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Topic: Luxembourg War Cross

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	Luxembourg War Cross - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The concept of the medal was based on the French Croix de guerre and the medal is often referred to as the Luxembourg Croix de guerre.
		The Luxembourg War Cross was one of the rarest of foreign decorations to be bestowed upon allied troops due to the small number of combat operations which took place in Luxembourg, in contrast to major fighting in such places as Belgium, France, and Germany.
		The unit citation is known as the Luxembourg Croix de guerre unit award and appears as a blue and yellow ribbon, enclosed within a gold frame.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Luxembourg_War_Cross (260 words)

	Luxembourg Interesting Facts - Places - Things
		The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg shares borders to the north and west with Belgium, to the south with France and to the east with Germany.
		Luxembourg is an attractive country with a green and picturesque landscape and many historical sites within easy reach of one another.
		The town of Vianden, crossed by the River Our and located close to the eastern border with Germany, is well-known for its magnificent castle, built between the 11th and 14th centuries and one of Luxembourg's major tourist attractions.
	www.travel-island.com /interesting.places/luxembourg.html (2121 words)

	The Avalon Project : Convention Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Relating to Prisoners of War; ...
		SECTION I. Prisoners of war shall be evacuated within the shortest possible period after their capture, to spots located in a region far enough from the zone of combat for them to be out of danger.
		Prisoners of war shall have the right to inform the military authorities in whose power they are of their requests with regard to the conditions of captivity to which they are subjected.
		Prisoners of war against whom a penal prosecution might be pending for a crime or an offense t of municipal law may, however, be detained until the end of the proceedings and, if necessary, until the expiration of the punishment.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva02.htm (8449 words)

	The crime of (opposing) war \| Greenpeace International
		In the courts last year, activists asked that the legality of the war be considered in their defence, and sought the release of the UK Attorney General's secret advice to Tony Blair about the legal underpinnings of the invasion.
		But a district judge ruled that "the lawfulness of the war and the Attorney General's legal opinion are not relevant to issues in the case." The full advice was only finally released to the public after being leaked to TV news.
		We say the legality of the war is central to the question of whether the activists themselves committed a crime in stopping it.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/news/the-crime-of-opposing-war240206 (790 words)

	Small Power: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
		From the fairy-tale castles of the Ardennes to the bustling banking and diplomatic center of its capital, Luxembourg is the historic crossroads of Europe.
		In fact, Luxembourgers must dedicate so much time to the study and use of French, German, and English that their own literature and stories are almost forgotten.
		Luxembourg continues its historic role as a meeting place and center of banking and trade.
	www.worldandi.com /newhome/public/2004/february/patternspub.asp (444 words)

	Luxembourg's WW2 Medals
		In 2002 it was also conferred on the Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg for his part in the liberation of the country in 1944-45.
		The Luxembourg Croix de Guerre was created on 17 April 1945 as an award to military personnel and members of the resistance or other para-military organisations.
		This medal, instituted on 12 September 1945, was awarded to Luxembourg volunteers that served with the allied armies or the resistance between 10 May 1940 and 8 May 1945.
	users.skynet.be /hendrik/eng/39luxemb.html (451 words)

	Wiltz, Luxembourg
		Luxembourg > Luxembourg > Grand Duchy of Luxembourg > Luxembourg Ardennes
		A walk through the town leads along stone crosses from the times of the plague and of the feudal justice (cross of justice from 1502).
		The memory of the Second World War is kept alive with a national monument to the general strike of 1942, the Battle of the Bulge Museum and the fatima Calvary.
	www.planetware.com /luxembourg/wiltz-l-l-wil.htm (235 words)

	Reflections of Luxembourg in the U.S.
		Luxembourg is at the crossroads of invading armies.
		Because political and economic control of Luxembourg had changed hands so many times and because the grand duchy did not actually exist as an independent state until the mid-nineteenth century, it is difficult to establish accurate figures regarding the number of Luxembourgers who left their country for other lands.
		The Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg: The Evolution of Nationohod 963 A.D. to 1983.
	www.intech.mnsu.edu /bunkers/reflections_of_luxembourg_in_the_u_s_.htm (8395 words)

	AWCL -Touring Luxembourg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Luxembourg's second largest city, Esch is known for its art nouveau and art deco architecture.
		The Voie de la Liberté (Road of Freedom) is the path taken in World War II by American troops, led by General George Patton, through Luxembourg from France to Bastogne, Belgium.
		Full of history, Wiltz has a collection of tombstones and a cross in memory of the plague; there is also a monument to the 1942 General Strike against Nazi occupation.
	www.awcluxembourg.com /webpages/lil_update/travel.htm (1692 words)

	1945: Luxembourg - Archive Article - MSN Encarta
		Because they were published shortly after events occurred, they reflect the information available at that time.
		Cross references refer to Archive articles of the same year.
		The Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, after suffering considerable hardship and damage in late 1944 and early 1945 as a result of the last great German offensive, the famous Battle of the Bulge, was finally liberated in 1945 and once again regained its independence.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461504067/1945_Luxembourg.html (124 words)

	Luxembourg Tourist Office in London - Clervaux
		In 1951, in the midst of the Cold War, the American photographer of Luxembourg descent, Edward J Steichen, began preparations for his great plan of an exhibition to make man conscious of himself through the universal language of photography.
		The photographic exhibition mounted by the photographer Edward J. Steichen in 1955 for the New York Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) was donated by the Government of the USA to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
		It went far beyond the traditional view of what an exhibition should be and it can be regarded as the memory of an entire era, that of the Cold War and McCarthyism, in which the hopes and aspirations of millions of men and women throughout the world were focused on peace.
	www.luxembourg.co.uk /clervaux.html (1290 words)

	European Cities - City of Luxembourg by Charles L. Mitchell
		The City of Luxembourg is the capital of the smallest of the Benelux countries, Luxembourg.
		The secretariat of the European Parliament and several other departments of the EEC are also situated in the City of Luxembourg.
		In about eight blocks, reach the area of the City of Luxembourg that was fortified until a century ago.
	www.casayego.com /europeancities/luxemb/luxemb.htm (1303 words)

	EuroYank:Discovering Luxembourg
		Located in the center of Luxembourgâs third largest city, our students experience a truly European setting in which they are encouraged to pursue serious studies and where they feel comfortable and secure and enjoy all modern conveniences.
		This American University in Luxembourg recognizes that todayâs marketplace is definitely global, drastically increasing the need for people in every professional environment to be both culturally adept and knowledgeable about international business practices.
		Luxembourg Steel "Arcelor," perhaps the largest Steel Company in the World, has started a trade war.
	euroyankdiscoveringluxembourg.blogspot.com (1633 words)

	Ike - Databank
		During World War II he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe with the rank of General of the Army, and in 1949 he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO.
		Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command and was far from being considered as a potential commander of major operations.
		Eisenhower viewed the highway system as essential to American safety during the Cold War; a means of quickly moving thousands of people out of cities or troops across the country was key in an era of nuclear paranoia and Soviet Union blitzkrieg invasion scenarios imagined by military strategists.
	www.notd-aftermath.com /databank/index.php?title=Ike (4384 words)

	Croix de guerre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Croix de guerre (French for War cross) is a military decoration of both France and Belgium, where it is also known as Oorlogskruis (Dutch).
		During the Second World War, a decoration known as the Luxembourg War Cross was issued to those members of the Allied forces who had performed combat duty in Luxembourg during the liberation of Europe.
		Also, in World War II two African-Americans were awarded this medal for heroism, becoming the first Americans to receive such a distinction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Croix_de_guerre (1731 words)

	Loving Luxembourg - Luxembourg City, Luxembourg - BootsnAll.com
		Luxembourg City is surrounded on two sides by the incredibly steep Pétrusse and Alzette Valleys, which have enormous fortifications carved into them that protected the Old Town portion of the city from foreign invaders for centuries.
		Luxembourg City has installed a free elevator to take people from the cobblestone, scenic, nightlife festooned Grund area at the bottom of the Valley up to the Old Town, probably in an effort to keep less stout tourists from having heart attacks while climbing that hideous hill.
		Two easy days in Luxembourg City is pretty much all the time you need to traverse every street in the Old Town and the surrounding, leafy valleys twice at the most leisurely pace you can achieve while still managing forward motion.
	www.bootsnall.com /travelstories/europe/jun04lux.shtml (1693 words)

	World War II
		World War I, which was said to be "the war to end all wars," had definitely fallen short of this proclamation.
		However, as the conditions on the war front deteriorated, the United States was forced to intervene to prevent the total collapse of Britain.
		World War II was different from any other previous war, as it relied on the total commitment of all of the nations populous and economic resources.
	www.worldwarii.org (2428 words)

	American Red Cross
		The American Red Cross Commission to North Russia sails for Archangel from NYC with 4,200 tons of food and medicines for relief of civilians.
		The American Red Cross food and medical supplies are delivered to Egypt for distribution through the British Red Cross to refugees, needy civilians, sick and wounded of military forces in Egypt, Syria, Eritrea and Abyssinia [Ethiopia].
		The American Red Cross begins collection and shipment of children's food and medical supplies for Cuba in exchange for release of 1,113 Cuban participants in the Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961.
	www.redcross.org /services/intl/0,1082,0_27_,00.html (2539 words)

	U.N. Forces/Allies in the Korean War
		There were 1,376 foreign prisoners of war repatriated to 12 countries in 1953.
		Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, the Netherlands, the Philippines and Thailand had battalion-sized units attached to U.S. Army divisions; Turkey deployed an infantry brigade.
		The Commonwealth Armies and the Korean War (1988).
	korea50.army.mil /history/factsheets/allied.shtml (394 words)

	UNIFEM Gender Profile - Tajikistan - Women, War & Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		More than 50,000 are thought to have died during five years of fighting, leaving many young women to be the sole breadwinners and caretakers of their families.
		Although rape as a war crime was not as widespread in Tajikistan as has been the case in the former Yugoslavia, there were numerous reports of armed bands looking for women to rape in the kishlaqs (villages).
		In collaboration with the Academy of World Poetry (NGO), a 200-page book titled "Women and War" was developed in Tajiki, which reflects the devastating impact of the recent civil war on the lives of Tajik women.
	www.womenwarpeace.org /tajikistan/tajikistan.htm (5424 words)

	Memories of War \| Veterans \| Lloyd Askel Dodd
		I was able to find a picture of the Battle group commander, Colonel Jochen Peiper, the same man incriminated in the Malmedy Massacre, and showed it to him, but of course, he couldn't identify him: 'That was a long time ago, and they weren't as dressed up and clean like this man is'.
		My grandmother received a notice from the War Department in late January 1945 stating that her husband was missing in the area of Luxembourg....
		She was not notified until early March by the Red Cross that he was a Prisoner of War.
	www.memoriesofwar.com /veterans/dodd.asp (843 words)

	AWCL -Touring Luxembourg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The town of Berdorf, in the heart of the Mullerthal, is a well-established tourist center.
		Located in the Ardennes region, in the northwest of Luxembourg, there is a castle in the upper town standing high on a plateau.
		Full of history, Wiltz has a collection of tombstones and a cross in memory of the plague, also a monument to the General Strike in 1942 against the Nazi occupation of the country.
	www.awcluxembourg.com /webpages/community/Touring.htm (1095 words)

	College of the Holy Cross \|Luxembourg
		Surrounded by France, Germany and Belgium, Luxembourg is located at the crossroads of European cultures and thereby uniquely situated to give students and scholars a varied and stimulating European experience.
		The May Term in Luxembourg is open to all Clark and Holy Cross students whose studies have not been completed prior to the beginning of the May Term.
		The cost of $4,000 for the May Term includes tuition for one course, roundtrip transportation between Boston and Luxembourg, accommodations, meals (except on weekends), and all field trips within Luxembourg and neighboring countries.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/history/website/luxembourg.htm (526 words)

	Modernity and Exceptionalism
		Verdun and Rheims - the battlefields of Verdun and the bunkers, the ossuaries and cemeteries are extraordinarily affecting monuments to the carnage and destruction that Europeans suffered during the first war which was largely fought on French soil.
		A visit to the railroad car at Compiègne where the armistice was signed in 1918 and again in 1940 could be incorporated.
		For example, when DeGaulle invited Adenauer to France in 1963, he took Adenauer to Rheims in a symbolic gesture of remembrance and forgiveness for the horrors of two world wars.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/history/tmcbride/Luxembourg.html (535 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Timeline: Aug/Sep-1914 - War Erupts in the West
		Each nation's war plans were supported by its mobilization.
		The British, because they didn't declare war until 4-Aug, were behind schedule in their mobilization.
		The Germans were unable to achieve safe passage over the river at this major crossing until 14-Aug. The First Army on the right and the Second Army in echelon behind it began the great envelopment through Belgium at that time.
	www.worldwar1.com /tlmob.htm (1297 words)

	Memories of War \| Veterans \| Wesley Reading
		From Paris we pushed on to Compiegne, where the armistice was signed in World War I. There we had quite a fight to capture the town.
		After crossing the river, we met with ferocious resistance from the Germans who were firing from the pillboxes of the Seigfried Line.
		From Luxembourg we were transported by truck (for the first time in France) to Belgium, to the sector from which we had enticed the German Panzer Divisions.
	www.memoriesofwar.com /veterans/reading/default.asp (4700 words)

	Military Collectibles
		Cross of Merit with Swords - Obverse - Reverse
		A three medal bar, consisting of the Member of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division), British War Medal and World War I Victory Medal.
		A four medal bar, consisting of the General Service Medal 1962 with Bar "Northern Ireland", named; United Nations Cyprus Medal; the Gulf medal, with bar "6 Jan to 28 Feb 1991", named; and the NATO Medal for the Former Yugoslavia.
	home.att.net /~david.danner/militaria.html (700 words)

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