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Topic: Lydian language

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	Lydian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor
		This was the Lydian Kingdom that ruled Western Anatolia in the 7th C. BCE, roughly from 690 to 546 BCE.
		According to Herodotus, Lydian state was founded by Heraclid dynasty and he adds this dynasty of Thracian origin ruled for 22 generations over a period of 505 years from 1185 BCE.
		Lydian state under the Mernmad dynasty followed expansionist policies and took its place in the balance of power in the Near East and Mediterranean area.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/lydian_period.htm (1642 words)

	Sardinian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pittau then indicates that both the Etruscan and Nuragic languages are descended from the Lydian language, therefore being both Indo-European languages, as a consequence of the alleged provenance of Etruscans/ Tirrenii from that land (as in Herodotus), where effectively the capital town was Sardis.
		The importance of these conquests for the language is closely connected with the important construction of the Roman roads on the island: having conquered Sardinia in its entirety (1st century BC), and having gifted it with "modern" connectivity, Romans were able found Roman towns which they filled with Roman inhabitants from the mainland.
		The recognition of the Sardinian language as a characteristic ethnic element is supported not only by independentist movements, but is also supported by a wide percentage of local population as a whole, as well as the international support of the Sardinian diaspora.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sardinian_language (2670 words)

	lydian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lydian Lydian was an Indo-European language, one of the Anatolian languages, that was spoken in the city...
		The language is known from a few brief inscriptions.
		Lydian is identical to Ionian, except that the 4th...
	www.wikisearch.net /lydian (465 words)

	Anatolian languages on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Anatolian languages are the tongues of Indo-European-speaking invaders of Anatolia and became mixed to some extent with indigenous languages of the region.
		The principal known member of the Anatolian division of the Indo-European family is Hittite, the tongue of the Hittites, who entered and conquered much of Anatolia early in the 2d millennium BC The oldest surviving written records of Hittite, dated at about the 15th or 14th cent.
		Lydian was spoken in W Anatolia, and the surviving written records date from about the 5th to 4th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a/anatoll1an.asp (772 words)

	Lydia - All About Turkey
		Soon after that, Lydians were assimilated by Greeks, Greek language and Greek culture, and though Strabo in the 1st century A.D. talks about Lydians as an ethnos, they did not have much of their original language at that moment.
		Lydians were the first ones to mint coins in the history of mankind.
		Lydian was inherited directly from Hittite, but has a lot of its own new features.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /lidya.htm (471 words)

	Lydian Intro
		Based on the present decipherment, the ancient Lydian language appears to be indentical to Etruscan, which survives as the present-day Ukrainian.
		According to the Linguists the Lydian language is Indo-European.
		The Lydian language is the same as Etruscan (Ukrainian) and it is understandable to enyone who speaks Ukrainian fluently.
	home.att.net /~oko/lydian/l-intro.htm (1460 words)

	Sardinian language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The basic origins of the Sardinian language (sometimes called Paleosardinian) are still obscure, due mostly to the lack of documents, as Sardinian appeared as a written form only in the (The period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance) Middle Ages.
		Tabarchino and (The Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan)) Catalan are considered enthically specific.
		The Sardinian language has recently been recognised as an official (Click link for more info and facts about regional language) regional language by the Sardinian Special Region; it can therefore be used for official purposes on the island.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/S/Sa/Sardinian_language.htm (2431 words)

	Lydian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lydian was an Indo-European language, one of the Anatolian languages, that was spoken in the city-state of Lydia in Anatolia, present day Turkey.
		It became extinct around the first century BC and was replaced by Greek.
		Lydian had its own alphabet that was closely related to the Greek alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lydian_language (92 words)

	Lydian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After Alexander, Lydians were assimilated by Greeks, the Greek language and the Greek culture, and though Strabo in the 1st century A.D. talks about Lydians as an ethnic item, they did not have much of their original language at that moment.
		Lydian phonetics is more complicated than that of Hittite: nasal vowels [a], [e] appeared together wsith the sound [o]; consonant system has several palatals for [s'], [t'], [d'], [l'], [n'] used very widely.
		The past tense, one of the two tenses of the language, was formed by the suffix -l, an Indo-European participle element.
	www.geocities.com /indoeurop/tree/anat/lydian.html (496 words)

	Lydia
		The first Lydian to be recorded after the Dark Ages is king Gyges, the founder of the Mermnad dynasty, who can tentatively be dated to 680-644.
		For example, the priest Artimus/Artemis at Ephesus became known as the megabyxus, "the one set free for the cult of the divinity", and the god Pldans (the Greek Apollo) was identified with Ahuramazda.
		Artaphernes was succeeded in 492 by his son, also called Artaphernes, who is known to have served, together with Datis, as one of the commanders of the Persian expeditionary force that captured Eretria but was defeated by the Athenians at Marathon (490).
	www.livius.org /lu-lz/lydia/lydia.html (2322 words)

	Sardinian language - Articles and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Native language of Sardinia is commonly considered as shared among the most archaic Sardo logudorese, Campidanese, Gallurese (the latter with minor reciprocal Corsican influence, due to proximity).
		Sardinian language is one of the principal elements of the peculiar sardinian cultural heritage, and a really huge activity is running in current times in order to favour its study and the development of its acknowledgement.
		Sardinian language in Italy The national anthem of the Kingdom of Sardinia (and Piedmont) was the Hymnu Sardu (aka Cunservet Deus su Re), obviously in Sardinian language, which was partially substituted by the Savoy 's March when Italy was unified.
	www.ezresult.com /article/Sardinian_language (2509 words)

	Illyrians! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Anatolian languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see The Indo-European Family of Languages, table); the term âAnatolian languagesâ is also used to refer to all languages, Indo-European and non-Indo-European, that were spoken in Anatolia in ancient times.
		6) One of the Baltic languages (Latvian or Lithuanian).
		That is the inescapable conclusion the very first reviewers of these languages came to in the 18th and 19th centuries (who needless to say possessed much better scholarship than todayâs linguists), and their views held sway until, suddenly at one point in time, their views became politically incorrect.
	www.forumi.zeriyt.com /index.php?topic=208.msg528 (10490 words)

	Lydria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lydians and Lycians are recognized as native people of Anatolia whereas the Carians, descendants of the Lelegians, immigrated into Anatolia during the Minoan times.
		It may be uncertain that coin was first minted by the Lydians, but the city of Sardis, in the middle of the Pactolos (Gediz) valley, stood for the summit of the Lydian civilization.
		Recent excavations have focused on the Archaic era, particularly the 7th and 6th centuries B.C., when Sardis was the capital of the Lydian empire and at the height of its power, and on the Late Roman era, when the city was still flourishing.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/lydria.htm (1994 words)

	Lydian Art
		Excavations at Sardis have given us respect for Lydian architectural workmanship exemplified in the ashlar terrace walls of the acropolis) in the marble and limestone masonry of the tomb chamber of Alyattes under one of the largest tumuli, and in the Py'ramid Tomb near the lower city.
		We cannot fathom the Lydian contribution to sculpture in marble and limestone, to sculptural form, image and style on the present evidence.
		Lydian art could have had its roots in Bronze Age predecessors, which will have to be recognized as different from Hirtite art, whether major or minor.
	www.about-turkey.com /karun/art.htm (840 words)

	ionia
		Chios and Erythrae spoke the same language, and Samos a peculiar one of its own." The Ionian cities were ruled first of all by kings and later by oligarchies, but, in the course of time, some of the cities succeeded in winning popular political rights.
		The greatest contribution made by the Lydians, who dominated the region in the 7th and 6th centuries, was the introduction of coinage as a means of exchange.
		The defeat of the Lydian monarchy by the Persians led to a radical shift in the balance of political power in Western Anatolia and in 545 B.C. all the coastal cities came under Persian hegemony.
	www.turizm.net /cities/ionia/index.html (1697 words)

	Lydia (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.
		Lydia is an ancient kingdom in western Anatolia, inhabited by the Lydians who spoke the Lydian language.
		Lydian mode is one of the modes in ancient Greek music.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lydian (106 words)

	Sardinian language - InformationBlast
		He then indicates that Etruscan and Nuragic languages both descended from Lydian language, therefore being both Indo-European languages as a consequence of the alleged provenance of Etruscans/ Tirrenii from that land (as in Herodotus), where effectively the capital town was Sardis.
		Phoenicians arrived probably from Cyprus (Borsig-Lilliu-Fischer, Barreca, Wagner) and immediately organised for a long stay with the notable founding of the town of Nora ; the relations with the inner part of the island were extended mainly in 9th century BC (retrievals of religious fetishes), then the Sardinian grain became a vital resource for Carthage.
		The importance of these conquers for the language is strictly connected with the also important construction of the local Roman roads : having conquered the island in its entirety (1st century BC), and having gifted it with "modern" connectivity, Romans were able to allow the founding of towns with imported roman inhabitants.
	www.informationblast.com /Sardinian_language.html (2559 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This language was also spoken by the Phoenicians in the area of Tyre and Sidon.
		Whereas the Japhethite (Indo-European) and Hamitic languages are easy to identify by the regularity of their verb structure, the Shemitic (not Semitic, as mistakenly named by scholars, see note on 10:7) group of languages is more problematical.
		We will work with the clue that Sumerian was the classical language of Mesopotamia for a thousand years, and it is unthinkable that the Sumerians would not be mentioned in the Table of Nations.
	www.brow.on.ca /Books/Genesis/Gen10.htm (2434 words)

	FromLydia
		According to Linguists the Lydian language is Indo-European and my decipherment shows that the Etruscan language is the same as present day Ukrainian than the Etruscan and Lydian languages should be the same, or closely related.
		The Lydian writing is derived from Phoenician and Etruscan therefore, after close examination, I was able to read name from the grave inscription.
		Once I establish that the name in Lydian and Greek writing is the same, I had no problem to read the whole inscription in both alphabets.
	home.att.net /~oko/etruscan/e-lydia.htm (408 words)

	Palaic language -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Modern knowledge of the language comes from 21 passages dealing with the cult of the deity Ziparwa that appear in the cuneiform tablets found in the ruins of the Hittite archives at Bogazköy (the ancient Hattusa, in modern Turkey).
		Modern knowledge of the language comes from 21 passages dealing with the cult of the deity Ziparwa that appear in the cuneiform tablets found in...
		It was closely related to Hittite, Palaic, and Lydian and was a forerunner of the Lycian language.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9058046 (564 words)

	Sardinian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sardinian ( Sardu) is the main language spoken in the island of Sardinia, Italy, and it is considered the most conservative of all Romance language s.
		The basic origins of Sardinian language (by someone called Paleo sardinian) are still obscure and any attempt of ordinary investigation has to stop in front of the lack of documental support, which will appear in written form only in the Middle Ages.
		He then indicates that Etruscan and Nuragic language s both descended from Lydian language, therefore being both Indo-European language s as a consequence of the alleged provenance of Etruscans/ Tirrenii from that land (as in Herodotus), where effectively the capital town was Sardis.
	www.portaljuice.com /sardinian_language.html (2515 words)

	[ BULGARIAN LANGUAGE WEB ] : Bulgarian Language, Key Facts & Info : Learn Bulgarian : Bulgarian Culture, Alphabet, ...
		The branch of linguistics, responsible for the classification of the world’s languages into families, is called comparative philology.
		Language facts (1986): 7,986,000 in Bulgaria, 85% of the population (1986); 234,000 in Ukraine; 30,000 in Greece; 10,439 in Romania; 270,000 in Turkey; 361,000 in Moldova (1979 census).
		Bulgarians regard Macedonian as a strain of their own language, while Macedonians insist it is a separate language.
	www.spraakservice.net /bulgarian (790 words)

	GTP
		The latter, having discovered this, was so incensed, although she concealed her anger at the time, that, calling Gyges afterwards into her presence, she gave him his choice either to submit to instant death, or to slay her husband.
		Herodotus relates the conversation which took place between the latter and Croesus on the subject of human felicity, in which the Athenian offended the Lydian monarch by the little value which he attached to riches as a means of happiness, and by his saying that no man should be called happy until his death.
		It was at the court of the Lydian monarch, in all probability, that he saw Aesop, since Diogenes Laertius speaks of a question put by the philosopher to the fabulist ( Diog.
	www.gtp.gr /LocInfo.asp?infoid=26&code=ETRAMS00SCRSCR00071&PrimeCode=ETRAMS00SCRSCR00071&Level=10&PrimeLevel=10&IncludeWide=1&LocId=60398 (2264 words)

	The Lydian Treasure
		Some aspects of Lydian language (a palaic-Anatolian subgroup of Indo-European) and culture were related or shared with those of other Anatolian peoples.
		Under the kings of the Mermnad dynasty, beginning with Gyges, the Lydians became masters of a western Anatolian empire that extended east to the Halys river (Kizilirmak).
		The Lydian kingdom existed for a century and a half, and reached its apogee under the last king Kroisos, who was renowned for riches, extravagance, pride, and mercurial fortunes.
	www.about-turkey.com /karun/history.htm (579 words)

	Music
		Examinations: Demonstration of competence by means of a portfolioreview and written general examination at the end of both thesecond and third years of study (at the discretion of the faculty,in exceptional cases, a student may be allowed to waive the examat the end of the third year).
		Language examinations to testreading proficiency are administered by the music department.Students will be asked to translate several passages with theaid of a dictionary.
		Foreign language course credits do not inthemselves constitute fulfillment of the language requirements.Examinations will be offered twice during the academic year (normallyin September and February).
	www.brandeis.edu /registrar/bulletin/1998-99/MUS98.html (5201 words)

	yourDictionary.com • Language Dictionaries
		There are 6,800 known languages spoken in the 200 countries of the world.
		New languages and dictionaries are constantly being added to yourDictionary.com; as a result, we have the widest and deepest set of dictionaries, grammars, and other language resources on the web.
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	www.yourdictionary.com /languages.html (194 words)

	Lycia - Lycian Language - lycianturkey.com
		Their language was of Indo-European origin evidenced by its Indo-European cognates, which make about 20% in all Anatolian languages.
		The bilingual inscription known as the "Xanthos Obelisk" and the "Letoon Trilingual", were instrumental in beginning to decipher the unsolved puzzle of the Lycian language.
		It then follows with a twelve-lined poem in Greek, but the rest of the north side and the whole of the west side is filled with a strange form of Lycian, perhaps ceremonial, which appears elsewhere only on a tomb in Antiphellos.
	www.lycianturkey.com /lycian_language.htm (1571 words)

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