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Topic: Lycian language

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Palaic language

Anatolian languages

Luwian language

	Lycian language
		The Lycians and the Greeks first came into contact before the Trojan War in the 12st century BC, and the remains of Lycian tombs, temples, and theaters show a marked Greek influence.
		Lycian language, being the late Luwian, nevertheless developed some new features in its structure.
		Nasal vowels doubled the number of vowels in the language, and this number was about thrice more than in Luwian which had only 3 vowels.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/tree/lycian.html (366 words)

	Anatolian languages - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Anatolian languages, subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see The Indo-European Family of Languages, table); the term "Anatolian languages" is also used to refer to all languages, Indo-European and non-Indo-European, that were spoken in Anatolia in ancient times.
		The Anatolian languages are the tongues of Indo-European-speaking invaders of Anatolia and became mixed to some extent with indigenous languages of the region.
		Lycian, a language of SW Anatolia for which there are written records dated from about the 5th to 4th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-anatollan.html (668 words)

	Lycian Turkey - Tombs of Ancient Lycia
		Lycian sarcophagi are often decorated with reliefs, usually on the sides and crest of the lid, but sometimes on the grave-chamber.
		Athena, or Malija in the Lycian language, was the goddess responsible for punishing the violaters of tombs.
		Leto was worshiped partly as the guardian of the tomb.
	www.lycianturkey.com /lycian_tombs.htm (2474 words)

	KORAL TRAVEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lycian aristocrats began to adopt Roman names, there was a demand for wild animal fights and gladiator combat and the emperor cult spread rapidly.
		The Lycian Confederacy, as far as its principles and form are transmitted, must have borne a still greater analogy to it.
		In Homer’s Iliad, Sarpedon is the son of Zeus and Laodameia and is the leader of the Lycian contingent that came to assist the Trojans.
	www.koraltravel.com /lycian.asp (4850 words)

	LYCIAN LANGUAGE AND GRAPHOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Lycians ha a peculiar alphabet of their own which was not easy to read even by themselves, and many researches attempted to compare it with other languages.
		The Lycian utilization of various forms of their language together with the Greek alphabet is most common on tompstones.
		Pursuant to the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Greek language in filtrated further in Anatolia Whether Lycians knew Grek before their arrival in the region or not, it is surmised that people living here could not have studied Greek in the Lycian area because the focal language of Lycia survived during Christianity as well.
	www.gofethiye.com /fethiye/lycian_language_and_graphology.htm (395 words)

	The Lycians’ Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Lycian Coast and the Scourge of Piracy
		The Lycians were most likely in origin an Anatolian people since they spoke their own Indo-European language closely related to Luwian and Hittite.
		It is known from these that the Lycians (called ‘Lukka’ in these sources) were involved in acts of piracy against Cyprus around 1400 BC, that they fought against Egypt in the ranks of the Hittites during the battle of Kadesh in 1295 BC and that they participated with the Libyans.
	www.gofethiye.com /fethiye/lyciansorigins.htm (258 words)

	FOCUS on LYCIA
		Lycians are considered to be one of the oldest people of Anatolia and always resisted any new colonialists, mainly Greeks.
		he Lycian Federation, consisting of 23 cities, was governed by a council named Lyciarch which was formed during an assembly meeting each year with the votes of the member states of the federation.
		First, Lycian language was replaced by Greek and then the cities adopted the Greek political system.
	www.focusmm.com /civcty/lycia_00.htm (657 words)

	Anatolian Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An interesting feature of Lycian B is the opposition between reduplicated verb stems in the present and single stems of the past tense.
		It was influenced greatly by the Hatti language, and after the 14th century fell out of use, assimilated by Hatti, though was still used as a cult language until the 13th century BC.
		All inscriptions are too short and of the same structure, so the identification of the language is quite hard, but still it is believed to be one of the Anatolian languages, closer to Lycian and Sidetic.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/anatolian_languages.htm (2620 words)

	Lycian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lycian was an Indo-European language, one of the Anatolian languages, that was spoken in the Iron age region of Lycia in Anatolia, present day Turkey.
		The language is known from a few fairly exstensive inscriptions, which are divided into Lycian A and B depending on grammar.
		Lycian had its own alphabet that was closely related to the Greek alphabet but included at least one character borrowed from Carian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lycian_language (193 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| Xanthos
		Plutarch recorded that after the fall of the city, a woman was seen hanging from a noose with her dead child slung from her neck, setting fire to the house with a burning torch.
		In the southeast corner of the Lycian acropolis are the foundations of a square building comprising several rooms which is thought to have been the palace of the dynasts in the earliest times, destroyed at the time of the capture by Harpagus.
		The striking of the four is the Lycian pillar tomb which built from dressed stone during the 4th century 1 has three steps leading to the burial chamber, the of which is faced with marble.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=199 (2558 words)

	Lycia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Lycians enjoyed a reputation for independence and fought for it tooth and nail, often to the last man. This last statement is not a cliche tacked on for effect, on at least two occasions we know it to be fact.
		Against a superior force the Lycians fought to the finish, and when they saw there was no hope of victory, they once again slew their women and children and burnt the city down.
		After the fall of Rome the Lycian coast once again became a haven for pirate fleets and not until the 18th and 19th centuries and the presence of the British Navy was the piracy problem again tackled and the Lycian coast cleaned up.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/lycia.htm (1489 words)

	Cheap and confortable stay in the center of Kaş / Antalya Turkey
		Xanthos is 45 km from Kaş on the east shore of the Eşen Creek in the borders of Kınık.
		In the Lycian language, it is referred to as Arna or Arnna.
		The city was a proud sample of Lycian resistance during the siege by Harpagos of the Persians in 545 BC, but failed to prevent its capture.
	www.motelani.com /tarih.php (1387 words)

	www.mugla-turizm.gov.tr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These show the Lycian cities, the walls, the columned tombs, house tombs, in the background marked by surrounding walls of the palace sitting on high grounds, and houses and figures in empty spaces.
		These are believed to be the oldest of the Lycian tombs, without the knowledge about the working method of the workers of how they have built these up to the rocky slopes.
		The ancient city was called Pttara in the Lycian language and was known to exist in the 5th century BC.
	www.mugla-turizm.gov.tr /en/07700.asp (3501 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| Lycia and Lycians
		What we percieve from these words is that the Lycians, under the command of Sarpedon, had come to aid Troy during the Trojan Wars of the 12th century B.C. This means there were Lycians in the 12th century B.C. Sarpedon meant that he came from faraway Lycia, from the 'eddying Xanthos'.
		Thus, while the Lycians were carrying out their lives through this League, King Attalos III of Bergama died in 133 B.C., whereby Rome gained possession of all Asia Minor lands.
		Lycian cities continued their existence into the Byzantine Age, however subsequent Arab raids, which started in the 8th century, were the reason for these cities to disappear one after another.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=191 (1899 words)

	AllRefer.com - Anatolian languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		Anatolian languages[an´´utO´lEun] Pronunciation Key, subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see The Indo-European Family of Languages, table); the term "Anatolian languages" is also used to refer to all languages, Indo-European and non-Indo-European, that were spoken in Anatolia in ancient times.
		The principal known member of the Anatolian division of the Indo-European family is Hittite, the tongue of the Hittites, who entered and conquered much of Anatolia early in the 2d millennium
		B.C., Hittite was written both in cuneiform (a system of writing taken over from Mesopotamia) and in hieroglyphics (a form of picture writing unrelated to the hieroglyphics of Egypt).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AnatolLan.html (585 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		The Hellenistic walls and gates of the city, the Lycian buildings and monuments, the necropolis with typical Lycian tombs and sarcophagi, the funerary pillars, the Roman theatre, the agora, the Byzantine church with mosaics, the Byzantine monastery,....are among the main vestiges of the archaeological site.
		During the Hellenistic period, it was a naval base used in turn by Antigonus in 315 BC, the Ptolemies (under their rule and for a short while Patara was renamed Arsinoe after Ptolemaios II’s wife), and Antiochus III in 190 BC.
		The Necropolis with Lycian sarcophagi and Roman tombs.
	www.guide-martine.com /mediterineregion.asp (2342 words)

	Linguist List - Web Resource Listings
		Language Aid: Language Aid International is an NGO that promotes the study of both local and foreign languages.
		Language Miniatures: A site on which 900-word essays are posted once a month in which a topic relating to all aspects of language and linguistics is presented in an easily readable, non-technical way.
		The language partner is someone who speaks the language you study as their native language and is studying your native language.
	linguistlist.org /sp/LangAnalysis.html (7606 words)

	Antalya Historical Places \| Some historical places in Antalya
		Myra was an important Lycian city in the Middle Ages and St. Nicholas served as a bishop in the city.
		Lycia means "the place of the sacred Mother Goddess." Myra, or "Myrrh" in the Lycian language, was set up on the coastal side of the mountains with a wall on the northwestern side of the Demre valley.
		There is an epitaph written in the Lycian language on a house-type tomb to the north of Kale.
	www.estates-turkey.com /antalya_historical_places (7298 words)

	The Kalkan Website - Lycian Sites Near Kalkan and Other Ancient Sites
		This round cone is the acropolis of Pinara and from this the city received its name, "Pinara" meaning "round" in the Lycian language.
		The Lycian cult of Leto with its spiritual centre at Letoon was one of the many forms of the wide-spread mother-goddess religion that originated in ancient Anatolia and spread throughout the ancient world.
		Kekova-Simena is a very popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast and a day trip here makes for an interesting and very relaxing tour.
	www.kalkanturkey.com /lycian-sites-near-kalkan.htm (1887 words)

	Kas, Antalya, Turkey-Adiyamanli.org
		In reality, however, Lycians founded the city, and its name, as seen on inscriptions and coins, was Patar in the Lycian language.
		The first of these, which is 8.87 metres high and is known as the Harpy Tomb because of a relief frieze carved on it, consists of a small funerary chamber surrounded on all four sides by a massive stone pillar.
		The existence of tombs bearing inscriptions in Lycian points to settlement prior to the fourth century B.C. Aside from an entry gate, a few simple foundations and some walls in the sea, all of the visible remains consist of tombs.
	www.adiyamanli.org /kas.html (3486 words)

	Lycian Turkey - The Language of Ancient Lycia
		It was preserved in Lycian B but turned into h in Lycian A. Lycian B is also known as Milyan and dates to the first millennium BC.
		The bilingual inscription known as the 'Xanthos Obelisk' and the 'Letoon Trilingual' Stele, were instrumental in beginning to decipher the unsolved puzzle of the Lycian language.
		The 'Letoon Trilingual' Stele dates to 358 BC and was the more important of the two important inscriptions in beginning to understand the Lycian language, a decree made to Pixodares, who was the satrap of Caria and Lycia and contains texts in Aramaic, Greek and Lycian.
	www.lycianturkey.com /lycian_language.htm (1766 words)

	Lycian Wicca FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A: The title of "High" within the Lycian Tradition means that the individual has not only gone through the three Degrees and been ordained, but has taken someone else to that same level.
		Though individuals may hold this view for themselves, the Lycian Tradition does not teach that we are other than fully human, both physically and our soul.
		The Lycian Tradition adheres to natural law, that being the laws of physics.
	www.seshen.com /WiccanWitch/lycianwiccafaq.html (480 words)

	Galeo Crewed Yacht Charter Turkey Sailing Vacations Bareboat Charter Yachting Turkey Holiday Mediterranean
		They had a language of their own which is still imperfectly understood, written in characters many of which are peculiar to it.
		The Lycians, intolerant as ever of foreign domination, resisted bitterly, claiming that they had been given to Rhodes not as subjects but as allies; the Rhodians claimed complete suzerainty, and for ten years there was fierce fighting.
		I was not a new phenomenon; the Lycians had always an instinct for union and collaboration; and even under the dynasts of the fourth century the Lycian inscriptions refer repeatedly to the payment of fines to the 'Federal Treasurer of The Termilae'.
	www.galeoyachting.com /destinationsTURKEY.asp (6672 words)

	Historical discovery
		Between the thickets of the slope encircling the acropolis there are many tombs in Lycian style but most of the remains belong to the Roman period.
		However from the rock tombs found on the south of the acropolis and the epitaphs written in the Lycian language, we know that Sura was inhabited at least from 4 AD.
		The distinctive lycian rock tombs of Myra can be seen from highway with facades almost like that of a multi-storied apartment building, pierced with innumerable windows.
	members.tripod.com /demyra/history.htm (2091 words)

	KasHotels.Com - Kas Hotels :: Kas Pensions :: Kas Estate :: Kas Holiday (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the important ruins in ancient Antiphellos is the Kas Amphitheater dating from the 1st century B.C. It was repaired in the 2nd century A.D and seats 4000 people on 26 levels.
		Kas was founded on the ancient town of Antiphellos and the Lycian style sarcophagus at the beginning of the avenue running down to the port is almost the symbol of this lovely town near Antalya in the Mediterranean region south of Turkey.
		Antiphellos, which once was a member of the Lycian League, is known to have gained reputation and importance as a port town during the Hellenistic period, sustaining its significance as one of the leading towns during the Roman period as well.
	www.kasotel.com (874 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.02.19
		A number of languages were in use in Roman Egypt, but Fewster's "Bilingualism in Roman Egypt" (220-45) concentrates on the interaction between Greek, the language with the highest status, and Egyptian, especially Demotic.
		She presents a clear picture of the kinds of evidence we have for bilingual activity and has many interesting things to say about language and power -- without, however, wishing to accede to a facile interpretation of Egyptian language and script as a means of protest by the indigenous non-elite.
		It is what happens when speakers of a second language fail to reproduce in that language a difference not found in their own; as, for instance, when an English speaker fails to distinguish in Italian between tempo and volta, or an Italian fails to distinguish between to hear and to smell (sentire)" (415).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-02-19.html (2438 words)

	PAPERMOON APART PENSION & HOTEL
		These are now displayed in the Lycian section of the British Museum.
		: Letoon was a city dedicated to Leto, the mother of Apollo and Artemis and was the Lycian union's biggest religious center.
		The remains of the city, which is near the village of Kinik, are scattered around the skirt of the hill where the hellenistic theater is found.
	www.papermoonkalkan.com /geziEN.htm (683 words)

	Livius Picture Archive: Xanthus (Kinik)
		The Lycian town Xanthus, situated on a high hill near a river with the same name, was captured by the Persian commander Harpagus in the mid-sixth century BCE.
		Pillar of Kerei: a long inscription in Lycian, recounting the life of a prince named Kerei, at the end of the fifth century BCE.
		Because the Lycian language is poorly understood, the text poses a mystery.
	www.livius.org /a/turkey/xanthus/xanthus.html (252 words)

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