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	Lydian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor
		This was the Lydian Kingdom that ruled Western Anatolia in the 7th C. BCE, roughly from 690 to 546 BCE.
		According to Herodotus, Lydian state was founded by Heraclid dynasty and he adds this dynasty of Thracian origin ruled for 22 generations over a period of 505 years from 1185 BCE.
		Lydian state under the Mernmad dynasty followed expansionist policies and took its place in the balance of power in the Near East and Mediterranean area.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/lydian_period.htm (1631 words)

	Sardis - LoveToKnow 1911
		Lydian) chiefs, and in later times Hyde was said to be the older name of Sardis, or the name of its citadel.
		Its importance was due, first to its military strength, secondly to its situation on an important highway leading from the interior to the Aegean coast, and thirdly to its commanding the wide and fertile plain of the Hermus.
		The necropolis of the old Lydian city, a vast series of mounds, some of enormous size, lies on the north side of the Hermus, 4 or 5 m.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Sardis (642 words)

	Lydia - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Lydians must originally have been an allied tribe which bordered upon them to the north-west, and occupied the plain of Sardis or Magnesia at the foot of Tmolus and Sipylus.
		The plateau of the Bin Bir Tepe, on the southern shore of the Gygaean Lake, was the chief burial-place of the inhabitants of Sardis, and is still thickly studded with tumuli, among which is the "tomb of Alyattes" (260 ft. high).
		Lydian sculpture was probably similar to that of the Phrygians.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Lydia (2511 words)

	Achaemenid Empire - MSN Encarta
		In the north the empire bordered on the Caucasus Mountains and the Russian steppes, and in the south extended to the Persian Gulf.
		The lands of the empire were divided into satrapies, or provinces, headed by a satrap, literally meaning “protector of the realm”, who represented the king in the provincial capitals.
		The acceptance of the linguistic, cultural, religious, and political diversity of the lands of the empire served politically as a means of social inclusion and appeasement of the peoples of the empire.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_1481506246/Achaemenid_Empire.html (2967 words)

	Battles Of Cyrus II
		The city lasted until being destroyed by the Lydian King Croesus in 547 B.C. Pteria was burned to the ground and its inhabitants were enslaved by the Lydians.
		As the Lydian flanks swung in, gaps appeared at the hinges of the wheeling wings.
		The Egyptian heavy infantry stood firm in the centre, and although the Lydian cavalry were routed the army was able to retire to the safety of the walls of the city.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~ancientpersia/B_cyrus.html (680 words)

	Babylonian Empire
		The Babylonian Empire was the most powerful state in the ancient world after the fall of the Assyrian empire (612 BCE).
		Even after the Babylonian Empire had been overthrown by the Persian king Cyrus the Great (539), the city itself remained an important cultural center.
		Likewise, the later Achaemenid and Seleucid empires were not really different from earlier empires.
	www.livius.org /ba-bd/babylon/babylonian_empire.html (1968 words)

	Lydia at AllExperts
		Croesus was beaten by Cyrus in 546 BC, and the kingdom became a province of the Persian Empire.
		In the course of it the Medes gained many victories over the Lydians, and the Lydians also gained many victories over the Medes."The Battle of the Eclipse was the final battle in a fifteen-year war between Alyattes II of Lydia and Cyaxares of the Medes.
		When Alexander's empire fell apart after his death, Lydia went to the major Asian diadoch dynasty, the Seleucids, and when it was unable to maintain its territory in Asia Minor, Lydia fell to the Attalid dynasty of Pergamum.
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/ly/lydia.htm (1577 words)

	Lydia - All About Turkey
		The empire came to an end, however, when the Persian ruler Cyrus the Great captured Sardis about 546 BC and incorporated Lydia into the Persian Empire.
		Soon after that, Lydians were assimilated by Greeks, Greek language and Greek culture, and though Strabo in the 1st century A.D. talks about Lydians as an ethnos, they did not have much of their original language at that moment.
		Lydians were the first ones to mint coins in the history of mankind.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /lidya.htm (471 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		Following the destruction of the Kingdom of Troy and the annihilation of the Hittite Empire, the Anatolian peoples were not able to resist the Greek expansion and colonization that spread inland from the coasts of the Aegean Sea.
		They settled on the ruins of the Hittite cities, however, the first archaeological evidences of their civilization appeared only in the middle of the 8C BC when Gordion, the first capital of this very powerful but ephemeral kingdom, was founded.
		During the Hellenistic Period Phrygia was taken by Antigone, Lysimachus, the Seleucids, the Galatians, Pergamum and it was finally annexed to the Roman Province of Asia.
	www.guide-martine.com /history3.asp (1663 words)

	Sardis - Glasglidius (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As one of the Seven churches of Asia, it was addressed by the author of the Book of Revelation in terms which seem to imply that its population was notoriously soft and fainthearted.
		The city was captured by the Cimmerians in the 7th century, by the Persians and by the Athenians in the 6th, and by Antiochus III the Great at the end of the 3rd century.
		The early Lydian kingdom was far advanced in the industrial arts and Sardis was the chief seat of its manufactures.
	www.glasglow.com /e/index.php?title=Sardis (1084 words)

	A Brief History of Persian Empire
		Cyrus also expanded the Persian empire greatly in the east to the edge of India; but if he was influenced by the new religion of Zarathushtra, it did not quell his desire for imperial conquest.
		However, the empire did have to be supported, and there were taxes on ports, internal trade, and sales as well as on estates, fields, gardens, flocks, and mines.
		The immense empire was divided and ruled by the Greek generals of the armies who had conquered it.
	www.parstimes.com /library/brief_history_of_persian_empire.html (7498 words)

	History of Iran: Achaemenid Empire
		The language in greatest use in the empire was Aramaic.
		Trade was one of the empire's main sources of revenue, along with agriculture and tribute.
		Other accomplishments of Darius's reign included codification of the data, a universal legal system upon which much of later Iranian law would be based, and construction of a new capital at Persepolis, where vassal states would offer their yearly tribute at the festival celebrating the spring equinox.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/achaemenids/achaemenids.php (772 words)

	Croesus
		When all these nations had been added to the Lydian empire and Sardes was at the height of her wealth and prosperity, all Greek teachers of that epoch, one after another, paid visits to the capital.
		In 550, the Median empire, which was separated from Lydia by the river Halys, had been overthrown by a Persian named Cyrus, and Croesus wanted to benefit from this turmoil.
		The Lydians were defeated and Sardes was besieged.
	www.livius.org /men-mh/mermnads/croesus.htm (1667 words)

	Lydia and Phrygia \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Both kingdoms eventually and simultaneously succumbed to the successors of the Medes, the Persians, whose king Cyrus captured Sardis in 546 B.C. Phrygia and Lydia ceased to be independent kingdoms and became provinces (satrapies) of the Persians.
		is the prime source of Lydian cultural remains.
		A large group of burials each placed under a tumulus exist here, a few of which have been investigated, but they had been robbed in the past; one of them is the largest in Anatolia (198 feet high), and may have held the body of Alyattes; another is claimed for Gyges.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/hd/lygo/hd_lygo.htm (842 words)

	Grammar of Lydian language by Cyril Babaev
		Nowadays Lydian language studies are maintained in Europe, the USA and widely in Russia, where the famous linguists Ivanov, Shevoroshkin and Bayun have written a significant number of important works.
		Lydians were those citizens of the central parts of the Hittite Empire, who decided to move westwards saving from invasions of Assyrian, Aramaean, Syrian armies and tribes of Sea Peoples, which appeared frequently since the 13th century BC.
		Lydian kings gained a decisive victory over Phrygians and their kingdom, conquered Misia and Troy, repelled the intrusion of Iranian speakers nomadic Cymmerians and constantly pressed the Ionian Greek city-states on the shores of the Aegean Sea.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/grammar/grammar21.html (3458 words)

	Lydian Coinage Under King Kroise
		Even after the Persian conquest of Lydia, they allowed the Lydians to keep their coinage, even though the rest of the empire was on the Babylonian standard.
		Lydian coinage is rather "small" compared to that of other city-states and kingdoms, but it was pivotal in the development of modern coinage.
		Kroises allied himself with Amasis II of Egypt and Nabonidus of Babylonia, for he knew he would need their help in a campaign he was launching against a new threat to him; Cyrus of Persia.
	www.michigancoinclub.org /lydians.html (1215 words)

	Persia
		The empire was soon, afterward, extended greatly toward the northeast and east.
		An ancient empire, extending from the Indus to Thrace, and from the Caspian Sea to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
		It was reconquered and thoroughly organized by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, whose dominions extended from India to the Danube.
	holycall.com /biblemaps/persia.htm (1071 words)

	Phrygia
		After the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the 12th century BC, the political vacuum in central/western Anatolia was filled by a wave of Indo-European migrants and "Sea Peoples", including the Phrygians, who established their kingdom, with a capital eventually at Gordium.
		The Lydians repulsed the Cimmerians in the 620s, and Phrygia was subsumed into a short-lived Lydian empire.
		Persian Empire Lydian Croesus was conquered by Cyrus in 546 BC, and Phrygia passed under Persian dominion.
	bulfinch.englishatheist.org /b/pantheon/Phrygia.html (2086 words)

	A Brief History of Persian Empire
		The Assyrian empire was divided between the Medes and the Babylonians.
		Faced with the Persian revolt and the betrayal of the aristocracy, Astyages was captured, and the royal city of Ecbatana had to submit to Cyrus, according to Ctesias because Cyrus the Great threatened to torture his daughter Amytis, whom Cyrus later married.
		Cyrus the Great also expanded the Persian empire greatly in the east to the edge of India; but if he was influenced by the new religion of Zarathushtra, it did not quell his desire for imperial conquest.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/brief_history_of_persian_empire.htm (7545 words)

	Faction-Preview Lydia - Total War Center Forums
		The Lydian empire held sway over many of the Ionian City states in Asia Minor and because of this they were able to recruit many of the famed citizen hoplites.
		Whilst the elite of the Lydian army and society relies heavily on their Cavalry and occasionally chariots, the ascending middle class citizen of the urban sections of the empire developed much in the same way of the Greek city states into a hoplite corps of infantry.
		The Lydian knights themselves have practiced horsemanship all their lives on the hunt and in the numerous wars of conquest for the Lydian Empire.
	www.twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?t=58539 (2532 words)

	Rendeciler orman ürünleri ltd- keresteci-
		Sardis lies in the territory of ancient Lydia, at the foot of the Tumulus Mountains and overlooking the Hermus River plain, where evidence has been found of human activity as early as the Paleolithic period (ca.
		Recent excavations have focused on the Archaic era, particularly the 7th and 6th centuries B.C., when Sardis was the capital of the Lydian empire and at the height of its power, and on the Late Roman era, when the city was still flourishing.
		By the early 7th century B.C., Sardis was the capital of a growing empire, with a distinct archaeological record.
	elba.globat.com /~rendeciler.com/turkey/sardis.htm (394 words)

	KryssTal : Cyrus the Great
		The latter was very wealthy and was king of the society that had invented coinage - it is from him that the phrase "as rich as Croesus" is derived.
		Pasargadae, one of the capitals of the empire.
		Inventions from the period that includes the period of the Persian Empire.
	www.krysstal.com /biography_cyrus.html (322 words)

	Herodotus: Book One
		Croesus is pleased by the response; friendship of Lydians and Delphians (54).
		Cyaxares, father of Croesus' brother-in-law, hosts some Scythian exiles, who quarrel with him, feed him human flesh, and escape to Croesus' father Alyattes; the resulting war of Lydians and Cappadocians ends when the armies are terrified by an eclipse (585 BC?); Croesus' sister is given to Cyaxares' son Astyages as part of the treaty.
		The Lydians rebel under Pactyes, and besiege the Persian governor at Sardis (154).
	academic.reed.edu /humanities/Hum110/Hdt/Hdt1.html (2790 words)

	From Galilee to Asia
		The Lydians built the acropolis of Sardis with the residential district in the valley itself on one of the spurs that reach from the Mount into the Valley.
		It was near the end of the Lydian kingdom, during the time of itýs greatest wealth, that the first signs of Godýs preparation for the spread of Christianity were seen, though no one would understand this for more than 600 years.
		In a battle fought in 546 BC, Croesus was defeated and the Lydian empire fell.
	www.followtherabbi.com /Brix?pageID=2726&article_part=7 (1091 words)

	Faction-Preview Lydia - Total War Center Forums
		The Lydian empire held sway over many of the Ionian City states in Asia Minor and because of this they were able to recruit many of the famed citizen hoplites.
		Whilst the elite of the Lydian army and society relies heavily on their Cavalry and occasionally chariots, the ascending middle class citizen of the urban sections of the empire developed much in the same way of the Greek city states into a hoplite corps of infantry.
		The Lydian knights themselves have practiced horsemanship all their lives on the hunt and in the numerous wars of conquest for the Lydian Empire.
	twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?t=58539 (2561 words)

	Iranica.com - HERODOTUS
		Finally, Astyages was defeated by his grandson, and as a result the Persians rose to become the rulers of the empire of the Medes (1.128 f.).
		This idea of Cyrus's to burn innocent boys and to test the gods (1.86.2) was not only to be considered as a heinous deed, but the intention to do so also blatantly went against the holiness of fire in the Persian sacrificial rites, which Herodotus was to mention later (1.131 f.).
		While Herodotus first provides a full account of Cyrus's conquest of the Lydian empire, he later again comes to describe this theater of war at great length, when the Lydians rose against the Persians and the Greek cities of western Asia Minor joined this rebellion (1.152-70).
	www.iranica.com /articles/v12f3/v12f3016d.html (2324 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Harvard Professor Directs Excavations To Unearth Important Relics at Sardis
		During the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., the Lydian empire grew, and, under King Croesus, reached its peak around 550.
		The Lydian room was uncovered after extensive exploration of the precinct of the House of Bronzes (called by the excavators "H.B."), just a few days before the campaign of 1958 was to end.
		The enormous size of the urban aggregation of Lydian Sardis suggests a rapid state of organization in the metropolis.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=157306 (1732 words)

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