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	Lute - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Medieval lutes were 4- or 5-course instuments, plucked using a quill for a plectrum.
		The lute enjoyed a revival with the awakening of interest in historical music around 1900 and throughout the century, and that revival was further boosted by the early music movement of the second half of the Twentieth Century.
		Lutes built at present are invariably replicas or near copies of those surviving historical instruments that are to be found in museums or private collections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lute (2417 words)

	LUTE - LoveToKnow Article on LUTE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The lute family is separated from the guitars, also of Eastern origin, by the formation of the sound body, which is in all lutes pear-shaped, without the sides or ribs necessary to the structure of the flat-backed guitar and either.
		Perhaps the earliest lutes were so played, but the large lutes and theorbos strung with catgut have been invariably touched by the fingers only, the length permitting this more sympathetic means of producing the tone.
		The lute and the organ share the distinction of being the first instruments for which the oldest instrumental compositions we possess were written.
	66.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LU/LUTE.htm (1476 words)

	lute - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about lute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Lutes are pear-shaped with up to seven courses of strings (single or double), plucked with the fingers.
		Music for lutes is written in special notation called tablature and chords are played simultaneously, not arpeggiated as for guitar.
		In Western use, members of the lute family were used both as solo instruments and for vocal accompaniment, and were often played in addition to, or instead of, keyboard instruments in larger ensembles and in opera.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Lute (335 words)

	Lute song - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lute song was a generic form of music in the late Renaissance and very early Baroque eras, generally consisting of a singer accompanying himself on a lute, though lute songs may often have been performed by a singer and a separate lutenist.
		In general, lute songs were written from about 1550 to around 1650, though there is evidence that some music was performed this way much earlier (for instance, Baldassare Castiglione mentions that frottola were sometimes performed by solo voice and lute, presumably in the first decade or so of the 16th century.)
		The French lute song was called the air de cour, and had a somewhat longer lifespan than elsewhere, due to the influence of musique mesurée; it also influenced early French opera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lute_song (258 words)

	Lute Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The lute is a round-backed plucked-string instrument, developed in the Middle East and related to the Arabic oud (Al-'ud became 'lute'.).
		The lute was particularly suited for the harmonies of the period, and was used as a solo instrument no less than as an accompaniment to singers or other instruments (sometimes as a basso continuo instrument).
		Lutes were made larger and more complex (see archlute, theorbo) over the course of the seventeenth century, and had 7, 8 or even more courses of strings.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/l/lu/lute.html (306 words)

	Jacob Heringman: renaissance lute
		His second, the first lute CD ever to be devoted to the music of the great Josquin Des Prez, was released in the summer of 2000, and has received numerous superlative reviews, noteably in Gramophone and BBC Music Magazine.
		The manuscript may have been the lute book of a member of the Medici family or household, since the Medici insignia appears in the upper left corner of the first page of tablature.
		I have here reconstructed lute accompaniments on that basis, choosing to place the Spagna tenor at the bottom of the second lute parts as a bass line, rather than embedding it in the texture.
	www.magnatune.com /artists/heringman (1821 words)

	Lute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Lute is built with only with wood and glue, there are no nails or screws used in construction.
		Tablature was the early music notation used by the lute and many other instruments of the renaissance.
		During the Renaissance the lute occupied a special place that was only superseded by the human voice.
	home.earthlink.net /~guitarandlute/lute.html (470 words)

	A HISTORY of the LUTE, Part 1
		These indicate that the lute has usually had its strings in pairs, and that at first there were only four such 'courses' From the start, lutes were made in widely different sizes, and therefore of different pitches.
		Tinctoris (c.1481-3) wrote of holding the lute 'while the strings are struck by the right hand either with the fingers or with a plectrum', but did not imply that the use of the fingers was a novelty.
		However, the change was very significant for the lute's future development, for it allowed the playing of several parts at once, and meant that the huge repertoire of vocal part music both sacred and secular became available to lute players.
	www.vanedwards.co.uk /history1.htm (1453 words)

	lute - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		LUTE [lute] musical instrument that has a half-pear-shaped body, a fretted neck, and a variable number of strings, which are plucked with the fingers.
		The long lute, with its neck much longer than its body, seems to have been older than the short lute, existing very early in the Egyptian and Middle Eastern cultures, whence the word lute derives.
		The short lute was known in Spain as early as the 10th cent., having been brought there by Arabs.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1E1:lute/lute.html?refid=ip_hf (161 words)

	Lute: MHN Instrument Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The name lute refers both to an instrument family or type within the Sachs_Hornbostel classification system, and a specific instrument, the western European lute, whose rich history can be traced back to the Ud, an Arabic instrument used since at least the 6th century.
		Generally, a European lute (the instrument, not the family) has a rounded or vaulted body crafted from steamed and bent strips of wood, a distinctly ornate single sound hole, and a long neck which is bent at the end (at the pegbox) at nearly a right angle.
		In Europe, the lute was considered one of the most important instruments during the Renaissance era; played in solos or ensembles, lutes accompanied dances or vocal music.
	www.si.umich.edu /chico/instrument/pages/lute_gnrl.html (422 words)

	Renaissance Lute Beginner Page
		I was going to install a strap button myself, but was discouraged from doing so by another lutenist, by reason that the lute body is very thin, and it is difficult to attach something to it without damaging the body.
		Considering that lutes regularly start at $1800, these are a great way for the beginner lutenist on a tight budget to get started.
		And here is a photograph of my lute as it actually looks in my house after all my adjustments (note the no-longer overlapping nut, Nylgut strings, gut frets and mounted pickup).
	john.redmood.com /lutebeginner.html (709 words)

	Roman Musical Instruments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The lute, the true forerunner of the guitar (kithara), is considered a medieval instrument but was played by the ancient Romans.
		The Roman lute had three strings and was not as popular as the lyre or the kithara, but was easier to play.
		The rounded, shortened form of this Roman lute is identical to the medieval lute.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/muse/lute.htm (272 words)

	The LUTE-HARPSICHORD: A Forgotten Instrument
		Over a period of some three centuries there are plenty of references to gut-stringed instruments that resemble the harpsichord and imitate the delicate soft timbre of the lute (including its lower-sounding variants, the theorbo and chitarrone or archlute) or the harp, but little concrete information.
		Below the soundboard of the instrument an oval resonator in the shape of a shell, resembling the body of a lute was attached.
		Historical references indicate that in some lautenwercke the internal volume of the instrument was determined by a dome-like structure shaped much like the back of a lute, and indeed modern instruments have been made in which a "lute shell" defines the exterior shape of the instrument.
	www.baroquemusic.org /barluthp.html (1352 words)

	Lute - Info and FAQ's from The Ethnic Musical Instrument Company TM
		The precursor of the lute is the Middle Eastern oud (or ud), which was introduced to Spain by the Moors in the early 700’s.
		The lute peg box is straight, while the oud peg box has a gentle curve.
		As with all golden ages this one came to an end and by the 1800's the lute was no longer in fashion.
	www.mid-east.com /Info/lute.html (575 words)

	Pepys' Diary: Lute
		That site is devoted to the cittern, which it seems to distinguish as a metal-stringed variant of the lute.
		According to another site, ‘lute’ was the name for both a particular type of stringed instrument and the entire class it belonged to, which also included the theorbo and the citaronne (same as the cittern/cithern?).
		A vast amount of medieval music was written for the lute, as well as some baroque music.
	www.pepysdiary.com /p/540.php (469 words)

	Seventeenth-century Italian lute at the National Music Museum
		The large dimensions of this instrument indicate that it was originally built as a bass lute, chitarrone, or theorbo, undoubtedly by craftsmen originally from the Alps, living probably in Italy, but perhaps in Augsburg or elsewhere.
		The high quality of the lute was such that it was chosen for modernization early in the 18th-century.
		This lute, along with another built by Thomas Edlinger in 1728 (NMM 10213), was stored in the attic of Hrubý Rohozec castle in northern Bohemia during the 19th century (castle photo by Z. Pykalová).
	www.usd.edu /smm/PluckedStrings/Lutes/10214ItalianLute.html (777 words)

	Lute song: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The lute song[For more facts and a topic of this subject, click this link] was a generic form of music in the late Renaissance Renaissance music quick summary:
		The frottola is the predominant type of italian popular, secular song of the fifteenth and early sixteenth century....
		The air de cour was a popular type of secular vocal music in france in the very late renaissance and early baroque musicbaroque period, from about 1570...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lu/lute_song.htm (982 words)

	Lute Guitar Encyclopedia Guitar Chords Guitar Lessons Guitar Practicing Beginning Guitar Tips for Practice
		Song accompaniment was probably the lute's primary function in the Middle Ages, as it had been in Arab culture.
		The Spanish vihuela is apparently related to the lute, though it has a body shaped like a miniature guitar, and never grew beyond six courses.
		Modern lutes are almost always replicas of those surviving historical instruments that are to be found in museums or private collections.
	www.guitarlessons.bizhosting.com /Lute.html (2403 words)

	Lute by Thomas Edlinger, Prague, 1728, at the National Music Museum
		This lute bears two labels which indicate that it was made by Magno Tieffenbrucker, the prominent Venetian maker, and modified by Edlinger.
		The lute's beautifully cut triple rose was not made by Edlinger, but was taken from an early Italian Renaissance lute.
		The photo above shows Carl and Johanna with the two lutes shortly before they were placed in a climate-controlled area built to house the famous art collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein, a family friend, in Schloss Vaduz, the castle overlooking Vaduz, the major town in the principality of Liechtenstein.
	www.usd.edu /smm/PluckedStrings/Lutes/10213ItalianLute.html (530 words)

	The History of the Lute-Reviews
		Musicologist Smith, editor of the Journal of the Lute Society of America, has succeeded at an enormous undertaking: in addition to detailing the history of the instrument, he includes a discussion of its cultural setting, facts about changes in its construction and repertory, and biographies of its most prominent performers.
		Ample discussion of lute music repertoire, biographies of important composers, the lute's cultural and societal context, tablature notations are all included in chapters organized by geography throughout Europe.
		Although lute scholars may continue to crave a more in-depth study, Smith does an excellent job covering the essentials, and this book will be very useful to those needing a starting point.
	www.mclasen.com /LuteHistory/reviews2k3.htm (1110 words)

	The Moscow Weiss Lute Manuscript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The two principal sources of the lute music of Silvius Leopold Weiss, the most important lutenist-composer of the eighteenth century, and one of the greatest of all time, are a manuscript now at the British Library in London (London), and a set of six manuscript volumes in the Sächsische Landesbibliothek in Dresden (Dresden).
		The German 13-course lute may have been regarded as a kind of ‘bridge’ between the bandura, the folk instrument beloved of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian aristocrats, and the more ‘courtly’ Western music that was increasingly ousting it in popularity.
		Unfortunately, the bulk of his own lute music was lost in the destruction of Königsberg during World War II, so there is little basis for a stylistic comparison that might confirm this speculation as a serious possibility.
	www.orphee.com /weismain.htm (7918 words)

	The Lute in Scotland
		The lute had been the chief instrument of this group for a century of more, and Burel recognizes it as "of instruments the only king." According to Brantôme and Melville, the lute was played by Mary Queen of Scots, and Melville says that it was in the hands of the students at St. Andrews.
		We are all aware of the surviving Scottish lute manuscripts and the type of music contained therein: traditional/folk influenced or rooted pieces.
		Yet records show that the lute first appeared in Scotland in the 13th century and was soon associated with the so-called art music of the royal courts.
	www.standingstones.com /scotlute.html (2628 words)

	Reading Lute Tablature
		This is a brief instructional on how to read lute tablature as it was written by members of the English Lute School (which included luminaries such as Dowland and Campion).
		The Lute is a stringed instrument of Arabic origin, that is thought to have been imported into Europe around the fourteenth century.
		The lute as played by the late Elizabethans was typically of six courses and eleven strings (like a modern twelve string guitar, except that the course of highest pitch had only one string).
	yoyo.cc.monash.edu.au /~mongoose/tab_read.html (859 words)

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