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	Lupercus
		This cave is located at the base of the Palatin Hill.
		Goats were used since Lupercus was a god of shepherds, and the dog as protector of the flock.
		Article "Lupercus" created on 03 March 1997; last modified on 12 May 1999 (Revision 2).
	www.pantheon.org /articles/l/lupercus.html (96 words)

	Lupercalia - LoveToKnow 1911
		The object of the festival was, by expiation and purification, to secure the fruitfulness of the land, the increase of the flocks and the prosperity of the whole people.
		The Lupercal (cave of Lupercus), which had fallen into a state of decay, was rebuilt by Augustus; the celebration of the festival had been maintained, as we know from the famous occurrence of it in 44 B.C. It survived until A.D. 494, when it was changed by Gelasius into the feast of the Purification.
		Lupercus, in whose honour the festival.was held, is identified with Faunus or Inuus, Evander (Eiiavnpos), in the Greek legend being a translation of Faunus (the "kindly").
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Lupercalia (346 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 839 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In some accounts she is identified with Acca Laurentia, the wife of the shepherd Faustulus.
		LUPERCUS (AourrepKos), of Berytus, a learned grammarian, lived a little time before the Roman emperor Claudius II.
		LUPERCUS, MU'MMIUS, a Roman legate, and commander of the winter-quarters of two legions of the army of the Rhine, was sent by Hordeonius Flaccus against Civilis, by whom he
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1947.html (773 words)

	Valentine's Day Origins
		As early as the fourth century B.C., the Romans engaged in an annual young man's rite of passage to the god Lupercus.
		The names of teenage women were placed in a box and drawn at random by adolescent men; thus, a man was assigned a woman companion, for their mutual entertainment and pleasure (often sexual), for the duration of a year, after which another lottery was staged.
		From the Church's standpoint, Valentine seemed to be the ideal candidate to usurp the popularity of Lupercus.
	grove.ufl.edu /~leo/val.html (921 words)

	Mother's Gift
		Lupercus licked the crumbling edge of his luagás cake, and drained a portion of his goblet.
		Lupercus stared at her, realizing how ridiculously easy it would be, even with all her strength and ability, to entrap her, and force her to his will.
		Lupercus hardly needed the book in front of him to remember what she was asking for, but he turned toward the beginning anyway, the very beginning, where the pages were more brittle and broke easily.
	www.nevernormal.com /drastic/fic/mom2e.html (7507 words)

	Discovery Channel :: Pompeii: The Last Day
		Lupercus is one of the only victims whose identity has survived, thanks to his personal bronze seal declaring his status as an imperial slave.
		In the other hand he held his bronze seal, inscribed with "Lupercus Augusti servus." It was the only thing he took with him as he rushed to the beach.
		Lupercus recognized the matron of the house with the mosaic atrium: she was wearing rings on every finger and two beautiful bracelets in the shape of snakes.
	dsc.discovery.com /convergence/pompeii/history/history_04.html (434 words)

	Valentine's History (E-Cards.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lupercalia celebrated the coming of spring (in the Roman calendar February was observed later in the year than it is today).
		The Roman gods Lupercus and Faunus were celebrated during Lupercalia.
		Lupercus watched over shepherds and their flocks; Faunus (like the Greek god Pan) was a god of flocks and fertility.
	www.e-cards.com /area/valentines/valentinesHistory.jsp (497 words)

	Seasons India :: Valentine's Day History
		Valentine's Day originates from the ancient Roman fertility festival of Lupercalia, which was celebrated on 15 February in honour of the gods Lupercus and Faunus, as well as the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus.
		The Romans called upon one of their gods, Lupercus, to keep the wolves away.
		A festival held in honor of Lupercus was celebrated February 15th.
	www.seasonsindia.com /romance/valentine1_sea.htm (254 words)

	The Mechanical Contrivium: Trivia about Lupercus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The blood of mammals is red, the blood of insects is yellow, and the blood of Lupercus is blue.
		Lupercus was first grown in America by the grandmother Maria Ann Smith, from whom his name comes.
		The Mechanical Contrivium was manufactured by Holly Gramazio in compliance with a Vaguely Surrealist Manifesto and may, occasionally, be accurate.
	thesurrealist.co.uk /trivia.pl?subject=Lupercus&gender=m (146 words)

	[No title]
		Sometime in the third century an annual Roman celebration called The Feast of Lupercus was born.
		Lupercus was a protective deity who kept the wolves from overrunning Rome and a festival was held in his honour during mid February.
		On Lupercus Eve the young men would drawn these names and the girl he chose would be his "girlfriend" or sexual companion for the year (This is something we at Bacon Magazine are considering reviving).
	www.frymybacon.com /articles/articles.php?articleID=97 (877 words)

	Learn Not The Way of The Heathen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Centuries before the birth of Jesus the Romans celebrated February 15th and the evening of February 14th as an idolatrous and sensual festival in honor of one called Lupercus, the "hunter of wolves" -- The Romans called the festival, the "Lupercalia".
		Lupercus was identified with the Greek God Pan -- Pan was an Arcadian god of light.
		Nimrod, the Baal or sun-god of the ancient pagans, was said to have been born at the winter solstice.
	www.youth-web.org /bibleStudy/study26.htm (967 words)

	» 2000 » February
		The celebration honored the gods Lupercus and Faunus, as well as the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome.
		Luperci (priests of Lupercus), dressed in goatskins for the ceremony, would sacrifice goats and a dog, smear themselves with sacrificial blood, and run around the hill carrying a goatskin thong called a februa (”means of purification”).
		The martyred Bishop Valentine was chosen as the patron saint of the new festival.
	www.asymptomatic.net /2000/02 (552 words)

	VD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lupercalia is a higly barbarous festival held in honor of the Roman gods Fanus and Lupercus.
		Fanus was a fertility god who protected the fawn flora, hence the relationship with love and why we give flora to those we love on this day, and Lupercus was the god of wolves.
		Fanus and Lupercus were worshiped in a temple on the Palatine Hill.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/originalO/p.valentine.html (307 words)

	Catholic Roots of Valentine's Day - St. Valentine History
		So he changed the lottery to have both young men and women draw the names of saints whom they would then emulate for the year (a change that no doubt disappointed a few young men).
		Instead of Lupercus, the patron of the feast became Valentine.
		For Roman men, the day continued to be an occasion to seek the affections of women, and it became a tradition to give out handwritten messages of admiration that included Valentine's name.
	www.americancatholic.org /Features/ValentinesDay (460 words)

	Earth's Happy Valentines' Day Page
		Although it is celebrated as a lovers' holiday today, with the giving of candy, flowers, or other gifts between couples in love, it originated in 5th Century Rome as a tribute to St. Valentine, a Catholic bishop.
		Needless to say, many of the young Roman men were not too pleased with the rule changes.
		Instead of the pagan god Lupercus, the Church looked for a suitable patron saint of love to take his place.
	www.csun.edu /~nk51526/valentn.htm (451 words)

	The Mechanical Contrivium: Trivia about Lupercus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lupercus is actually a fruit, not a vegetable.
		Lupercus was first grown in America by the grandmother Maria Ann Smith, from whom its name comes.
		Lupercus is worth its weight in gold - literally!
	thesurrealist.co.uk /trivia.pl?subject=Lupercus&gender=m (146 words)

	Valentine's Day
		They called this festival the "Lupercalia." It was a part of their custom to exchange "love notes" and it is here, Lupercalia we also find all the other traditions of what we call Valentine's Day.
		It is in honor of Lupercus -- the deified hero hunter of Rome.
		The hunter Nimrod was the Lupercus -- or wolf hunter -- of the Romans.
	home.swbell.net /kelkay/valentines.html (1333 words)

	The Thresher Online: COLUMN: Rice guys cannot afford St. Valentine's passive approach (February 9, 1996)
		Looking more closely at the issue's genesis, it is written that Rome once had a great hunter that they elevated to the level of deity.
		If you really are a scholar, maybe you know that Baal may have been the Bible's "Nimrod," known as a "mighty hunter." This Lupercus guy sure got around.
		All of the historical past that made St. Valentine's Day is practically moot at the social level of this campus.
	www.rice.edu /projects/thresher/issues/83/960209/Opinion/Story10.html (830 words)

	Secular Web Kiosk and Bookstore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In early Rome, the evening of February 14th was the beginning of the fertility celebration of Lupercus and Faunus.
		He was not originally part of the celebration as the festival of Lupercus and Faunus was not as concerned with love as it was with animalistic lust.
		While there were some sales of Valentine's Day cards in England in the mid-1800s, full commercialization of the holiday began in the United States in the late 1800s, with greeting card and chocolate companies propelling the message of love and romance to stunning new profit margins.
	www.secweb.org /asset.asp?AssetID=260 (1278 words)

	The Feast of Lubercus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The God Lupercus, was said to watch over the shepherds and their flocks and keep them from the wolves.
		Every February the Romans celebrated a feast called Lupercalia to honor Lupercus so that no harm would come to the shepherds and their flocks.
		Also during Lupercalia, but in honor of the goddess Juno Februata, it was traditional to have boys and girls pick names from an urn and become partners to the festival, playing and dancing together.
	www.twilightbridge.com /festivals/valentine/lubercus.htm (205 words)

	Teen Bible Study Discussion Guides > Valentine's Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Several hundreds of years later when the Roman Catholic Church gained a stronger foothold in Europe and set about substituting pagan rituals with more "Christian" sounding names, Valentine was officially recognized.
		In ancient Rome this pagan feast day was know as Lupercalia, the "feast of Lupercus." Mid February was traditionally the time of the festival, an ode to the God of fertility and a celebration of sensual pleasure, a time to meet and court a prospective mate.
		Lupercus was the Roman god that protected them from wolves, which were a great danger in that area.
	www.ucg.org /teenstudy/valentineday.htm (653 words)

	HISTORY & LEGEND OF VALENTINE'S DAY
		In the early days of Roman, fierce wolves roamed the woods and the Romans called upon one of their gods, Lupercus, to keep the wolves away.
		A festival celebrated on February 15th was held in honuor of Lupercus.
		It is a thought by some that this festival was to honour the god of heard and crops, Faunus.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/ConquerorPat5/index904.html (1111 words)

	The Traditions Of Mardi Gras
		This festival honored the Roman deity, Lupercus, a pastoral God associated with Faunus or the Satyr.
		Although Lupercus is derived from the Latin Lupus (meaning "wolf"), the original meaning of the word as it applies to Roman religion has become obscured over the passage of time.
		When Christianity arrived in Rome, the dignitaries of the early Church decided it would be more prudent to incorporate certain aspects of such rituals into the new faith rather than attempt to abolish them altogether.
	www.novareinna.com /festive/mardi.html (1474 words)

	The Story of St. Valentine
		The wolves, which lived in the woods that covered most of the land, would carry off the farmers' sheep and goats.
		Each year in the middle of February the Romans honored the god Lupercus, giving him thanks for protecting them from the wolves.
		When Christianity came to Rome, the Christian Romans put aside their belief in Lupercus, but because Lupercalia was a happy time, and they did not want to give it up, the feast of Lupercalia was replaced with the feast of St. Valentine.
	www.theologic.com /oflweb/secular/stval.htm (554 words)

	emerils.com \| notes from the kitchen
		On the eve of the festival of Lupercus, the names of Roman girls were written on slips of paper and placed into jars.
		Valentine was beheaded on February 14th, the eve of the Roman holiday, Lupercus.
		Now we see many engagements and weddings on February 14th, together with the tradition of red roses, candy and, of course, hearts of all sorts, from heart-shaped candy and jewelry, to one of my favorites, heart-shaped waffles.
	www.emerils.com /cooking/archives/000905.html (592 words)

	The Tradition of Saint Valentine's Day
		According to other sources, the tradition of Valentine's Day is derived from a time when hordes of ravenous wolves roamed the immense wilderness area outside Rome where shepherds (the city's earliest inhabitants) kept their flocks.
		The God Lupercus (from the Latin lupus meaning "wolf") was believed to watch over the herdsmen and their animals and keep them safe from the hungry predators.
		During the Sixteenth Century, Saint Francis de Sales, Bishop of Geveva, made another attempt was made to institute Saintly Valentines, but it proved equally (of not more) unsuccessful as the first and was certainly shorter-lived.
	www.novareinna.com /festive/valentine.html (1315 words)

	Lowcountry NOW: Local News - The story of Saint Valentine's Day 02/11/04
		A long, long time ago, the Romans used to believe in a god named Lupercus.
		Lupercus had the awesome task of protecting Rome from the ferocious wolves that surrounded the city.
		Lupercus ten'a la comisi--n de proteger a los romanos de los lobos feroces que rodeaban la ciudad.
	www.lowcountrynow.com /stories/021104/LOCvecinos.shtml (1055 words)

	Origins of Valentine’s Day - at BibleStudy.org
		Did you know that centuries before Christ, the pagan Romans celebrated February 15 and the evening of February 14 as an idolatrous and sensuous festival in honor of Lupercus, the "hunter of wolves"?
		The Romans called the festival the "Lupercalia." The custom of exchanging valentines and all the other traditions in honor of Lupercus - the deified hero-hunter of Rome- was also linked anciently with the pagan practice of teen-agers "going steady." It usually led to fornication.
		Later, professing Christians in Constantine's day made Nimrod - the St. Valentine of the heathen- a Saint of the Church and continued to honor him under the name of a Christian martyr.
	www.biblestudy.org /basicart/valentin.html (1351 words)

	Poètes mineurs latins : Lupercus
		Ce triste état des lettres est l'objet des plaintes de Lupercus.
		Les trois strophes que Lupercus nous a laissées sur le Temps, semblent être les anneaux détachés d'une longue chaîne, ou plutôt une ébauche d'atelier de peinture qui annonce l'étude et l'imitation des bons modèles.
		La dernière pièce de Lupercus est l'expression vraie de la sécurité d'une âme qui, longtemps agitée par les secousses et les tourmentes d'une vie orageuse, se plaît à regarder derrière elle les tempêtes auxquelles elle a échappé, et à contempler ce port, tranquille où elle aspirait de tous ses vœux.
	remacle.org /bloodwolf/poetes/mineurs/lupercusintro.htm (511 words)

	St. Valentine's Day - Christian Custom? -- or Pagan Holiday?
		The Romans called the festival the "Lupercalia." The custom of exchanging valentines and all the other traditions in honor of Lupercus -- the deified hero-hunter of Rome -- was also linked anciently with the pagan practice of teen-agers "going steady." It usually led to fornication.
		The Greeks called Lupercus by the name of "Pan".
		Valentine of the heathen -- a SAINT of the Church and continued to honor him under the name of a Christian martyr.
	home.sprynet.com /~pabco/stvalen.htm (1537 words)

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