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Topic: Lymphocytes

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	Immunotherapy of Human Neoplasms with Autologous Lymphocytes Activated In-Vitro.
		With the recognition of the immunologic role of the lymphocyte, it became possible to envision such lymphocytic infiltration as a host immunologic response to the neoplastic cells, in a pattern similar to that seen in the homograft rejection reaction (Murphy, 1926).
		Lymphocyte immunity against neoplasms appears to be mediated by lymphocytes which are thymus-dependent (Miller and Osoba, 1967), and such lymphocytes are preferentially activated by phytohemagglutinin (Davies, et al, 1968; Greaves, et al, 1968).
		During the course of in-vitro lymphocyte activation, the highly-purified glycoprotein octamer of phytohemagglutinin penetrates into the nucleus of the lymphocytes and is bound preferentially to hetrochromatin complexes (Stanley, et al, 1968, 1970), where it effects a conversion of heterochromatin to active euchromatin (Tokuyasu, et al, 1968).
	www.euchromatin.net /Immune1.htm (3940 words)

	Immune System - NIAID Net News
		Once in the bloodstream, lymphocytes are transported to tissues throughout the body, where they act as sentries on the lookout for foreign antigens.
		The two major classes of lymphocytes are B cells, which grow to maturity in the bone marrow, and T cells, which mature in the thymus, high in the chest behind the breastbone.
		T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity (or cellular immunity).
	www.niaid.nih.gov /final/immun/immun.htm (979 words)

	Lymphocyte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Effector lymphocytes function to eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (in the case of B cells), cytotoxic granules (cytotoxic T cells) or by signaling to other cells of the immune system (helper T cells).
		This lymphocyte count is part of a peripheral complete blood cell count and is expressed as percentage of lymphocytes to total white blood cells counted.
		A general increase in the number of lymphocytes is known as lymphocytosis whereas a decrease is lymphocytopenia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lymphocyte (980 words)

	Lymphocytes and the Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity
		Lymphocytes that could potentially respond to self antigens that are not present in the central lymphoid organs often die or are either inactivated or suppressed after they have matured and migrated to peripheral lymphoid organs.
		Lymphocyte recirculation depends on specific interactions between the lymphocyte cell surface and the surface of the specialized endothelial cells lining the postcapillary venules in the peripheral lymphoid organs.
		Lymphocytes that would react against self molecules are either induced to alter their receptors, induced to kill themselves, inactivated, or suppressed, so that the adaptive immune system normally reacts only against foreign antigens.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.4422 (0 words)

	Specific Immunity: Biology of the Immune System: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Lymphocytes enable the body to remember antigens and to distinguish self from nonself (foreign).
		Lymphocytes include B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells (which are involved in nonspecific immunity).
		When a B lymphocyte encounters an antigen, the antigen attaches to the receptor, stimulating the B lymphocyte to change into a plasma cell.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec16/ch183/ch183c.html (0 words)

	Phytohemagglutinin-Activated Autochthonous Lymphocytes for Systemic Immunotherapy of Human Neoplasms.
		Such lymphocytes are often observed to be tightly apposed to the neoplastic cells (15), a condition found in-vitro during lymphocyte-mediated destruction of target cells (17).
		The lymphocytes closest to the neoplastic cells have been shown by ultrastructural molecular probe techniques to be the most active (18), accompanied by a clustering of macrophages close to the neoplastic cells (19).
		Because of these dual effects on lymphocytes and monocytes during incubation with PHA, it is probably desirable to separate the nonadherent T-lymphocytes from the adherent monocytes and macrophages (31) before incubation with PHA to avoid the inclusion of activated monocytes and macrophages within therapeutic infusions of T-lymphocytes during immunotherapy trials (32).
	www.euchromatin.org /Immune4.htm (2867 words)

	Howstuffworks "Lymphocytes: A Profile of White Blood Cells"
		Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell.
		Lymphocytes make their way through the lymph channels into the bloodstream, where they identify and memorize the characteristics of foreign elements called antigens.
		Lymphocytes are the second most numerous type of white blood cell, normally constituting between 22 and 28 percent of the white blood cells in an adult's circulation.
	health.howstuffworks.com /define-lymphocytes.htm (0 words)

	HON Allergy Glossary Lymphocyte
		Lymphocytes identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria or viruses) in the body and produce antibodies and cells that specifically target them.
		It takes from several days to weeks for lymphocytes to recognize and attack a new foreign substance.
		Lymphocytes are small cells with virtually no cytoplasm, found in the blood, in all tissue and in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, the tonsils, thymus gland, spleen and Peyer's patches.
	www.hon.ch /Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/lymphocyte.html (0 words)

	Localization of 3H-Phytohemagglutinin within Human Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
		The localization of PHA within responsive lymphocytes, and the mechanism of its activation of lymphocytes, is not established.
		Lysosomes within lymphocytes have been found to release their contained hydrolytic enzymes during PHA activation (15), but isolated lysosomes are resistant to PHA (15).
		H-PHA than do lymphocytes, a majority of the label within monocytes is confined to the cytoplasm, while lymphocytes display a majority of the label in the nucleus after 24 hours of incubation.
	www.euchromatin.net /PHA01.htm (0 words)

	Lymphocytes
		The mouse spleen will serve as a source of lymphocytes to be fused with mouse myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells.
		Using a light microscope, count the number of viable lymphocytes in the area of the hemocytometer you select (it is suggested that you count cells in all four large corner squares).
		Some of the large squares have 20 small squares or 25 small squares (and each of these small squares would then be 1/20 or 1/25 of a large square).
	www.rit.edu /~gtfsbi/hytc/lymphocytes.htm (1865 words)

	Ask A Scientist - Macrophages and lymphocytes
		Lymphocytes come in two types: T and B. They both respond to particular antigens (for example, a specific protein from a pathogenic bacteria).
		This antigenic peptide is a fragment of a protein that was degraded by the macrophage.
		So, the lymphocytes of one person (for example, the recipient of a transplanted organ) are activated when they recognize foreign peptides bound to the MHC proteins of another person's macrophages or other cell types (for example, cells in a donated organ).
	www.hhmi.org /cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers/immunology/ans_017.html (429 words)

	Lymphocytes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lymphocytes are produced within bone marrow (a primary lymphoid organ).
		Antigens that succeed in invading the blood stream are intercepted in the spleen.
		Lymphocytes respond to presented antigens by the production of antibodies (by B cells), to be described later, or lymphokines (by T and B cells).
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /MBChB/bloodmap/Lymphocyte.html (0 words)

	Nina Holland \| Protocol Library \| Cytogenetic Protocols \| MN Analysis \| Blood Lymphocytes
		Lymphocytes were cultured at 37o in a humidified, 5% CO2 incubator in 15 ml conical polystyrene centrifuge tubes.
		Lymphocytes were spun directly onto glass slides at 72 hrs after culture initiation using a cytocentrifuge (Shandon, Sewickley, PA).
		For the micronucleus test, 1000 binucleate lymphocytes (those that have undergone one mitotic division) were scored, 500 cells from each duplicate culture, for the number of micronuclei.
	ehs.sph.berkeley.edu /holland/protocolLibrary/Cytogenetics_MN_Lymphocytes.html (524 words)

	SIU SOM Histology INTRO
		Lymphocytes have a round heterochromatic (deeply staining) nucleus surrounded by a relatively thin rim of cytoplasm.
		Lymphocytes produce the multitude of diverse antibody molecules (one specific type of antibody per lymphocyte) which provide the mechanism for chemical recognition of foreign materials (distinguishing between self and non-self) and so for mediating and regulating immune responses.
		Lymphocytes are most easily recognized in histological sections as small "naked" nuclei (the cytoplasm is usually inconspicuous) which occur here and there in most connective tissues, especially commonly near mucous membranes.
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/intro/bldcells.htm (1372 words)

	Lymphocytes are small white blood cells that bear the major responsibility for carrying out the activities of the ...
		Lymphocytes are small white blood cells that bear the major responsibility for carrying out the activities of the immune system; they number about one trillion.
		The two major classes of lymphocytes are: B cells, which grow to maturity independent of the thymus, and T cells, which are processed in the thymus.
		Although small lymphocytes look identical, even under the microscope, they can be told apart by means of distinctive molecules they carry on their cell surface.
	home.gci.net /~blessing/pages/lymphocytes.htm (463 words)

	Lymphocytes - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Lymphocytes originate from a marrow stem cell and mature in lymph nodes, spleen, and associated peripheral lymphoid tissues.
		Some lymphocytes are long-lived compared with other WBC and may survive weeks to years.
		Lymphocyte counts of up to 17,000/µL, with some cells containing intracytoplasmic azurophilic granules, have been reported in dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/10703.htm (260 words)

	Mantle Cell Lymphoma
		Lymphocytes are stored within lymph nodes and may also be found in other lymphatic tissues.
		There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes, which may produce specific antibodies to "neutralize" certain invading microorganisms, and T-lymphocytes, which may directly destroy microorganisms or assist in the activities of other lymphocytes.
		Abnormal, uncontrolled growth and multiplication (proliferation) of malignant lymphocytes may lead to enlargement of a specific lymph node region or regions; involvement of other lymphatic tissues, such as the spleen and bone marrow; and spread to other bodily tissues and organs, potentially resulting in life-threatening complications.
	www.webmd.com /hw/cancer/nord1114.asp (0 words)

	Lymphocytes, Macrophages, & Dendritic Cells - About Immunotherapy
		The Immune system is a complex network of cells (such as lymphocytes) and organs that work together to defend the body against foreign substances (antigens) such as bacteria, a virus or tumor cell.
		Lymphocytes are one of the main types of immune cells.
		B lymphocytes are powerless to penetrate the cell so the job of attacking these target cells is left to T lymphocytes.
	www.chemocare.com /whatis/the_immune_system.asp (650 words)

	Splenic Lymphoma with Villous Lymphocytes: Report Of three Cases (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL) is a recently recognized entity among chronic B lymphoproliferative disorders.
		The lymphocytes present were varied in morphology and between 5% and 15% showed short villi on different occasions.
		Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: clinical presentation, biology and prognostic factors in a series of 100 cases.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/202/99-186.htm (0 words)

	How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody
		Both macrophages and lymphocytes can be found near an infection, and the interaction between these cells is important in eliminating infection.
		Bacterial peptides are similarly processed and displayed on MHC II molecules on the surface of B lymphocytes.
		When a T lymphocyte "sees" the same peptide on the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production.
	www.cellsalive.com /antibody.htm (256 words)

	Lymphocytes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lymphocytes all begin as stem cells in bone marrow and develop an antigen receptor as it matures.
		Lymphocytes continually circulate between the blood stream and the lymphoid organs.
		Some of these lymphocytes, called cytotoxic lymphocytes (also known as killer T-cells), directly destroy cells that are recognized as invaders.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/funkypix/lymphocytes.html (176 words)

	Immunophenotyping of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Lymphocytes -- Harbeck 5 (3): 271 -- Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
		Lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar space are the most easily accessible of the lymphocytes in the human lung.
		Lymphocyte and lymphocyte subset numbers in blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid in various forms of human pulmonary tuberculosis at presentation and during recovery.
		Lymphocyte subpopulations in bronchoalveolar lavage in Sjogren's syndrome: evidence for an expansion of cytotoxic/suppressor subset in patients with alveolar neutrophilia.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/5/3/271 (4830 words)

	Alibris: Lymphocytes
		T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Immunotoxicology Edited by Ian Kimber ZENECA Pharmaceuticals, Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK and Mary Jane K. Selgrade US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, NC, USA Immunotoxicology is a diverse discipline that embraces the...
		We have known about the existence of killer lymphocytes since 1960, when they were discovered in connection with transplant rejection in vivo.
		This book is the first to review the role of these factors in the control of growth of differentiation of B lymphocytes and thus represents an up-to-date and timely overview of the B-cell response.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Lymphocytes (0 words)

	Howstuffworks "Lymphocytes and Platelets"
		Lymphocytes are complex cells that direct the body's immune system.
		T lymphocytes start in the bone marrow from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, then travel to and mature in the thymus gland.
		Lymphocytes are different from the other WBCs because they can recognize and have a memory of invading bacteria and viruses.
	www.howstuffworks.com /blood3.htm (595 words)

	Lymphocytes and Monocytes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lymphocytes are constantly on the move throughout the body, but at differing rates.
		Approximately 80% of the circulating lymphocytes are T cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity.
		Killer T-cells are the most important lymphocytes in cellular immunity as they track down and attack bacteria, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other foreign particles.
	www.innvista.com /health/anatomy/lymphocy.htm (800 words)

	ScienceDaily: How T Lymphocytes Attack Tumors
		To arrive at their conclusion, the researchers used an animal model to observe the route followed by T lymphocytes in tumours endowed with a particular antigen, ovalbumin (OVA) and in tumours which served as controls and were devoid of this antigen.
		To summarise therefore, the T lymphocyte trajectories were confined to regions containing high levels of live tumour cells, while they were broader and fluid in regions littered with dead tumour cells.
		Furthermore, by analysing the distribution of T lymphocytes throughout the respective tumours, the scientists noted that these defenders were always present at the periphery, but that the presence of the antigen was essential to in-depth penetration, leading to effective tumour elimination.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2007/02/070226131706.htm (1173 words)

	Lymphocytes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lymphocytes are produced within bone marrow (a primary lymphoid organ).
		Antigens that succeed in invading the blood stream are intercepted in the spleen.
		Lymphocytes respond to presented antigens by the production of antibodies (by B cells), to be described later, or lymphokines (by T and B cells).
	www.microbiologybytes.com /iandi/bloodmap/Lymphocyte.html (237 words)

	Regulation of CXCR4 in T lymphocytes.
		Objectives To analyze the expression and regulation of CXCR4 in resting and activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, and their relevance in HIV propagation "in vitro".
		A decrease in surface expression of CXCR4 was found when lymphocytes cultured overnight for maximal receptor expression were stimulated with PHA, anti-CD3 antibodies, PMA, SEA or SDF-1.
		Conclusions In resting circulating T lymphocytes CXCR4 is present predominantly in the cytosolic compartment and is reexpresed on the membrane upon culture.
	gateway.nlm.nih.gov /MeetingAbstracts/102195304.html (0 words)

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