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Topic: Lysyl oxidase

	Patent 6,808,707
		The purified tropoelastin and lysyl oxidase may then be suspended in a liquid, such as an aqueous solution (e.g., water or saline) or an organic solvent, or provided in a dry powder form, or in a lyophilized form.
		In another embodiment, the lysyl oxidase is kept in an inactive from in the presence of the tropoelastin, and the lysyl oxidase not activated until right before use.
		Lysyl oxidase is the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of lysine residues leading to the non-enzymatic condensation of the modified lysine side chains.
	pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2004/Oct2004/102604/6808707_Wound102604.htm (3322 words)

	Regulation of Lysyl Oxidase by Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells -- Feres-Filho et al. 271 ...
		Lysyl oxidase catalyzes the oxidative deamination of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-
		Extracellular lysyl oxidase activity is the final enzymatic step required for cross-linking and deposition of elastin and collagen in connective tissues(1, 2).
		Although lysyl oxidase steady-state mRNA levels were reported not to increase during the period of increased collagen accumulation(51), measurements of lysyl oxidase enzyme activity were not presented.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/11/6411 (5536 words)

	Respiratory Disorders Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital Faculty Members (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The appearance of exon sequences in lysyl oxidase mRNA in several human tissues was determined using a reverse transcriptase - PCR assay.
		Analysis of the coding sequence within exon 1, the most 5' exon within the lysyl oxidase gene, revealed that the PstI RFLP was due to a G-->A transition resulting in a nonconservative arginine to glutamine substitution proximal to a propeptide cleavage domain encoded by exon 1 of the lysyl oxidase gene.
		Lysyl oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of lysine residues to alpha-aminoadipic-delta-semialdehyde.
	www.brighamandwomens.org /respiratorydisorders/Faculty/Mariani.asp (3726 words)

	WUSM-Medicine: Dermatology: Faculty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lysyl oxidases are copper containing monoamine oxidase enzymes, which catalyzes the conversion of lysine residues in collagen and elastin to allysine.
		To study the role of lysyl oxidases in growth and development, and maintenance of the extracellular matrix, the lysyl oxidase genes are being cloned, characterized, and individual gene “knockout vectors” constructed.
		The various tissue specificities and expression patterns of the lysyl oxidases are being investigated by analysis of individual promoter sequences in transfection assays and by in vivo footprinting.
	dermatology.wustl.edu /faculty/hornstra.html (196 words)

	Lysyl Oxidase Inhibits Ras-Mediated Transformation by Preventing Activation of NF-{kappa}B -- Jeay et al. 23 (7): 2251 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Somatic mutations of the lysyl oxidase gene on chromosome 5q23.1 in colorectal tumors.
		Up-regulation of lysyl oxidase in spontaneous revertants of H-ras-transformed rat fibroblasts.
		Lysyl oxidase cDNA of myofibroblast from mouse fibrotic liver.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/23/7/2251 (7664 words)

	Extracellular Matrix Deposition, Lysyl Oxidase Expression, and Myofibroblastic Differentiation during the Initial ...
		At 24 hours, a strong reactivity for lysyl oxidase appeared in the portal zone, and, as in controls, alpha-SM actin expression was restricted to vascular SM cells.
		Lysyl oxidase staining increased until 72 hours after bile duct ligation, when it was located in areas surrounding the myofibroblastic cells.
		At 7 days, lysyl oxidase expression was restricted around myofibroblastic cells present at the periphery of the reactive tissue and appeared to extend into the surrounding parenchyma.
	info.med.yale.edu /labinvest/abstracts/97months/9706june/7662.html (517 words)

	Patent 6,808,707
		In another preferred embodiment of the invention, a modified version of lysyl oxidase would be provided which binds to another protein or peptide (binding peptide or protein).
		In order for the lysyl oxidase to regain its enzymatic activity, the binding protein or peptide would need to be removed.
		applying both said tropoelastin and said lysyl oxidase to a skin wound simultaneously or sequentially, so that said tropoelastin is not crosslinked to itself prior to application to the wound.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2004/Oct2004/102604/6808707_Wound102604.htm (3322 words)

	USUHS Pathology: Course Director (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The transforming effect of the oncogene ras is suppressed by expression of lysyl oxidase.
		Lysyl oxidase is known primarily as a extracellular enzyme involved in the maturation of collagen and elastin fibers; however, it is becoming clear that this protein also has an intracellular role.
		Lysyl oxidase gene expression was found to be reduced in breast tumors that originated in ducts, and we are also studying whether the restoration of lysyl oxidase expression in cells derived from breast tumors can reduce the cancerous nature of these cells.
	www.usuhs.mil /pat/fac/contente.html (323 words)

	Regulation of Lysyl Oxidase, Collagen, and Connective Tissue Growth Factor by TGF-[beta]1 and Detection in Human Gingiva
		Lysyl oxidase catalyzes the final known enzymatic step required for cross-linking collagen and elastin in the synthesis of a functional extracellular matrix.
		This study investigated the regulation by TGF-[beta]1 of lysyl oxidase and its collagen and elastin substrates in early passage human gingival fibroblasts.
		Maximal stimulation of lysyl oxidase activity and mRNA levels for both lysyl oxidase and collagen occurs after 48 hours of treatment of gingival fibroblastic cells with 400 pm of TGF-[beta]1.
	info.med.yale.edu /labinvest/abstracts/99months/9912Dec/9912_1655.html (444 words)

	Consequences of reduced lysyl oxidase activities
		Lysyl oxidases: Cloning and characterization of the fourth and the fifth human lysyl oxidase isoenzymes, and the consequences of a targeted inactivation of the first described lysyl oxidase isoenzyme in mice
		Lysyl oxidase activity is reduced in two X-linked recessively inherited disorders, the Menkes disease and its less severe variant occipital horn syndrome (OHS, also known as X-linked cutis laxa) (see Kagan 1986, Smith-Mungo & Kagan 1998, Kaler 1998 for reviews).
		Therefore, the reduced lysyl oxidase activity is secondary to the copper deficiency, as are activities of at least 12 different copper-dependent enzymes (Kaler 1998).
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514267397/html/i894767.html (1033 words)

	Changes in collagen cross-linking and lysyl oxidase by estrogen. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Dermal collagen solubility and lysyl oxidase activity of bones were measured in DDD mice of advancing age.
		Activity of the lysyl oxidase extracted from bones was higher in females than in males after 4 weeks of age.
		In other experimental animals, dermal collagen solubility was markedly decreased by estrogen treatment and lysyl oxidase was remarkably activated by estrogen in both skin and bone.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_27234.html (160 words)

	Characterization of the Human Lysyl Oxidase Locus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We use the lysyl oxidase gene as a model to study this phenomenon.
		Lysyl oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.13; 5q23.3-q31.2) is a member of a multi-gene family which catalyzes the formation of aldehyde crosslinkages in both elastin and collagen.
		The regulation of this gene may also be important in a number of fibrotic conditions such as artherosclerosis and alcoholic cardiomyopathy, as lysyl oxidase expression has been noted to increase in these situations.
	compbio.med.wayne.edu /rui/accessory/LOX2_abs.html (301 words)

	Lysyl Oxidase (ras Recision Gene) Expression in Human Amnion: Ontogeny and Cellular Localization -- Casey and MacDonald ...
		Lysyl oxidase activity in reflected amnion tissue (urea extracts; n = 70 singleton pregnancies with intact membranes) presented as a function of gestational age.
		The activity of lysyl oxidase in chick aorta (using 10 µg protein/assay tube) is presented for comparison.
		Western analysis of immunoreactive lysyl oxidase protein in urea extracts (124 µg protein/lane) of human amnion tissues from various gestational ages.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/1/167 (4540 words)

	Potassium and Copper
		The most serious effects are weakening of the elastin tissue derived arteries by inhibition of the lysyl oxidase system, along with fatty buildup in the arteries.
		Lysyl oxidase oxidizes the amino group in lysine [Siegel and Martin] which amino acid is common in elastin.
		Cortisol, like DOC, also stimulates lysyl oxidase activity [Siegel], and undoubtedly for the same reason, that is to provide extra copper to white blood cells during infection upon decline.
	www.ithyroid.com /potassium_and_copper.htm (8500 words)

	Characterization of the Human Lysyl oxidase Domain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lysyl oxidase plays a key role during artherogenesis and organogenesis, orchestrating the correct formation of such tissues as the aorta.
		The 38 kb human lysyl oxidase domain was defined by mapping the DNase-I sensitive region surrounding the coding sequence.
		Lysyl oxidase is a member of an expanding multi-gene family, so far comprised of three distinctly mapped genes.
	compbio.med.wayne.edu /rui/accessory/LOX_abs.html (210 words)

	Herbert M. Kagan
		The oxidative deamination of primary amines by copper-dependent amine oxidases are reactions which are important for homeostasis, growth and repair.
		Particular effort is addressed toward lysyl oxidase which oxidizes peptidyl lysine in elastin and collagen and thus initiates inter-peptide covalent crosslinkage formation essential to the deposition of insoluble fibers of these proteins in connective tissues.
		While we have made considerable progress in the elucidation of the catalytic mechanism and nature of the substrate specificity of this enzyme, current efforts are directed at analysis of the means of regulation of this enzyme at the genetic and protein levels in cultured cells used as models of human connective tissue disease.
	www.bumc.bu.edu /Dept/Content.aspx?PageID=882&departmentid=56 (320 words)

	Patent 4444787: Ophthalmic topical use of collagen cross-linking inhibitors
		It is known that the cross-linking of collagen fibrils can be prevented by the use of agents which have their effect either by inhibiting the enzyme, lysyl oxidase, or by binding to the aldehydes produced as a result of its action.
		Beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), aminoacetonitrile, beta-mercaptoethylamine, dithiothreitol, isoniazide, iproniazide, carbonyl reagents, disulfhydryls and diamines are all known to cause in vitro inhibition of lysyl oxidase.
		D-pencillamine is known to have two effects on the collagen cross-linking process: to reversibly inhibit the lysyl oxidase; and to irreversibly bind to the aldehydes generated as a result of its action.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4444787.html (4123 words)

	Collagen diseases
		Lysyl oxidase catalyses a post-translational oxidation of certain lysine and hydroxylysine residues.
		Suspending aortic tissue in a copper-enriched growth medium also activates lysyl oxidase provided that tissue structure is kept intact.
		They further suggest that transport of copper to aortic tissue and its engagement to lysyl oxidase are linked to the synthesis or lysyl oxidase, an extracellular carrier, or both.
	www.ithyroid.com /collagen_diseases.htm (253 words)

	Discussin
		Lysyl oxidase is a copper-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the formation of aldehyde cross-links, acting primarily on elastin and collagen.
		Increased lysyl oxidase activity is found in fibrotic disease of lung, in atherosclerosis [11] and in in vitro models of rat hepatic fibrosis [12].
		Lysyl oxidase gene maps to mouse chromosome 18 [14] and human 5q23.3-31.2 [15].
	www.cd.chalmers.se /~farzad/FARZAD/HTML/DISCUS~1.HTM (951 words)

	Publications
		Mechanistic comparision of the cobalt-substituted and wild-type copper amine oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha.
		Dove, J.E; Klinman, J.P. (2001) Trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) from copper amine oxidases and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) from lysyl oxidase.
		The role of copper in topa quinone biogenesis and catalysis, as probed by azide inhibition of a copper amine oxidase from yeast.
	www.cchem.berkeley.edu /~jukgrp/publications.html (1126 words)

	Menkes Syndrome
		Lysyl oxidase is an extracellular copper enzyme and participates in the biosynthesis of collagen.
		Arterial degeneration and rupture of the aorta is also thought to be related to reduced activity of lysyl oxidase which catalyses elastin synthesis defectively.
		Cytochrome oxidase is part of complex IV of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.
	www.themedicaldirectory.org /essays/menkes.shtml (831 words)

	Building Elastin . Incorporation of Recombinant Human Tropoelastin into Extracellular Matrices using Nonelastogenic ...
		Lysyl oxidase is the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of endopeptidyl lysine residues to peptidyl
		of peptidyl lysyl residues and a decrease of insoluble rhTE.
		Kinetics and stereospecificity of the lysyl oxidase reaction.
	ajrcmb.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/24/6/733 (4184 words)

	Atp7a - Copper-transporting ATPase 1
		In addition to t-int, new mutations at the quaking and tufted loci were obtained, as well as at several loci not on chromosome 17, e.g., an X-linked lethal that causes a mottled phenotype in the heterozygote and four new mutant W alleles on chromosome 5.
		Decreased lysyl oxidase activity in the aneurysm-prone, mottled mouse.
		The spontaneously aneurysm-prone Blotchy mouse has a mutation on the X chromosome resulting in low hepatic copper levels; and copper is an essential cofactor for lysyl oxidase, which catalyzes reactions leading to the cross-linking of collagen and elastin.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gg/119614.html (2235 words)

	Clark University Chemistry Department
		Currently, the primary topics of interest are studies of the copper- and quinone- containing amine oxidases, which include diamine oxidase, benzylamine oxidase, and lysyl oxidase.
		In the case of lysyl oxidase, this is the first step in the cross-linking of collagen and elastin, and leads to their great strength.
		The research is focused on understanding the details of the structure and mechanisms of action of these enzymes, with special emphasis on the role of the copper.
	www.clarku.edu /departments/chem/faculty/greenaway.cfm (365 words)

	Activation of Chick Tendon Lysyl Oxidase in Response to Dietary Copper -- Rucker et al. 129 (12): 2143 -- Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lysyl oxidase activity in response to changes in (A) dietary and (B) tendon copper in chickens.
		Of potential importance, lysyl oxidase from copper-deficient chicks could not be obtained due to extensive proteolysis during the latter stages of purification.
		Average molecular weight for protein corresponding to lysyl oxidase from copper-deficient chick tissues (both tendon and aorta) was 28,386 ± 86 Da, and for copper-supplemented chick tissues (tendon and aorta), 28,639 ± 122 Da.
	nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/129/12/2143 (2396 words)

	Physiological Importance of Quinoenzymes and the O-Quinone Family of Cofactors -- Stites et al. 130 (4): 719 -- Journal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Proposed mechanism for the oxidation of a primary amine by an amine oxidase.
		Lysyl oxidase is directed to the Golgi as a 46 kDa proenzyme (prolysyl oxidase).
		At the cell surface, prolysyl oxidase is cleaved to lysyl oxidase (~30 kDa).
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/130/4/719 (5455 words)

	Extracellular matrix modifications in rat tissues of different ages. Correlations between elastin and collagen type I ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We used a rat model to correlate age, matrix gene expression and lysyl oxidase activity in three connective tissues, skin, aorta and lung.
		We also measured the activity of lysyl oxidase, an enzyme which plays a crucial role in the formation of crosslinks in both procollagen and tropoelastin molecules.
		Moreover in this study we focused on the importance of gene matrix expression in evaluating lysyl oxidase activity of aging tissues.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_7906010.html (212 words)

	Science Day 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Guo, Y., N. Pischon, A. Palamakumbura, and P. Trackman (Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, SDM) Effects of Lysyl Oxidase Propeptide on Osteoblast Proliferation and Mineralization.
		Lysyl oxidase plays a critical role in the formation of the extracellular matrix and its activity is required for normal cross-linking of collagen and elastin.
		An 18 kDa propeptide (LOPP) is released with the ~30 kDa active enzyme from pro-lysyl oxidase during the normal biosynthesis of lysyl oxidase.
	www.bu.edu /phpbin/scienceday/judges/abstract.php?id=348 (305 words)

	UC Davis Nutrition Department Faculty - Janet Y. Uriu-Adams
		Purification, properties and influence of dietary copper on accumulation and functional activity of lysyl oxidase in rat skin.
		Expression and accumulation of lysyl oxidase, elastin, and type I procollagen in human Menkes and Mottled mouse fibroblasts.
		Metavanadate causes cellular accumulation of copper and decreased lysyl oxidase activity.
	nutrition.ucdavis.edu /faculty/uriu.html (961 words)

	Tramadol, buy tramadol, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, hair loss, hair ...
		Lysyl oxidase catalyzes oxidative deamination of peptidyl-lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagens and lysine residues in elastin to form peptidyl aldehydes that are required for the formation of covalent cross-links in normal extracellular matrix biosynthesis.
		Lysyl oxidase in addition has tumor suppressor activity, and phenotypic reversion of transformed cell lines is accompanied by increased lysyl oxidase expression.
		The mechanism of low expression of lysyl oxidase in tumor cells is unknown.
	hair-loss-stop.com /ref-lysine/lysine-research-abs4.320.html (1415 words)

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