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Topic: Lydians

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Lydia

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	Lydia - All About Turkey
		Soon after that, Lydians were assimilated by Greeks, Greek language and Greek culture, and though Strabo in the 1st century A.D. talks about Lydians as an ethnos, they did not have much of their original language at that moment.
		Lydians were the first ones to mint coins in the history of mankind.
		Lydian was inherited directly from Hittite, but has a lot of its own new features.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /lidya.htm (471 words)

	LYDIA - LoveToKnow Article on LYDIA
		The plateau of the Bin Bir Tepfl, on the southern shore of the Gygaean Lake, was the cli ief burial-place of the inhabitants of Sardis, and is still thickly studded with tumuli, among which is the tomb of Alyattes (260 ft. high).
		The statement is on the whole borne out by the few Lydian, Mysian and Carian words that have been preserved, as well as by the general character of the civilization prevailing among the three nations.
		The revolt of the Lydians under Pactyas, whom Cyrus had appointed to collect the taxes, caused the Persian king to disarm them, though we -can hardly credit the statement that by this measure their warlike spirit was crushed.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LY/LYDIA.htm (2641 words)

	Lydian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor
		This was the Lydian Kingdom that ruled Western Anatolia in the 7th C. BCE, roughly from 690 to 546 BCE.
		According to Herodotus, Lydian state was founded by Heraclid dynasty and he adds this dynasty of Thracian origin ruled for 22 generations over a period of 505 years from 1185 BCE.
		Lydian state under the Mernmad dynasty followed expansionist policies and took its place in the balance of power in the Near East and Mediterranean area.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/lydian_period.htm (1631 words)

	d. The Phrygians and the Lydians. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Lydians invented coinage in the 7th century using electrum, a natural alloy of gold and silver.
		The enormous tumulus tomb of Alyattes was described by Herodotus and is still to be seen near the ruins of Sardis.
		The Persians routed the Lydians in a pitched battle at Sardus, and Croesus was taken prisoner.
	www.bartleby.com /67/114.html (528 words)

	Ancient coins starting with the Lydians
		In 600 BC the Lydians were the first to start using small amounts of precious metals as a form of coinage.
		The Lydians were not a particularly powerful nation and were around in times when the Greeks and the Persians were at their strongest.
		The Lydians were not only responsible for the introduction of ancient coins into the marketplace but they were responsible for the standardizing of gold to such an extent that all coins produced could be trusted as being of equal value.
	www.coinsandcoincollecting.com /ancient-coins.html (742 words)

	lydia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Another king of the Lydians was Alyattes, who ruled from 610 to 560 BCE (during the time of Jerusalem’s destruction and the Jewish Exile in Babylon).
		The granddaughter of the Lydian king was the mother of King Cyrus.
		The Lydians sought refuge in the citadel at Sardis.
	www.medialdea.net /historyguy80538/lydia.htm (1146 words)

	The History of Herodotus - Volume I By Herodotus -- Translated into English By G.C. Macaulay, M.A- Chapter 2 from ...
		Crsus was Lydian by race, the son of Alyattes and ruler of the nations which dwell on this side of the river Halys; which river, flowing from the South between the Syrians{5} and the Paphlagonians, runs out towards the North Wind into that Sea which is called the Euxine.
		The Lydians however and the Medes, when they saw that it had become night instead of day, ceased from their fighting and were much more eager both of them that peace should be made between them.
		Now the Lydians have very nearly the same customs as the Hellenes, with the exception that they prostitute their female children; and they were the first of men, so far as we know, who struck and used coin of gold or silver; and also they were the first retail-traders.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/herod1/chapter2.html (10262 words)

	The Lydian Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The affluent and prospering Lydian towns were plundered and razed to the ground.
		The Lydian monarch lost the battle, and was forced to retreat to Sardis in order to regroup his forces.
		The horses were frightened by the camels, and so the Lydians, deprived of their most powerful defense, the cavalry, retreated into the city.
	www.homemadetravel.com /html/lidya.htm (872 words)

	Turkey information, history, society, culture, economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Lydians had succeeded Phrygians as dominant state in western anatolia, almost having the same borders and same area of influence.
		When Lydians had conquered them and took their lands, they either passed the sea escaping west, or they stayed and accepted their sovereignty." Lydian kingdom, whose star rose suddenly around 700 B.C., was an interesting civilization which resembled neither western cultures nor eastern cultures, but a mixture of two.
		Lydians had also fought Medeians in that era, who were ancestors to Persians, and Kizilirmak was accepted as border between the two state.
	www.bookturkey.com /lydians.php (589 words)

	About Coins Lone Star Mint
		Lydians were Greek inhabitants living in what is now western Turkey.
		The Lydians saw the advantage of stamping our pieces of metal with marks which guaranteed their value when used as money.
		Within 100 years after the Lydians introduction of coins, the use of coins was widely adopted in the Greek world.
	www.lsmint.com /AboutCoins.html (3313 words)

	Herodotus: Book 1: Clio: 80
		Then when all his men had been placed in their several positions, he charged them to spare none of the other Lydians, slaying all who might come in their way, but Crœsus himself they were not to slay, not even if he should make resistance when he was captured.
		The Lydians however for their part did not upon that act as cowards, but when they perceived what was coming to pass they leapt from their horses and fought with the Persians on foot.
		At length, however, when many had fallen on either side, the Lydians turned to flight; and having been driven within the wall of their fortress they were besieged by the Persians.
	www.sacred-texts.com /cla/hh/hh1080.htm (2291 words)

	Lydia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		865, V. 431), and their city Hyde the place of the Lydian capital Sardis is taken by Hyde (Ii.
		7), tells that the "Meiones" (called Maeones by other writers) were named Lydians after Lydus, the son of Attis, in the mythical epoch which preceded the rise of the Heracleid dynasty, we may be able to identify a kernel of social history in the purely conventional guise of such an eponym descended from a god.
		Straightforward deconstruction reveals a social upheaval, perhaps in the early 1st millennium BC (perhaps even after the age of Homer) in which the cult of Attis, the consort of Cybele, the Great Goddess of Anatolia, was introduced among the Maeones by a new dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lydians (354 words)

	First Coins - World's First Coin - Lydian Trites
		Lydians have also been described as the inheritors of the knowledge and traditions of the earliest civilizations of Mesopotamia and the main conduit for their passage onto the Mediterranean world.
		The Lydians were also a literate people, with literacy spread throughout society instead of being limited primarily to the elite, as with the Greeks but unlike with most peoples throughout history.
		The Lydian ruling authorities may have deliberately and surreptitiously debased naturally occurring electrum as a profit-making enterprise, to put it politely, or as a state-sanctioned racket, to put it less politely.
	rg.ancients.info /lion/article.html (7393 words)

	THE HISTORIES OF HERODOTUS (SELECTIONS)
		Croesus was Lydian in genos, the son of Alyattes, and turannos of the nations this side of the river Halys, which flows from the south between the Syrians and Paphlagonians and towards the north enters the sea called the Euxine.
		The Lydian did not tear down the houses so that the Milesians would have a place to set out from to plant and work the land, and so that when he invaded he would have something to plunder after their work.
		He gave the Lydians these orders when he sent them to test the oracles: They should count the days for all the time from the day they set out from Sardis, and on the hundredth day make inquiry of the oracles, asking what Croesus son of Alyattes, king of the Lydians, happened to be doing.
	www.geocities.com /jserraglio/texts/herodotu.htm (23380 words)

	Lydian String Quartet @ Brandeis
		The Quartet is comprised of Daniel Stepner and Judith Eissenberg, violins; Mary Ruth Ray, viola; and Joshua Gordon, violoncello.
		The Lydians have concertized extensively throughout the United States at venues such as Lincoln Center, Weill Recital Hall, Jordan Hall, the Library of Congress, and the Kennedy Center.
		Cellist Joshua Gordon joined the Lydian String Quartet in 2002 and is an artist-in-residence on the faculty at Brandeis.
	www.brandeis.edu /departments/music/lydian.html (1475 words)

	Kenatos - Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Even Lydians that live far from their homeland are drawn to these events, spawning great tales of raucous Os’curtice celebrations aboard far-flung Lydian sailing ships or of full-fledged Se’pentice festivals in the halfling enclaves along the distant southern shores.
		For Lydian sailors who left new brides at home in the early springtime, a significant sign of good fortune is that their wives gave birth to their first child while they were away.
		For Lydians, the arrival of Se’pentice is an indicator that calm summer conditions will eventually be replaced by stormy seas and cold winds that will relegate all but their largest and most rugged vessels to port.
	kenatos.deep-magic.net /library.php?id=42 (861 words)

	[No title]
		Crsus was Lydian by race, the son of Alyattes and ruler of the nations which dwell on this side of the river Halys; which river, flowing from the South between the Syrians[5] and the Paphlagonians, runs out towards the North Wind into that Sea which is called the Euxine.
		The Lydians however for their part did not upon that act as cowards, but when they perceived what was coming to pass they leapt from their horses and fought with the Persians on foot.
		Now the Lydians have very nearly the same customs as the Hellenes, with the exception that they prostitute their female children; and they were the first of men, so far as we know, who struck and used coin of gold or silver; and also they were the first retail-traders.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext01/1hofh10.txt (10467 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| The Lydian Civilization
		Subsequent to the downfall of Gordion, the Phrygian capital that was obliterated by the Cimmerian hordes in 676 B.C., the Lydians took control of the Meander plains and Gediz, which had been heavily influenced by the Hittites and Phrygians.
		The Lydian monarch lost the battle, and was forced to retreat to Sardis in order to regroup his forces.
		The horses were frightened by the camels, and so the Lydians, deprived of their most powerful defense, the cavalry, retreated into the city.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=45 (898 words)

	The Lydians - Scalar Modes and Emotion :: Miguel Espinoza :: Performance and Lessons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		How exactly the Lydians got into Anatolia is one of the mysteries still waiting to be solved by modern archeologists.
		The Lydians are said to have been the first civilization to melt their coins into gold coins.
		The Lydians were the envy of the world and faced challenges from both east and west.
	www.miguel-espinoza.com /news_index5.html (352 words)

	Grammar of Lydian language by Cyril Babaev
		Lydians were those citizens of the central parts of the Hittite Empire, who decided to move westwards saving from invasions of Assyrian, Aramaean, Syrian armies and tribes of Sea Peoples, which appeared frequently since the 13th century BC.
		Lydian kings gained a decisive victory over Phrygians and their kingdom, conquered Misia and Troy, repelled the intrusion of Iranian speakers nomadic Cymmerians and constantly pressed the Ionian Greek city-states on the shores of the Aegean Sea.
		Lydian materials do not leave us enough material to be sure that the verb system of the language was exactly the way we now reconstruct it.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/grammar/grammar21.html (3467 words)

	[No title]
		Around this holiness that was the national sanctuary of the Lydians, there were located the tombs of King Gyges and his successors together with those of their queens.
		This passage reveals that the legitimacy of the power of the Mermnad Kings of Lydia, who had usurped the throne of the Tyloniadae, was based on a marriage with the Nymph Gygaia in the person of her priestess.
		The tombs of the Lydian kings at the Gygaian swamp were first of all the tombs of their.us hetairai, their religious wives.
	www.metrum.org /gyges/usurp.htm (2131 words)

	Persians, Rise Of Persian Under Cyrus
		Croesus attacked and an indecisive battle was fought in 547 BC on the Halys River.
		Since it was late in the campaigning season, the Lydians thought the war was over for that year, returned to their capital at Sardis, and dispersed the national levy.
		He caught and besieged the Lydians in the citadel at Sardis and captured Croesus in 546 BC.
	history-world.org /cyrusII.htm (923 words)

	Novum Testamentum: Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		And I do not believe, either, that the Tyrrhenians were a colony of the Lydians; for they do not use the same language as the latter, nor can it be alleged that, though they no longer speak a similar tongue, they still retain some other indications of their mother country.
		Indeed, those probably come nearest to the truth who declare that the nation migrated from nowhere signal, but was native to the country, since it is found to be a very ancient nation and to agree with no other either in its language or in its manner of living.
		It is not strange that Herodotus (and some hellenophiles as well) would seek to attribute some sort of Greek origin to the Etruscans because they were so rich in culture that such a sophistication could not have spontaneously appeared out of Italy, but must have had some sort of source in the grand Greek society[8].
	www.novumtestamentum.com /2006/03/origins-of-etruscans.php (2971 words)

	Electronic Antiquities Volume III, Number 7
		When the Lydians and Medes alike saw that it had become night in place of day, they broke off the battle and hastened on both sides with even more speed to bring about peace for themselves.
		Expecting to continue their battle into the night under the light of a full moon, the Medes and Lydians were surprised when the moon failed to appear, as expected, to light their ongoing battle.
		Lydian sources about the battle, the omen, and the consequences, we suppose, must have found their way to Miletus where Thales himself, or a follower, correlated the timing of the event to a lunar eclipse foretold by the father of astronomy.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/ElAnt/V3N7/worthen.html (5128 words)

	Ancient King's Legendary Gold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Lydians were dreaded warriors on horse and chariot, controlling the middle ground between the Greeks to the west and marauding nomads and surging empires, notably the Persians, in the east.
		One enduring frustration is that most of the Lydian city ruins lie under what archaeologists call an "overburden." Lydian Sardis is buried deep under silt, landslide debris and the stones of Roman and Byzantine construction closer to the surface.
		But Lydian walls were substantial: about 60 feet thick at the base and at least 20 feet high, the western wall appears to have run down a ridge from the top of the acropolis to the lower city.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/sardis.htm (3224 words)

	Lydia
		In Antiquity, this country was well known for its gold carrying river Pactolus; the wealth of the last Lydian king Croesus, who had been the first to mint gold, was and is proverbial.
		The first Lydian to be recorded after the Dark Ages is king Gyges, the founder of the Mermnad dynasty, who can tentatively be dated to 680-644.
		Artaphernes was succeeded in 492 by his son, also called Artaphernes, who is known to have served, together with Datis, as one of the commanders of the Persian expeditionary force that captured Eretria but was defeated by the Athenians at Marathon (490).
	www.livius.org /lu-lz/lydia/lydia.html (2315 words)

	Money - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maybe due to this fable, gold was used in ancient Greece only in temples, graves and jewels and there is not any ancient Greek golden coin, until the days around 390 BC, when the Greek king Philip II of Macedon coined golden coins.
		The first Greek coins were made initially of copper, then of iron and this is because copper and iron were powerful materials used to make weapons.
		According other fables, inventors of money were Demodike (or Hermodike) of Kyme (the wife of Midas), Lykos (son of Pandion II and ancestor of the Lycians) and Erichthonius, the Lydians or the Naxians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Money (5726 words)

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