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Topic: Luxating patella

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	Papillon (Butterfly Dog) Club in the UK
		Patella Luxation is common in most toy breeds and it is therefore advisable that breeders have all their dogs and puppies tested by a vet.
		The patella is the equivalent to the human kneecap and part of the stifle structure, and therefore a luxating patella is a kneecap that moves out of its normal location.
		In patella luxation the groove is often shallow and this shallow groove prevents the patella from sitting deeply, predisposing it to dislocation.
	www.papillonclub.co.uk /articles/health/patella_luxation.htm (1080 words)

	Luxating Patella
		Dogs who have a luxating patella on both hind legs may change their entire posture, dropping their hindquarters and holding the rear legs farther out from the body as they walk.
		When the patella luxates from the groove of the femur, it usually cannot return to its normal position until the quadriceps muscle relaxes and increases in length.
		While the muscles are contracted and the patella is luxated from its correct position, the joint is held in the flexed or bent position.
	maltesemagic.homestead.com /L1.html (896 words)

	Patella Luxation
		This results in the luxation of the patella as the leg is used.
		In patellar luxation, the extensor muscles are often maligned to the inside or outside of the leg, The degree of patella luxation is graded from I to IV depending on the relative ease with which the patella luxates.
		The decision to perform surgery on animals with patellar luxations is based on many factors including the degree of lameness, the grade of patellar luxation, the age of the animal, and the presence of concurrent problems with the knee.
	www.ovrs.com /patella.htm (1232 words)

	Canine Patella Luxation
		The patella should stay on the centerline of the leg if the point of attachment of the patellar ligament is on the midline and because the patella slides in a groove on the lower end of the femur (the long bone which fits between the knee and the hip).
		The patella luxates when the point of attachment of the patellar ligament is not on the midline of the tibia.
		A luxating patella can be repaired surgically by relocating the point of attachment of the patellar ligament, by deepening the groove in the femur, and tightening the capsule around the joint.
	www.ahofp.com /Guide/Canpatel.htm (453 words)

	Patellar Luxation in Small Breed Dogs - Internet Library - dogsites.com.au
		The function of the patella is to protect the large tendon of the quadriceps (thigh) muscle as it rides over the front of the femur while the quadriceps is used to extend (straighten) the stifle joint.
		While the patella is luxated, the quadriceps is unable to properly extend the stifle, resulting in an abnormal gait or lameness.
		Furthermore, while the patella is luxated, the quadriceps puts a rotational force on the tibia, which over time will increase the rotation of the tibia, thereby increasing the severity of the problem.
	www.dogsites.com.au /internet_library/patellar_luxation.html (1048 words)

	Luxating patella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Luxating patella, or trick knee, is a condition in which the patella, or kneecap, dislocates or moves out of its normal location.
		Patellar luxation is a common condition in dogs, particularly small and miniature breeds.
		The surgery involves deepening the groove (trochlea) that the patella sits in.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Luxating_patella (260 words)

	Southern California Veterinary Surgical Group - Medial Patella Luxation
		When patellar luxations are present early in life, the major muscle groups of the thigh pull toward the inside of the leg, putting abnormal pressure on the knee joint cartilage.
		Therefore, the statement "patellar luxation is an anatomic malformation not merely of the knee but of the entire pelvic limb"… accurately describes the complexity of a seemingly simple luxation.
		When the patella is in its normal position, its cartilage surface glides smoothly and painlessly along the cartilage surface of the trochlear groove with little or no discomfort.
	www.artreality.com /portfolio/wdwork/vet/medialpatellaluxation.htm (585 words)

	Patellar Luxation and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
		Genetic conditions which cause patellar luxation are a shallow groove, weak ligaments, and misalignment of the muscles and ligaments between the femur, patella, and tibia (lower leg bone).
		Luxation occurs when there is occasional spontaneous lameness, but the patella returns to normal positioning easily, and the dog usually does not indicate pain.
		Luxation is to the extent that the dog begins to have a loss of function.
	www.cavalierhealth.org /patellas.htm (681 words)

	Patellar Luxation
		Patellar luxation is the dislocation (slipping) of the patella (kneecap).
		As the knee joint is moved, the patella slides in a grove in the femur.
		Indications of patellar luxation are; difficulty in straightening the knee, pain in the stifle, limping, or the tip of the hock points outward while the toes point inward.
	www.barkbytes.com /MEDICAL/med0023.htm (524 words)

	LUXATING PATELLA (KNEE CAP)
		Patellar luxation is a dislocation of the knee cap either toward the inside (medial) or outside (lateral) of the leg.
		Clinical signs of patellar luxation vary depending upon severity and chronicity of the disease and may develop soon after birth or generally after four months of age.
		However, if the patellar luxation is a grade III, your pet has persistant lameness, or other knee injuries occur secondary to the luxation, then surgery is the best option for your pet.
	www.cpvh.com /Articles/78.html (997 words)

	Luxating Patella (Dislocated Knee Cap) ~ Pawprints and Purrs, Inc.
		The patella, or knee cap, should be located in the center of the knee joint.
		The patella stays in the center of the leg because the point of attachment of the patellar ligament is on the midline and because the patella slides in a groove on the lower end of the femur (the bone between the knee and the hip).
		The patella luxates because the point of attachment of the patellar ligament is not on the midline of the tibia.
	www.sniksnak.com /doghealth/kneecap.html (625 words)

	Medial and lateral patellar luxation
		Patellar luxation is usually a congenital condition in which the kneecap, or patella, dislocates outside of its normal trochlear groove.
		Lateral luxation is often accompanied by malformation of the femur, the large bone in the thigh.
		Lameness that is often intermittent, and may be unilateral or bilateral; thick, swollen stifles; pain on range-of-motion; crepitus; palpable luxation; inability to jump or walk normally; medial displacement of quadriceps muscle group; lateral bowing of the distal third of the femur.
	www.workingdogs.com /vcpatlux.htm (1454 words)

	VetStop - Luxating Patella in Dogs
		This is a condition where the patella (kneecap) dislocates from the groove it normally sits in at the end of the femur.
		The patella is there to stop friction between this tendon and the end of the femur.
		Eventually the wear on the ridges that hold the patella in place may be so great that the patella stays luxated permanently.
	www.vetstop.com.au /Info/patellalux.asp (261 words)

	Luxating Petallas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The patella is better known as the kneecap, which normally slides up and down in front of the actual knee joint as the leg moves.
		A luxating patella might be translated into everyday speech as a dislocating kneecap.
		Luxation may be caused by injury, but evidence suggest that the condition is genetic or they are born with this condition.
	www.yorkielane.com /Health/patellas.htm (256 words)

	The Overlong Soft Palate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The patella (knee cap) is a small bone that is incorporated in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle group and lies in the trochlear groove of the femur (Fig 3).
		The function of the patella is to prevent friction between the tendon and the trochlear groove of the femur.
		As the straight patella tendon inserts on the tibial tuberosity we are in fact moving the patella across laterally.
	www.staffords.co.uk /sbtvet/patella.htm (716 words)

	Chinaroad Lowchens of Australia - Medially luxating patella
		Medial patella luxation is typically seen as a squat gait and toed-in appearance related to the severity of the condition.
		The patella may pass over the midline axis of the stifle joint in the lateral projection such that the quadriceps becomes a flexor rather than an extensor of the limb; these dogs are unable to extend their legs while walking.
		This decision is made during surgery and depends on the size of the dog, degree of luxation, conformation of the knee joint and the presence of osteoarthritis.
	www.lowchensaustralia.com /health/patella.htm (711 words)

	hereditarydiseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Therefore, a luxating patella is a knee cap that moves out of its normal location.
		When the thigh muscles contract, the force is transmitted through the patella and through the patellar ligament and results in extension (straightening) of the knee joint.
		The patella stays in the center of the leg because the point of attachment of the patellar ligament is on the midline and because the patella slides in a groove on the lower end of the femur (the thigh bone).
	www.beepworld.de /members71/vomlandeliliput/hereditarydiseases.htm (1748 words)

	BULL TERRIER HEALTH
		The degree of patella luxation is graded from I to IV depending on the relative ease with which the patella luxates.
		The actual luxation may not be present at birth, but the structural changes that lead to luxation are present.
		Most research suggests that patella Luxation is an inherited problem, though the exact mode of inheritance is not known.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /bullambis/page7.html (1388 words)

	Luxating patella
		Patellar luxation is caused by congenital abnormality usually at the level of the hip joint and results in abnormal forces on the kneecap, which cause it to eventually ride outside of the groove.
		The groove becomes very shallow and the attachment of the ligament of the patella may be malpositioned on the tibia bone.
		Below left is a an illustration of a normal limb with normal alignment of the femur bone, tibia bone, quadriceps muscle group (red), patella (brown) and the attachment of the patellar ligament (grey) to the tibia.
	www.vetsurgerycentral.com /patella.htm (2402 words)

	Medial Luxating Patella
		The medial luxating patella, commonly called “trick knee,” is an extremely common problem in toy breed dogs.
		With the patella dislocated (or “luxated”) medially, the knee cannot extend properly and stays bent.
		When the patella slips out of its groove, the joint capsule surrounding it is stretched to allow this motion.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/medial_luxating_patella.html (1013 words)

	Luxating Patellas LP Presented by Goldenray Yorkshire Terriers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Grade I and II patellar luxations may be completely asymptomatic and may be incidental findings in mature dogs who have never been lame.
		Many toy dogs live their whole lives with luxating patellas and are never lame.
		A "luxating patella" also referred to as a "trick knee" which can move out of place if injured by jumping off furniture or walking in a hole in the ground, or something similiar.
	members.aol.com /CYorkie/LuxatingPatellas.html (528 words)

	Rievaulx (The meaning of the name) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		patella luxation the groove is often shallow and this shallow
		With lateral luxation the patella dislocates to the outside of the
		The degree of patella luxation is graded from 1 to 4 depending
	www.rievaulx.org /patellaluxation.html (707 words)

	patella maltese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I recommend this be done by a veterinarian experienced in surgical repair of luxating patellae in toy breeds.
		A “tolerable” level of luxation for breeding is still up in the air.
		Patellar luxation sometimes know as a slipped kneecap can be result of injury or congenital defect.
	www.geocities.com /everything_maltese/patella.htm (322 words)

	Havanese Health Issues and Lexating Patella
		The patella should be located in the center of the knee joint and thus a luxated patella is a kneecap that has moved out of its central position.
		The patella stays in the center of the leg because the point of attachment of the patellar ligament is on the midline and because the patella slides in the groove on the lower end of the femur (thighbone).
		If the bones of the leg are misaligned as in “knocked knees” or “bowed legs” the pull exerted by the ligaments attached to the patella may over time or under stress cause the inner side of the groove to wear down and the patella is free to move out of the groove or dislocate.
	www3.sympatico.ca /sonrisas_havanese/patella.html (679 words)

	Cat's Dog Advice - Free Resouces and Information
		Trick kneecap or patellar luxation due to misaligned knees are quite common in toy breeds of dogs.
		The kneecap or patella and its ligaments connect the anterior muscle mass of the thigh to the tibia or shinbone of the lower leg (see diagram).
		I usually deepen the trochlear groove and reinforce and tighten the lateral patella ligament with polyester suture material.
	billknell.tripod.com /petadvice/patella.htm (726 words)

	Medial Patella Luxation in Dogs
		Medial patella luxation (MPL) is a condition in which the patella (knee-cap) no longer glides within its natural groove (sulcus) in the femur, the upper bone of the knee joint.
		Traumatic patella luxation can of course occur at any age and is usually secondary to being hit by a car.
		Congenital luxation is commonly a bilateral problem, that is it affects both hind legs, though not necessarily to the same degree.
	www.petplace.com /dogs/medial-patella-luxation-in-dogs/page1.aspx (728 words)

	What Is A Luxating Patella? - Pets - Families.com
		The patella is the bone we know more familiarly as the knee cap.
		When the patella leaves the guiding grooves, it is often stuck outside its normal place until the muscles in the lower leg relax and stretch out.
		Dogs with a luxating patella on both hind legs may try to hold their hindquarters off the ground entirely, or balance on their front legs.
	pets.families.com /blog/what-is-a-luxating-patella (580 words)

	Black and Fawn Pugs-pug health
		In simple terms, it is the dislocation of the small movable bone in the knee called the Patella, from the femur where it is normally held in place by ligaments.
		General symptoms of Luxating Patella can be seen in the dog favouring the affected leg when he runs or walks, placing it down only after several steps.
		It is important to note that while Luxating Patella is a genetic issue found often in Pugs, it can also be brought to the forefront by excess weight.
	www.blackandfawnpugs.com /pugh.html (1684 words)

	Congenital Disorders and Diseases of Dogs
		Grade 1 luxations usually do not cause lameness or cause very minor signs of lameness but can be found on physical exam because the patella is fairly easy to push out of the groove it normally runs in.
		Grade 3 luxations cause prolonged carrying of the affected leg or obvious lameness and the patella is usually luxated.
		Grade 4 luxations usually involve visible deformity of the leg and severe lameness and the patella is permanently luxated.
	www.vetinfo4dogs.com /dinherit.html (4037 words)

	Patella Problems in Dogs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		luxations and it is sometimes necessary to remove a wedge of bone from the
		luxation of the patella (dislocation of the kneecap towards the inside of the knee).
		A likely problem is luxation of the patella (dislocation of the kneecap) in the affected leg.
	www.vetinfo.com /dpatella.html (3123 words)

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