry.
		Lunokhod was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four television cameras, and special extendable devices to impact the lunar soil for soil density and mechanical property tests.
		Attempts to reestablish contact were finally discontinued and the operations of Lunokhod 1 officially ceased on October 4, 1971, the anniversary of Sputnik 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lunokhod_1 (701 words)

	LEK
		Lunokhod - a large manned wheeled mobile pressurised laboratory with a working radius of up to 200 km from the base.
		The Lunokhod would also be used for loading and unloading operations, and had a grader for burying the nuclear reactors which would power the complex and the laying out of 'streets' and protective berms for the base itself.
		As in the earlier projects, prior to the Energia launches an unmanned Lunokhod would scout the region, allowing selection of a suitable landing site, and serve as a landing beacon for the precision LK landing.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/mwade/project/lek.htm (1150 words)

	Lunokhod 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1970, Luna 17 softlanded in the Oceanus Procellarum and released Lunokhod 1.
		This remote controlled lunar rover continued to operate for over eleven months, during which it travelled 11km.
		Lunokhod 2, which followed in 1973, achieved a comparatively sporty 37km in only 8 weeks before the Soviets, perhaps prematurely, announced that its mission was over and shut it down.
	www.inconstantmoon.com /img_lkh1_sl.htm (60 words)

	Soviet Lunar Projects
		The Lunokhods were equipped with core samplers and manipulators so that the crew could conduct collection of surface samples from within the pressurised cab without the need to always exit the ship and conduct surface operations in space suits.
		Lunokhod 1 travelled about a small portion of the Sea of Rains and returned photographs.
		Although the Zvezda project was cancelled, the new head of NPO Energia, Glushko, still considered the establishment of a moon base to be a primary goal for his country.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/articles/sovjects.htm (2470 words)

	[No title]
		Knight programme by motive of of the same named literary work.
		Lunokhod – is the main transport on the moon!
		We suggest children to complicate lunokhod and to take part in the Lunokhod Rally,to try their strength in the fighting with the meteorite rain.
	www.karlson-party.ru /pages/387 (524 words)

	Luna Ye-8
		The basic Ye-8 was deigned to soft land on the Moon and deliver an automatic, self-propelled lunar vehicle, Lunokhod, for purposes of surveying sites for later manned landings and lunar bases.
		There are to be five launches of Ye-8-5 lunar soil return robots, on 14 June, 13 and 28 July, 25 August, and 25 September.
		There are to be two launches of Ye-8 Lunokhod robot rovers on 22 October and 21 November.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/lunaye8.htm (2993 words)

	Space Flight, Moon - CDI RW 28 May 2004
		In the 1960s, the Moon was a stumbling block for the Soviet Union and the United States in the space race.
		The last ones were delivered to the USSR in 1976, which marked an end to the Soviet lunar programme.
		For instance, Nikolai Moiseev, first deputy general director of the former Russian Aerospace Agency (now the Federal Space Agency) said that a federal space programme until 2015, which could reflect some of the old initiatives, would be drafted by late 2004.
	www.cdi.org /Russia/308-19.cfm (1151 words)

	[No title]
		This celestial body has been systematically explored in accordance with the Soviet space programme.
		The Soviet station Luna 17 landed in the Sea of Rains on November 17, 1970, delivering to the surface of the Moon the self-propelled Lunokhod 1 robot vehicle for the first time in the history of cosmonautics.
		The Moon's surface was explored by the self-propelled vehicle in accordance with the research programme: the physic-mechanical properties of the lunar soil were measured, its chemical composition was determined by means of an X-ray spectrometer, etc.
	www.mai.ru /dep/inter/konf/solaren.htm (868 words)

	What Proof is there that man went to the moon? - Page 3 - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		Many of these people continued onto other space programme work, but also many thousands left or had to be let go as Apollo came to an end and space funding was reduced.
		Both Apollo and Lunokhod used corner reflectors which don't have to be precisely aligned.
		The reason that the Lunokhod reflectors don't return as strong a signal is because they are much smaller that the Apollo ones.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?p=836114 (1872 words)

	Korelev's Lunar Mission Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As the Soviets considered the American lunar module to be a risky design and to have a risky mission format they felt that they had to provide a second rescue launch capability for their cosmonauts.
		The single cosmonaut could take an EVA lunar walk or Lunokhod ride to the second Lunar Cabin, which had landed before the manned lunar landing mission was committed to flight, to return to lunar orbit.
		Under normal operating conditions the lunar surface EVA was to be limited to four hours and an area of only 300-500 m from the Lunar Cabin.
	www.fas.org /irp/imint/96vol38_vick.htm (1071 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Lunar laser ranging experiment
		The unmanned Soviet Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2 rovers carried smaller arrays.
		Reflected signals were initially received from Lunokhod 1, but no return signals have been detected since 1971, at least in part due to some uncertainty in its location on the Moon.
		Lunokhod 2's array continues to return signals to Earth.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_Experiment (458 words)

	perfect.co.uk / Loose isotopes
		Compared with tritium initiators (the main alternative) the polonium / beryllium design is simpler; it appears to be first choice in a start-up nuclear weapons programme.
		This suggests a source in an active weapons programme where production is ongoing and where procedures are well established.
		Because they are so valuable to the states which fund them, active nuclear weapons manufacturing programmes are usually subject to a high degree of central political control, and their products are usually kept secure.
	www.perfect.co.uk /2006/11/loose-isotopes (513 words)

	Bharat Rakshak Forum :: View topic - Indian Space Program Discussion
		The space programmes of the Asian giants, the nations with the largest populations on the planet, have taken many years to reach maturity.
		Not all programmes have met with universal approval from India's general public and in the media, notably plans to venture beyond near-Earth space with its Chandrayaan lunar orbiter, but the project is stoutly defended by ISRO officials.
		North Korea North Korea's space programme is based on the use of the Taepodong missile as a satellite launcher.
	forums.bharat-rakshak.com /viewtopic.php?p=268661 (8934 words)

	N1
		Babakin had been accelerating this programme since the beginning of 1968 with the support of Keldysh, even though it would only return around 100 g of lunar soil, versus the tens of kilograms the Apollo manned flights would return.
		These are fl days in the Soviet programme - it is clear to Kamanin that the Americans will successfully land on the moon in July, and the Russians are 2 to 3 years behind.
		It was felt that the Americans might cancel the remainder of the Apollo programme, leaving the road to the moon clear for the Soviet Union.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/n1.htm (12495 words)

	Cover story: The Final Frontier, Feb 16, 2003 The Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During the Apollo programme I imagined myself along on the ride and landing on the moon much in the same way a helicopter lands.
		Her sudden and unfortunate death was an equally great blow for all involved in the space programmes all over the world.
		He can hardly walk away from the manned space programme of which his home state of Texas is both the major base and beneficiary.
	www.the-week.com /23feb16/cover.htm (7696 words)

	Space
		Apollo’s mission was to eventually land on the moon whilst Soyuz’s mission was to further the Soviet advance into space.
		During a ground test on the 27th of January in Cape Kennedy, the command module of the Apollo spacecraft caught on fire and due to the pure-oxygen atmosphere inside in the module, the fire engulfed and killed the three astronauts inside.
		Following re-entry into the atmosphere and the deployment of the landing parachutes, the lines became tangled and the single cosmonaut inside plunged to his death.
	library.thinkquest.org /03oct/01944/prog.htm (3150 words)

	Philosophy Forum > Lunar landing real?
		The Russians were able to operate their Lunokhod ROVs quite effectively from Earthside stations.
		The other 'issue' raised by the shitty CH5 programme last night was the crosshairs on the still photos.
		Several appear to be behind the background, an obvious impossibility which 'proves' that the photos were doctored up in the lab later.
	forum.darwinawards.com /lofiversion/index.php/t5735-50.html (4598 words)

	Amazon.ca: Marswalk One : First Steps on a New Planet: Books: David J. Shayler,Andrew Salmon,Michael D. Shayler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Understanding the clear benefits of sending a human crew to the surface of Mars, and how these benefits can be seen back on Earth, is the key to sustained long-term public and political support for the programme in terms of cash and commitment.
		The main objective of the work is to look at what science will be done on the surface – supported by orbital operations – and what hardware and technology will be employed to achieve the mission objectives.
		This analysis is drawn from previous experiences in manned and unmanned space programmes, including Apollo, Skylab, Salyut/Mir, Shuttle and ISS, Viking, Luna/Lunokhod, and recent Mars missions such as Pathfinder and Global Surveyor.
	www.amazon.ca /Marswalk-One-First-Steps-Planet/dp/1852337923 (537 words)

	Associazione Lunar Explorer Italia - The Soviet "Moon Programme"
		The Far-Side of the Moon54 visteThe Soviet Lunar Programme had 20 successful missions to the Moon and achieved a number of notable lunar "firsts": first probe to impact the Moon, first Fly-By and image of the Lunar Far-Side, first soft landing, first Lunar Orbiter and the first circumlunar probe to return to Earth.
		Luna 17: launched on November, 10, 1970 - Landed on the Moon on the 17th at 03:47:00 UT (Lat.
		Most Lunokhod images are derived from scanning printed images or second-generation film copies.
	www.lunexit.it /gallery/thumbnails.php?album=74 (1575 words)

	APOLLO MISSION CONTROL PHOTO PLUS
		Viktor flew on Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, and Soyuz 37.
		He was assigned as backup for Voskhod 1 and was involved in the development of Lunokhod, the Soviet Moon Rover.
		Since 1984 Katys has held the post of Professor at Moscow Institute of Radio technics and is a member of the Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Cosmonautics.
	www.apollomissionphotos.com /index_sig_russians.html (4737 words)

	[No title]
		Tsien Hsue-shen, or Qian Xuesen, was one of the founding members of JPL and that he was expelled from the US during the McCarthy witchhunt for being a suspect Communist.
		As mentioned, the third and fourth phase of the lunar exploration programme envisage the use of rovers and other robots, and this appears to be a field of extreme interest for the Chinese, with several papers published every year in refereed journals.
		Meanwhile, a scenario well exercised during the cold war is being repeated: Chinese scientists are accusing their Indian colleagues of "reinventing the wheel", of understating the costs of a lunar mission and of putting the priorities of their space plan at second place.
	utenti.lycos.it /paoloulivi/chinamoo.html (16365 words)

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