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Topic: Lycopsid

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	Royal Holloway Research Online - The spores of the Dinantian lycopsid cone Flemingites scottii from Pettycur, Fife, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The spores of the Dinantian lycopsid cone Flemingites scottii from Pettycur, Fife, Scotland
		Scott, A.C. and Hemsley, A.R. The spores of the Dinantian lycopsid cone Flemingites scottii from Pettycur, Fife, Scotland.
		Cones belonging to arborescent lycopsids occur abundantly in the Pettycur Limestone facies of the Asbian (late Dinantian, Carboniferous) at Pettycur, Fife.
	eprints.rhul.ac.uk /archive/00000076 (299 words)

	lycopsid - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Lycopsid, common name for any mosslike vascular plant in the phylum that contains the club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts, and many extinct...
		Arborescent (tree-like) lycopsid fossils were abundant in the floodplain pond facies at Red Hill.
		The earliest known lycopsid, Baragwanathia, is known from the Middle or Late Silurian of Australia as well as the Early Devonian of Euramerica.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /lycopsid.html (145 words)

	A Late Devonian isoetalean lycopsid, Otzinachsonia Beerboweri, gen. et sp. nov., from north-central Pennsylvania, USA ...
		to be the basal organ of the arborescent lycopsid Lepidodendropsis
		DiMichele W. Bateman 1996 The rhizomorphic lycopsids: a case-study in paleobotanical classification.
		Paolillo D. 1982 Meristems and evolution: developmental correspondence among the rhizomorphs of the lycopsids.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/92/7/1131 (4500 words)

	Lycopsid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Lycopsids are a class of seedless, vascular evergreen plants.
		Lycopsids are one of several classes of plants that expanded onto land during the Silurian and Devonian periods.
		Lycopsid spores are highly flammable and so have been used in fireworks.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Lycopsid.htm (418 words)

	Lycopsid - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Lycopsid, common name for any moss-like vascular plant in the division (class) that contains the clubmosses, spike mosses, quillworts, and many...
		The goal of this lab is to become familiar with the lycopsid clade.
		We will start by reviewing modern lycopsids to learn more about their morphology, anatomy, biology and evolutionary relationships.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Lycopsid.html (188 words)

	What is a Lycopsid?
		However this was certainly not true of the lycopsids that lived during the Pennsylvanian.
		During the Pennsylvanian, some lycopsids grew to be trees standing over 27 meters (90 feet) tall.
		Unlike most other plants, tree lycopsids appear to have preferred places in the swamp that were flooded by water.
	www.snomnh.ou.edu /collections-research/cr-sub/invertpaleo/common_fossils_of_ok/Paleobot/Lycops.htm (129 words)

	Lab V - Lycophytes (2)
		A sporangium was born adaxially on each fertile leaf; the sporangium rested on a sporangial pad, proximal to the ligule pit.
		Arborescent lycopsids lived from the Late Devonian through the Permian, with a zenith and a major extinction in the Middle-Late Pennsylvanian.
		As the arborescent lycopsid grew taller, the cortex thinned somewhat, a pith was added to form a siphonostele, and secondary growth from a unifacial vascular cambium was initiated.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /IB181/VPL/Lyco/Lyco2.html (966 words)

	Devonian Times - Otzinachsonia beerboweri
		Despite the differences in sizes, their proportions were very similar, which suggests that this lycopsid experienced secondary growth in both its cormose base and aerial stem.
		The vast majority of decorticated lycopsid stem fragments collected at Red Hill are unidentifiable, but a couple of specimens compare favorably (c.f.) with Lepidodendropsis.
		nov., a slender upright lycopsid from the Late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio." Amer.
	www.devoniantimes.org /who/pages/isotelean.html (475 words)

	An Underground Forest
		An in-place lycopsid tree stump, similar to those found underground in the Sterling North Mine, in the Petersburg Mine, a former surface mine in Mahoning County.
		All stumps appear to represent a single lycopsid genus, either Lepidophloios or Lepidodendron--certain identification cannot be made because the basal portions of the preserved trunks lack the leaf-attachment details that serve to distinguish genera of lycopsid trees.
		The presence of only one type of treelike lycopsid in the final days of the Mahoning peat island also underscores the ecologic inaccuracy of most coal-swamp exhibits, which tend to include a great assortment of Carboniferous plants that may have never inhabited a single environment or even co-existed in geologic time.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /geosurvey/oh_geol/96_spring/forest.htm (1465 words)

	Lab V - Lycophytes (title page) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Objective: The first major phylogenetic split in vascular land plants was between the lycophytes (or lycopsids) and the lineage that gave rise to all other living (and many extinct) vascular plants.
		The goal of this lab is to become familiar with the lycopsid clade.
		The earliest lycopsid is the Silurian Baragwanathia from Australia.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /IB181/VPL/Lyco/LycoTitle.html (196 words)

	Journal of the Geological Society: Early Mississippian lycopsid forests in a delta-plain setting at Norton, near ...
		Mississippian lycopsid forests in growth position are extremely rare, and their community-scale ecology remains enigmatic.
		Sandstone-cast lycopsid trees in growth position are a very common feature of Pennsylvanian-aged strata in North America and Europe, and have been studied for over two centuries (Gastaldo 1986a).
		The lycopsid fossil forests are exposed in five consecutive roadside sections along the eastbound carriage of Highway 1 between the 166 and 176 km marker signs, adjacent to Norton, near Sussex, New Brunswick (45°37'N, 65°42'W, Figs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200411/ai_n9462305 (1377 words)

	J08 Late Devonian Gilboa forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Living ground pines (representative of extinct lycopsids) and horse tail rushes (representative extinct sphenopsids) have had little variety and abundance, and all have been small plants, since the decline of these flora during the Permian.
		Their heyday (time of maximum diversity and abundance), when many tree species of lycopsids and sphenopsids reached heights of 30 meters, was during the Carboniferous.
		Lycopsids, sphenopsids, and ferns, likely evolved from Devonian psilophytes, which were the first higher plants, and include the Early Devonian Rhynie flora (see Topic j11).
	www.geowords.com /histbooknetscape/j08.htm (371 words)

	THE CLASSIC PENNSYLVANIAN LOCALITY OF JOGGINS, NOVA SCOTIA: PALEOECOLOGY OF A DISTURBANCE-PRONE WETLAND ECOSYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Lepidodendrid lycopsids, framework trees of the wetland ecosystem, are represented by a full spectrum of ecological preferences.
		Calamitean sphenopsids were an ubiquitous succession to buried lycopsid stands, their persistence in aggradational settings aided by vegetative propagation.
		Once hollow lycopsid trees, long held to have served as pitfalls for tetrapods, instead may record an ecological guild within the wetland ecosystem.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_38839.htm (445 words)

	A Late Devonian Isoetalean Lycopsid, Otzinachsonia Beerboweri, Gen. Et Sp. Nov., From North-Central ...
		Compressions and impressions of an isoetalean lycopsid, comprising lower portions of stems, lobed bases, attached rootlets, and rounded rootlet scars, discovered in Late Devonian (Famennian) rocks of Clinton County, north-central Pennsylvania, Appalachian Basin, USA, are here described as Otzinachsonia beerboweri, gen. et sp.
		These specimens demonstrate unequivocally the existence of the isoetalean lobe-and-furrow rhizomorphic growth pattern as early as the Late Devonian.
		The plants were probably growing along the edge of the floodplain pond with their lower portions submerged for at least part of the year.
	repository.upenn.edu /ees_papers/16 (225 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Effects of Past Global Change on Life (1995) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Each of the five major plant groups (lycopsids, ferns, sphenopsids, pteridosperms, and cordaites) is highly distinctive morphologically and anatomically, the generic and species diversities are quite low, and taxa were largely pantropical in distribution within the wetlands.
		The proportions of monocarpic (one reproduction at the end of the lifetime) versus polycarpic (multiple reproductions during lifetime) lycopsid life histories suggest the relative extent to which the environment was stable and "predictable." These basic patterns are the fundamental building blocks of our higher-order inferences about coal-swamp structure and temporal dynamics.
		Because the major plant groups (lycopsids, ferns, pteridosperms, sphenopsids, cordaites) are broadly distinct in habitat preference, changes in their relative abundances also reflect changes in the physical characteristics of swamps.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309051274/html/134.html (12503 words)

	Lupia, Richard. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		On the basis of recently described sporocarp remains, Molaspora is a dispersed megaspore belonging to the extant genus Regnellidium (Marsileaceae).
		At both sites in Maryland, lycopsid megaspores are more diverse and abundant than fern megaspores.
		At Upatoi Creek, lycopsid megaspores are more diverse, but approximately equivalent in abundance to fern megaspores.
	www.botany2001.org /section7/abstracts/12.shtml (269 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		An attempt to trace the last descendants of Palaeozoic arborescent lycopsids is recorded based on a set of material including megafossils, cuticular structures and dispersed megaspores, which were found from the lower and upper Upper Permian Sections, representing about a 14myr time-span, in the Baode and Linxian districts NW Shanxi and adjacent areas.
		These materials indicate that the Palaeozoic arborescent lycopsids in North China might have persisted up to the end of the Permian, when the terminal Permian mass extinction took place and that the replacement of the Palaeozoic forest by small Mesozoic Isoetales had occurred ahead of the extinction.
		Special attention is paid to the appearance of charcoal-beds and fusainized lycopsid remains, which provide significant evidence for palaeofire activity on the eve of the terminal Permian mass extinction.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00346667/articles/117/4/S003466670100094.abstract.en (399 words)

	IOP Newsletter 64: September 1998 - International Organisation of Palaeobotany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Although the author's ideas, approach, and methods are not representative of current mainstream science, the main problem with this book is that the arguments are poorly constructed and the evidence is unconvincing.
		Having identified a phylogenetic link between lycopsids and brown algae, he goes on to reconsider the relationships of other land plants, concluding that there is overwhelming evidence for the independent evolution of monocots, dicots, gymnosperms, ferns, lycopsids, sphenopsids, and bryophytes, among others, from brown algae.
		These ideas are used as a framework for discussing morphological evolution within higher groups, focusing on the transformation of organ systems in the Laminariales and Fucales into structures such as the lycopsid leaf, the cone scale of conifers, and the ligule of grasses.
	www.ohiou.edu /~iop/news/iop64/p9.html (1190 words)

	GENSEL, P. G.* AND S-G HAO. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Documented for the first time are the occurrence of the trimerophyte Psilophyton, by a small, simply organized form, and the lycopsid Baragwanathia.
		If correctly interpreted, this type of organization is not known >from other Lower Devonian plants in which sporangia are aggregated into strobili and is more comparable to that seen in younger lycopsids.
		Continuing research indicates that this flora is quite diverse and of considerable interest in having a mixture of taxa known from coeval sediments in Laurussia and Australia as well as several endemic forms.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/bsa-abst/section8/abstracts/46.shtml (252 words)

	From the Cover: Environmental mutagenesis during the end-Permian ecological crisis -- Visscher et al. 101 (35): 12952 ...
		lycopsid microspores that occurs in conjunction with the end-Permian
		C) profile for carbonates, spore/pollen ratio, and distribution of lycopsid microspores preserved in tetrads in the P-Tr transition sequence of southern Jamesonland, East Greenland.
		The spore/pollen ratio represents the counted number of spores of lycopsids, ferns, and bryophytes, divided by the total number of counted identifiable spores and pollen grains [n = 80–380 per sample (standard count 200), tetrads representing four spores].
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/35/12952 (2914 words)

	Report of Activities 1999: Abstracts
		Standing lycopsid trees occur minimally at 50 horizons within the 1425 m thick coal-bearing interval of the classic Carboniferous section at Joggins, with one of the most productive intervals, discussed here, occurring between coals 29 (Fundy seam) and 32 of Logan (1845).
		The sequence stratigraphic motif of the fossil forests is one of stacked parasequence sets; the virtual absence of sequence boundaries reflects the excessive rate of basin subsidence.
		Sudden burial of lycopsid trees by onset of heterolithic deposition resulted in the demise of entire stands.
	www.gov.ns.ca /natr/meb/00re1/26abstra.htm (2755 words)

	Fossil Forests and the Flood
		Petrographic analyses of the coals themselves show that they are composed largely of the remains of such lycopside trees.
		For instance, the presence of so-called centroclinal cross strata (Underwood and Lambert 1974) around many of the lycopsids shows that the trees were firmly in place and that the enclosing sediments flowed around them (e.g.
		indicate that most of the lycopsid forest was rooted in peat and originated just before or during the earliest phase of inundation" (p.
	www.geocities.com /earthhistory/forests.htm (2533 words)

	La flore fossile du bassin houiller de Saint-Étienne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Following a detailed historical survey of the geology of the basin, this taxonomic study concerns the macroflora preserved as compressions and permineralizations (97 genera and 252 species) and a study of the microflora.
		The lycopsids (Figs 10-53) are represented by 30 taxa (identified at the specific level), comprising the genera Lycopodites, Lepidodendron, Lepidophloios, Sigillaria, Syringodendron, Asolanus, Cyperites, Lepidophylloides, Stigmaria, Stigmariopsis, Lepidocarpon and Lepidostrobus.
		Notable is the absence of lycopsids with the exception of isolated megaspores of the genus Valvisisporites.
	www.mnhn.fr /publication/memoire/m164.html (2984 words)

	coal, Kentucky Geological Survey
		The coal is thickest (1.3 m) in a narrow (< 300 m), elongate depression between the bounding paleochannels, and thins toward the occurrence of coal balls.
		Total biovolume as measured from acetate peels of coal balls indicates cordaites or lycopsids (36.1 % each) dominance.
		Beneath the coal balls, palynologic and petrographic analyses indicate the basal and middle portions of the bed are dominated by arborescent lycopsid spores and cordaites pollen, and by vitrinite macerals.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/coal/grebamburgy.htm (448 words)

	Definition of lycopsid - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "lycopsid " and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "lycopsid " instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "lycopsid " in the Visual Thesaurus
	m-w.com /dictionary/lycopsid (41 words)

	Field Guide to Fossils No 6 - Book Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Key to group D: branching stems covered with small, tapering or strap-like 'leaves', belonging to the lycopsid and conifers.
		Key to group F: cigar-shaped 'cones' or strobili borne single or in a series along a stem.
		Key to group G: detached lycopsid cone-scales or leaves.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /book.asp?ref=0901702536&site=1 (173 words)

	Silurian Period
		Four famous lagerstätten – the Much Wenlock Limestone, Fiddler’s Green, Waukesha and Lesmahagow formations – are briefly discussed, followed by a sketched outline of some of the major fossil groups.
		First coral reefs widespread; eurypterids at their peak; fish diversify, evolving lower jaws and invading fresh water environments; lycopsid land plants appear and early terrestrial ecosystems are established.
		Receptaculitids are an extinct group of organisms whose affinities are uncertain, though the majority view seems to favour placement within the algae.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /paleontology/Silurian.html (2624 words)

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