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	Trofim Lysenko - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lysenko, the son of Denis and Oksana Lysenko, came from a peasant family in Ukraine and attended the Kiev Agricultural Institute.
		Lysenko served this purpose faithfully, causing the expulsion, imprisonment, and death of hundreds of scientists and the demise of genetics (a previously flourishing field) throughout the Soviet Union.
		Lysenko was removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences and restricted to an experimental farm in Moscow's Lenin Hills (the Institute itself was soon dissolved).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trofim_Lysenko (1280 words)

	Lysenkoism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lysenkoism was a campaign against genetics and geneticists which happened in the Soviet Union from the middle of the 1930s to the middle of the 1960s, centered around the figure of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko.
		Lysenko's political success was in part because of his striking differences from most biologists at the time, being both from a peasant family as well as an enthusiastic advocate of the Soviet Union and Leninism.
		Lysenko used his position to denounce biologists as "fly-lovers and people haters," and to decry the "wreckers" in biology who he claimed were trying to purposely disable the Soviet economy and cause it to fail.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lysenkoism (1456 words)

	Lysenko and Lysenkoism
		Lysenko subsequently became famous for the discovery of "vernalisation," an agricultural technique that allowed winter crops to be obtained from summer planting by soaking and chilling the germinated seed for a determinate period of time.
		Lysenko came to believe that the crucial factor in determining the length of the vegetation period in a plant was not its genetic constitution, but its interaction with its environment.
		Lysenko's theory developed in a pragmatic and intuitive way as a rationalisation of agronomic practice and a reflection of the ideological environment surrounding it and not as a response to a problem formulated within the scientific community and pursued according to rigourous scientific methods.
	www.comms.dcu.ie /sheehanh/lysenko.htm (5317 words)

	Trofim Lysenko
		He was a prominent figure in the Soviet Union because of his controversial, unscientific, approach to biological science, beginning with agriculture and leading to a more general theory of heredity that rejected the existence of genes.
		Stalin declared genetics and cybernetics to be Anti-Soviet and ideologically unfit; Lysenko was put in charge of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Soviet Union and made responsible for ending the propagation of these harmful ideas among Soviet scientists.
		"Lysenko came to believe that the crucial factor in determining the length of the vegetation period in a plant was not its genetic constitution, but its interaction with its environment." [1] (http://www.comms.dcu.ie/sheehanh/lysenko.htm)
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ly/Lysenko.html (364 words)

	Nikolai Bezroukov's Short Introduction to Lysenkoism
		Lysenko was born at Karlovka in the Poltava province of the Ukraine in 1898, the song of a peasant.
		Lysenko extended the knowledge of this phenomenon and built up from it both an elaborate hypothesis on development in plants, which came to be known as the theory of phasic development, and an agricultural method which enabled winter varieties of cereals and other plants to be treated with low temperatures and sown as spring crops.
		Lysenko was awarded the Order of Lenin and two Stalin prizes, and was nominated Vice Chairman of the Supreme Soviet; in 1938 he was appointed President of the Lenin Academy of Agricultural Science and in 1940 assumed the Directorship of the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
	www.softpanorama.org /Skeptics/lysenkoism.shtml (9492 words)

	Lysenko's role in the development of agricultural science in the USSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lysenko (1898-1976) was the son of a peasant.
		Undoubtedly Lysenko's work will entail development of the whole branch of plant physiology; this discovery would provide for an opportunity of wide-scale utilization of the world's plant diversity in hybridization for shifting their areas to more remote northern territories.
		Lysenko and his supporters made extravagant claims for the efficacy of his techniques, and in the early 1930s, vernalization was reportedly applied to many millions of hectares of different crops.
	www.vir.nw.ru /history/lysenko.htm (885 words)

	Trofim Lysenko (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lysenko came from a peasant family in Ukraine.
		Stalin genetics and cybernetics to be anti-Soviet and ideologically unfit; put Lysenko in charge of the Academy Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union and him responsible for ending the propagation of ideas among Soviet scientists.
		Lysenko served this faithfully causing the expulsion imprisonment and death hundreds of scientists and the demise of genetics (a previously flourishing field) throughout the Union.
	www.freeglossary.com /Trofim_Lysenko (416 words)

	Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, Lysenko was a sloppy researcher whose experimental techniques included unsystematic data collection, almost no control groups, irregular weather conditions, hastiness in drawing conclusions, readiness to discount contradictory evidence on the grounds of peasant recalcitrance, impure plant varieties, and small samples.
		Lysenko's chief opponent on genetic matters, brilliant and internationally recognized scientist Nikolai Vavilov, was sent to the gulag and died in the early 1940s, thus clearing the way for Lysenkoism to spread.
		Whatsmore, Lysenko's detrimental influence on Soviet biology was not contained to his lifespan; because of the fleecing of the scientific community, further generations have lacked strong mentors under whom to hone their skills as researchers and develop their scientific ideas.
	www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/russia/stalin/lysenkoism.htm (478 words)

	Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He became the leader of the Soviet school of genetics that opposed the theories of heredity accepted by most geneticists and supported the doctrine that characteristics acquired through environmental influences are inherited (see acquired characteristics).
		Lysenko rejected neo-Mendelism and was a disciple of the Russian horticulturist I. Michurin.
		Lysenko’s theories were offered as Marxist orthodoxy and won the official support (1948) of the Soviet Central Committee.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ly/Lysenko.html (309 words)

	UMF: Mykola Lysenko
		Lysenko's ideas of the sovereignty of the individual were rooted in the popular mentality.
		Lysenko's knowledge of folksong and folk instrumental music and his studies of church choral polyphony were vital to his work.
		Lysenko's creed was that his art ought to serve the interests of the nation.
	www.ukrainianmusic.org /lysenko.html (717 words)

	Lecture 31
		Lysenko showed that you could soak a variety of wheat seeds in ice water and that would speed their germination.
		Lysenko was soon to become the acknowledged leader of the "New Biology" movement.
		Also, Lysenko's followers believed that "sex cells originate and are built from particles that are formed from substances coming from different tissues and parts of organisms and undergo numerous (but regular) changes." This is just the theory of pangenesis again.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /biology101/lectures/lect31/lect31_1.htm (1434 words)

	TIME 100: Scientists & Thinkers - Unsung Heroes, p. 2
		Lysenko was a peasant-born agronomist and Marxist ideologue who rejected Mendel's ideas because they contradicted the doctrine of dialectical materialism.
		Lysenko believed all living organisms passed on to succeeding generations characteristics acquired in their lifetime.
		This untested theory was at odds with what Lysenko scathingly called "alien bourgeois" genetics, but Soviet scientists who dared disagree risked being sent to the gulag.
	www.time.com /time/time100/scientist/other/unsung3.html (318 words)

	Today in Technology History - Nov 20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lysenko (pronounced lih-SYEN-ko) was born in 1898, the child of Russian peasant farmers.
		Contrary to the teachings of genetics, Lysenko believed that he could grow entirely new strains of wheat by adjusting the environment in which the wheat grew.
		Lysenko's crackpot ideas were promptly rejected by mainstream Russian scientists, but he cleverly couched his arguments in terms that fit the prevailing Soviet philosophy -- thus ingratiating himself with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/nov20.htm (278 words)

	Monroe/Hansen: The Lysenko Case 2 (March 1951) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Yet Lysenko insists that he has proved Blending Inheritance by experiments of “vegetative hybridization.” This is to graft a branch of one variety (the scion) on to a plant of another variety (the stock).
		Some scientists delude themselves with the thought that Lysenko’s views are a consequence of his holding to dialectical materialism along with the rest of the bureaucracy and that a purge such as he headed can’t happen in a land where government officials profess a different philosophy.
		The case of Lysenko is one of fraud, slander, bigotry and abysmal ignorance, from his “experiments” with tomatoes to his pronouncements on philosophy.
	www.marxists.org /archive/hansen/1951/03/lysenko2.htm (4539 words)

	Palaeos Evolution: People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Interestingly modern advances in DNA sequencing and other aspects of molecular biology reveal that certain acquired structures of the immune system may be transferred from parent to child, defying commonly held evolutionary beliefs and recalling Lamarck assertion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics resulting from environmental factors.
		Lysenko was a fraud and a scientific thug who, because he worked for one of history's greatest killers, validated his theories by having his critics imprisoned, starved, and shot.
		It's possible that another reason for the egregious nature of Lysenko's actions was a converse error: the notion that politics and ideology are matters of science.
	www.palaeos.com /Evolution/People1.html (2723 words)

	Monroe/Hansen: The Lysenko Case 1 (January 1951) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lysenko’s central postulate is that the immediate environment directly and simply molds the characteristics an individual transmits to the offspring.
		Lysenko’s dogmas stem from the Eighteenth Century views of the Chevalier de Lamarck, a French biologist who first popularized the theory of “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.” This theory was proved untenable more than 40 years ago, yet Lysenko’s bid for immortality in science rests on experiments which he claims confirm this outmoded theory.
		Unfortunately for Lysenko’s niche in the halls of science, the “vernalization” technique was used by Allen in 1846, Klippart in 1858 and Gassner in 1918.
	www.marxists.org /archive/hansen/1951/01/lysenko.htm (2616 words)

	Catallarchy » Trofim Lysenko: Ideology, Power, and the Destruction of Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lysenko’s arch detractor Nikolai Vavilov, who had been treading thin ice for many years, was arrested in 1940 and died in prison three years later.
		Lysenko’s doctrines were an unholy merger of Lamarckism with Stalinism: the infinite malleability of man was mirrored by the infinite malleability of plants.
		Lysenko’s infamous speech also included his description of hybrids proving the validity of his theories, including a graft between a potato and a tomato which gave rise to fruit which was oblong and whitish yellow.
	catallarchy.net /blog/archives/2006/05/01/trofim-lysenko-ideology-power-and-the-destruction-of-science/trackback (2389 words)

	Lysenkoism
		Lysenko rose to dominance at a 1948 conference in Russia where he delivered a passionate address denouncing Mendelian thought as "reactionary and decadent" and declared such thinkers to be "enemies of the Soviet people" (Gardner 1957).
		Lysenko's methods were not condemned by the Soviet scientific community until 1965, more than a decade after Stalin's death.
		Lysenko was opposed to the use of statistics, but had he been clever enough to see how useful statistics can be in the service of ideology, he might have changed his mind.
	skepdic.com /lysenko.html (1084 words)

	Mykola Vytal'yevych Lysenko - Free Music Downloads, Videos, CDs, MP3s, Bio, Merchandise and Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A member of the Russian Musical Society in the 1870s, Lysenko was not recognized and essentially shunned by the Society in his later years because of his political views.
		Early in his life, Lysenko studied piano with his mother and by the age of nine was in Kiev studying with figures like Panochini and Nejnkevic.
		Lysenko was not only influenced by Shevchenko but also by the political philosophy of Belinsky, Herzen and Chernishevsky.
	www.artistdirect.com /nad/music/artist/bio/0,,542827,00.html (382 words)

	The Lysenko Muddle
		Lysenko is on the right side as a Vitalist; but the situation is confused by the purely verbal snag that Marx called his philosophy Dialectical Materialism.
		Accordingly, Lysenko has to pretend that he is a Materialist when he is in fact a Vitalist; and thus muddles us ludicrously.
		Lysenko has to tell the flat lie that he is a Materialist, and can make the same excuse for what it is worth.
	marxists.anu.edu.au /reference/archive/shaw/works/lysenko.htm (872 words)

	Mykola Lysenko - Classical music composer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mykola Lysenko is a founder of the national Ukrainian classical music who has generalized the achievements of the long previous period of development of our inherent musical culture and he brought it up to the world level.
		Lysenko got his professional music education in Leipzig Conservatory (1867–69) in the class of such well-known teachers as Moscheles, Reinecke, Wenzel and Richter, and after that he increased his professional level in Petersburg Conservatory (1874–76) in the class of the world famous Rimsky-Korsakov.
		In 1880 Lysenko stated writing his most outstanding work a monumental-heroic opera "Taras Bul'ba" (the libretto by Starytsky for the adapted story by Gogol), which was completed only ten years afterwards.
	www.classical-composers.org /cgi-bin/ccd.cgi?comp=lysenko (829 words)

	Lessons from Lysenko for the Creationist/Evolution "Pseudodebate" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		She, however, glosses over the costs of Lysenko in the number of scientists that were executed, imprisoned or otherwise fried.
		Creationists and Lysenko had ostensibly different reasons for their actions, but the methods and the goals are exactly the same.
		Lysenko lived until 1978 and was probably partly responsible for Nikita's fall.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1431032/posts (5276 words)

	Turning the pages back... November 20, 1976 (11/17/96) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lysenko was given a laboratory at the All-Union Selection and Genetics Institute (AUSGI) in Odesa in 1929, and two years later the USSR's Agriculture Ministry created two journals to popularize his work.
		Lysenko declared that Gregor Mendel's approach to genetics was "bourgeois capitalist science" useless to agriculture.
		Zhores Medvedev wrote a searing indictment of Lysenko and the ideological hysteria that gripped Soviet science, titled "The Rise and Fall of T.D. Lysenko," which was published in the West in 1969.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1996/469612.shtml (512 words)

	Getting Started on Lysenkoism
		Lysenko was a Soviet agricultural specialist who claimed that he could shape nature more or less at will.
		His work became notorious in the West, because he claimed that modern genetics was nonsense and that he could produce greatly increased crop yields by using techniques which were not accepted by orthodox scientists.
		Lysenko's opponents were persecuted before and after that date, modern genetics was banned in the Soviet Union, and Western Marxist scientists were pilloried for kowtowing to ideological distortions of putatively objective science.
	www.human-nature.com /rmyoung/papers/getintro.html (201 words)

	[No title]
		Lysenko's letters often reiterated instructions he had been given by these leaders (presumably by phone), and from them it is clear that some of them disagreed with Lysenko.
		Lysenko was a VIP--president of an academy, hero of socialist labor, one of the leaders of the supreme soviet.
		But in editing Lysenko's text, although Stalin added the remark that the Lamarckian idea of the inheritance of acquired characters was "entirely scientific," Stalin didn't allow Lysenko to cite his 1906 article.
	cyber.eserver.org /stalin.txt (5405 words)

	Trofim Denisovich Lysenko
		[Lysenko] was personally responsible for the exile, torture, and death of many talented scientists, and for an environment of oppression and backwardness in Soviet science.
		Lysenko did not go out of his way looking for opponents to destroy.
		An up-to-date account of the Lysenko movement's effect on Soviet science in general and genetics in particular; includes Russian sources not available to Joravsky in 1970.
	www.cyberussr.com /rus/lysenko.html (661 words)

	IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations - IAAF.org - News
		There Lysenko spun out a 76.05m national record in the third round, backed that up with a 75.81 release in the fifth, before unleashing her 77.06m diamond in the final round.
		However, despite Lysenko’s eventual defeat at the hands of Kuzenkova when she had to settle for the 2005 World Championships bronze behind her vastly experienced colleague, it should not be forgotten that she had earlier triumphed at the Russian Championships, leaving Kuzenkova 2.36m behind on that occasion!
		Lysenko’s response is tactful, that with a 13 year difference in age between them that it makes social conversation a bit difficult.
	www.iaaf.org /news/Kind=2/newsId=33119.html (1135 words)

	M. Lysenko Competition
		Applications for participation in the Competition (the form is enclosed) are accepted by 20 September 2002 by the address: Directorate of the Second International Mykola Lysenko Music Competition, 50-52 Taras Shevchenko boulevard, Kyiv, 01032, Ukraine.
		Laureates and diplomants of the Competition are obliged to perform free of charge at the final concerts which will take place in the M. Lysenko Pillared Hall of the National Philharmonic of Ukraine.
		Lysenko - Rhapsody # 2 “Dumka-Shumka” for violin and orchestra (transcript by V.
	www.lysenko.org.ua /en/konkurs.htm (1974 words)

	Soviet spring of Trofim Lysenko
		Lysenko was an agricultural researcher who in 1929 claimed to have invented "vernalisation".
		In fact, vernalisation was an old peasant technique, and Lysenko’s experiment was based on one field of wheat, in one season, on his father’s farm.
		He also claimed that acquired characteristics could be inherited by the next generation — as if parents who go in for weightlifting could be sure of children with big biceps and six-pack abs.
	www.meta-religion.com /Paranormale/Frauds/soviet_spring.htm (195 words)

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