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Topic: Lycophyte

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	Morphology of the Lycophyta
		Many living lycophytes still branch this way, but several grow pseudomonopodially, such that one of the two forks of the branch is larger, and the other appears as a smaller side-branch to this main axis.
		Lycophyte sporangia are stalked and kidney-shaped, as in the zosterophyllophytes.
		In the earliest lycophyte groups, such as the Asteroxylales, the sporangia are oriented across the leaf, so that the widest dimension of the sporangium is perpendicular to the axis of the leaf.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /plants/lycophyta/lycomm.html (742 words)

	DOE approves Purdue research of evolutionarily important organisms
		Lycophytes have some genes that are common ancestors to both plants and people, she said.
		The lycophyte she is studying, Selaginella moellendorffi, is an early vascular plant that lacks true leaves and roots, and is seedless.
		Once the lycophyte and fungus genomes are known, the researchers will study the genes to determine what they do, how they are similar to other genes, what proteins they produce and what turns the genes on and off.
	www.purdue.edu /UNS/html4ever/2005/050119.Banks.DOE.html (1035 words)

	ScienceDaily: DOE Approves Purdue Research Of Evolutionarily Important Organisms
		Lycophytes have some genes that are common ancestors to both plants and people, she said.
		The lycophyte she is studying, Selaginella moellendorffi, is an early vascular plant that lacks true leaves and roots, and is seedless.
		Once the lycophyte and fungus genomes are known, the researchers will study the genes to determine what they do, how they are similar to other genes, what proteins they produce and what turns the genes on and off.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/01/050124002818.htm (1480 words)

	Newswise
		Lycophytes have some genes that are common ancestors to both plants and people, she said.
		The lycophyte she is studying, Selaginella moellendorffi, is an early vascular plant that lacks true leaves and roots, and is seedless.
		Once the lycophyte and fungus genomes are known, the researchers will study the genes to determine what they do, how they are similar to other genes, what proteins they produce and what turns the genes on and off.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/509318 (1057 words)

	Occurrence of the Primary Cell Wall Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II in Pteridophytes, Lycophytes, and Bryophytes. ...
		Occurrence of the Primary Cell Wall Polysaccharide Rhamnogalacturonan II in Pteridophytes, Lycophytes, and Bryophytes.
		RG-II was isolated by SEC from the material solubilized from the walls of lycophytes and pteridophytes by treatment with EPG.
		The deduced glycosyl sequences of side chain B of the RG-IIs isolated from the primary walls of lycophytes, pteridophytes, and angisoperms.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/134/1/339 (6667 words)

	Introduction to the Lycophyta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The lycophytes are a small and inconspicuous group of plants today, but in the Carboniferous some lycophytes were forest-forming trees more than 35 meters tall.
		Lycophytes are the oldest extant group of vascular plants, and dominated major habitats for 40 million years.
		The most significant feature of lycophytes are microphylls, a kind of leaf which has arisen and evolved independently from the leaves of other vascular plants.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /plants/lycophyta/lycophyta.html (181 words)

	The Land Plants - An Evolutionary Overview
		he Lycophyte lineage represents a monophyletic sister group to the rest of the extant vascular plants (the ferns, horsetails, and seed plants).
		Lycophytes diversified early, and were the dominant vegitation in swampy forests.
		They were particularly important during the Carboniferous period, from 360 to 290 million years ago, when arborescent forms, tree-like and up to 40 meters in height, were common.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~biol240/labs/lab_10plantoverview/pages/10lyco.html (382 words)

	PALEOCLIMATIC AND PALEOECOLOGIC RECONSTRUCTIONS IN WESTERN GONDWANA: THE ROLE OF ARBORESCENT LYCOPHYTES
		The Arborescent Cormophytic Lycophyte Complex was related to coastal clastic swamps and silty sandy soils with low nutrients conditions - a stressful habitat for most land plants.
		The disappearance of the Arborescent Cormophytic Lycophyte Complex in Western Gondwana was possibly related to progressive drying out and the widespread marine transgression at the waning of the Asselian glacial episode.
		The present data indicates that the introduction and dispersion of arborescent cormophytic-like lycophytes in western Gondwanaland were conducted by interrelated tectonic, ecological and climatic mechanisms.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_28505.htm (299 words)

	The first complete chloroplast genome sequence of a lycophyte, Huperzia lucidula (Lycopodiaceae)
		For example, the Huperzia chloroplast genome possesses the bryophyte gene order for a previously characterized 30 kb inversion, thus supporting the hypothesis that lycophytes are sister to all other extant vascular plants.
		The lycophyte chloroplast genome data also enable a better reconstruction of the basal tracheophyte genome, which is useful for inferring relationships among bryophyte lineages.
		The results, while still tentative pending the large number of chloroplast genomes from other key lineages that are soon to be sequenced, are intriguing in themselves, and contribute to a growing comparative database of genomic and morphological data across the green plants.
	repositories.cdlib.org /lbnl/LBNL-56161 (368 words)

	Current Biology -- Floyd and Bowman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Microphylls in lycophytes are hypothesized to have originated as lateral outgrowths of tissue that later became vascularized (the enation theory) [2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8] or through the sterilization of sporangia (the sterilization hypothesis) [3].
		The fossil record also indicates that the seed plant megaphyll evolved uniquely in the ancestor of seed plants, independent of megaphylls in ferns, because seed plants evolved from leafless progymnosperm ancestors [3, 8, 11, 12, 13].
		Surprisingly, a recent study of KNOX and ARP gene expression in a lycophyte was reported to indicate recruitment of a similar mechanism for determinacy in both types of leaves [14].
	www.current-biology.com /content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0960982206020008&feed=CURBIO (282 words)

	Palaeozoic Forests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		lycophytes, a group which is now almost exclusively represented by herbaceous forms.
		The Carboniferous lycophyte forests therefore rather reperesent a open vegetation type with smaller seed ferns as the second vegetation layer.
		The most famous example is the Fossil Grove in Glasgow where in 1887 a fossil forest floor was discovered with eleven still upright-standing lycophyte stems and several lying ones; this locality was protected and can still be visited.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/kerp/ewald1.html (1088 words)

	Sporophyll - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The sporophylls themselves also vary greatly in appearance and structure, and may or may not look similar to the trophophylls--leaves which only undergo photosynthesis to produce sugars, never producing spores.
		In more primitive plants, such as lycophytes and ferns, the sporophylls and trophophylls are both green and photosynthesize, and usually look very similar to each other.
		In more advanced plants, such as seed plants--and a few unusual primitive plants such as Equisetum--the sporophylls and trophophylls are very different from each other.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sporophyll (236 words)

	type_Document_Title_here
		Provide a common name and brief description of each.
		Draw the life cycle of a typical lycophyte.
		Diagram a fern life cycle and compare and contrast it to the lycophyte life cycle.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/biol/1030/folkerts/stud1.html (807 words)

	Palaeos Plants : Lycopsida : Protolepidodendrales
		They were probably ancestral to later lycophyte groups like the Lepidodendrales and Selaginellales.
		They differ from other lycophytes in the possession of leaves which were forked at the tips.
		They were also the first members of the Lycophyte lineage to evolve wood and bark, a modified shoot system that acts as a rooting system, bipolar growth and an upright plant habit.
	www.palaeos.com /Plants/Lycophytes/Protolepidodendrales.html (380 words)

	Palaeozoic Forests
		They belong to the lycophytes, a group which is now almost exclusively represented by herbaceous forms.
		The Carboniferous lycophyte forests therefore rather reperesent a open vegetation type with smaller seed ferns as the second vegetation layer.
		The most famous example is the Fossil Grove in Glasgow where in 1887 a fossil forest floor was discovered with eleven still upright-standing lycophyte stems and several lying ones; this locality was protected and can still be visited.
	www.uni-muenster.de /GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/ewald1.htm (1092 words)

	Citebase - Functional analysis and comparative genomics of expressed sequence tags from the lycophyte Selaginella ...
		Functional analysis and comparative genomics of expressed sequence tags from the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii
		Abstract Background The lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii is a member of one of the oldest lineages of vascular plants on Earth.
		Fossil records show that the lycophyte clade arose 400 million years ago, 150–200 million years earlier than angiosperms, a group of plants that includes the well-studied flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
	www.citebase.org /abstract?id=64859865 (373 words)

	[No title]
		Three groups of homosporous and heterosporous plants (ferns, lycophytes and sphenophytes) grew among primitive seed plants called seed ferns, and conifers grew in dryer areas of the surrounding hills.
		The lycophyte Diphasiastrum (as you proceed through the observations of this plant, use a data sheet to record your observations, and make drawings that you arrange as a life cycle)
		The Lycophyte Selaginella(as you proceed through the observations of this plant, use a data sheet to record your observations, and make drawings that you arrange as a life cycle).
	www.plantbio.ohiou.edu /epb/instruct/archivedcourses/111-03gwr/Lab-8.htm (2523 words)

	IngentaConnect The stomatal apparatus of Lycopodium japonicum and its bearing on... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The stomatal apparatus of Lycopodium japonicum and its bearing on the stomata of the Devonian lycophyte Drepanophycus spinaeformis
		Based on light microscopy, the impression from epidermal macerations that there were two small guard cells surrounded by two, large, similarly shaped, subsidiary cells (paracytic) derives from a pronounced elliptical cuticular ledge on the surface of the guard cells surrounding a thickened circumporal area.
		Lycopodium japonicum and its bearing on the stomata of the Devonian lycophyte Drepanophycus spinaeformis" title="post to CiteUlike">Post to CiteUlike
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/boj/2005/00000149/00000002/art00003 (264 words)

	Independent recruitment of a conserved developmental mechanism during leaf evolution : Abstract : Nature
		In extant plants, these events are represented by microphyllous leaves in lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts) and megaphyllous leaves in euphyllophytes (ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms).
		Gene expression data from a microphyllous lycophyte, phylogenetic analyses, and a cross-species complementation experiment all show that a common developmental mechanism can underpin both microphyll and megaphyll formation.
		We propose that this mechanism might have operated originally in the context of primitive plant apices to facilitate bifurcation.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v434/n7032/abs/nature03410.html (347 words)

	Fossil Plants
		The strip pits where these were collected are not accessible by regular car, and were it not for the help of one of the locals with a 4x4, we would have gone home empty-handed.
		The plants represented here are Calamites, a giant horsetail (sphenophyte), and its foliage, assigned to the genus Annularia; Stigmaria, the rhizome of a lepidodendroid club moss (lycophyte); and Sphenopteris, a seed fern (pteridosperm).
		The genus Stigmaria is assigned to the detached rhizomes (root systems) of lepidodendroid lycophytes (Lepidodendron, Sigillaria), which, unlike modern lycophytes not reaching heights of more than a meter, could attain heights of 50 meters (160 feet).
	www.premdesign.com /fosplant.html (454 words)

	Plantae
		The phylogenetic scheme proposed in recent publications will have major impact on the formal taxonomic hierarchy, because at the turn of the century the prevailing taxonomy had each major group recognized at the level of a Phylum (Division).
		Thus, lycophytes were Lycopodiophyta, etc. In the new scheme, Streptophytina is already a subphlylum, and Embryophyceae is a Class.
		I want you to be able to recognize a lycophyte, for example, and give me the characteristics (criteria) by which you can recognize it (has vascular tissue, microphylls, etc), and it doesn't matter whether you use the informal name lycophyte or a formal name.
	www.uog.edu /classes/botany/plant_di/plantae.htm (312 words)

	Using the CDPK Superfamily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		We hypothesize that resurrection plants, which are capable of recovering from extreme cellular dehydration within vegetative tissues, have evolved or retained novel genes and regulatory mechanisms not present in sensitive species that can be exploited for engineering improved stress tolerance in crop plants.
		The specific objectives and approaches are 1) to initiate rapid, gene discovery efforts for two vascular desiccation tolerant, resurrection species, the ancient Lycophyte S.
		The knowledge gained from this integrated research/extension project will have not only broad scientific interest, but also will provide an excellent means to foster outreach efforts with key stakeholders groups in Nevada into the development of alternative crops that require less water.
	www.ag.unr.edu /cushman/johnc8.htm (170 words)

	Patricia G. Gensel - research interests
		Given current phylogenetic analyses of fossil and living plants, it is evident that some of these structures arose more than once in different lineages (homoplasy).
		We are now engaged in a detailed study of a variety of zosterophyll and lycopsid forms to help elucidate early diversification of the lycophyte clade of vascular plants (Gensel 1991, 1992; Gensel and Berry, 2001) and are developing a hypothesis about the evolution of rooting structures (possibly involving heterochrony) (Gensel et al.
		Our study of plants now regarded as part of the second major clade of early vascular plants (the euphyllophytes), and the one that leads to seed plants, has provided considerable evidence of possible steps in the early evolution of leaves (Gensel, 1979; 1984; Trant and Gensel, 1985; Gensel ms in prep).
	www.colorado.edu /eeb/MORPH/labs/interests/gensel_ri.html (282 words)

	Palaeos Plants: Lycopsids: Lycopodiales
		Unlike more advanced lycophytes, they are homosporous, producing only one kind of spore.
		The Lycopodiales evolved into the Protolepidodendrales during the Middle Devonian, initiating a great evolutionary radiation of lycophyte shrubs and trees.
		This order includes the recent genus Lycopodium (known commonly as club moss, ground pine, or "wolf foot,"), with some 200 living species.
	www.palaeos.com /Plants/Lycophytes/Lycopodiales.html (175 words)

	BIOONE Online Journals - BIOONE Online Journals Access Control
		Lycophytes, comprising the groups historically known as the lycopsids and zosterophylls, have the longest history of any group of vascular land plants.
		The early evolution of the group is reviewed concentrating on the Late Silurian and Devonian record of Lycopsida and Zosterophyllopsida.
		Other important events in early lycophyte evolution during the Devonian include changes in leaf morphology, modification of sporophylls, and the eventual appearance of the lycopsid strobili.
	www.bioone.org /perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=0002-8444&volume=091&issue=03&page=0074 (281 words)

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