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	Milstar
		Milstar is a series of advanced US military communications satellites designed to provide global jam-resistant communications for military users.
		Milstar's "switchboard-in-the sky" operational concept was considered revolutionary because the satellites handle all processing and traffic management chores without ground station relays, greatly enhancing data security and jam resistance.
		As more Milstar terminals were installed on various aircraft, ground vehicles, ships and military locations around the world, its role as a vital military command and control link continued to grow.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/milstar.htm (1046 words)

	Northrop Grumman > NGST > Capabilities > Space Systems > Satellite Communications > Milstar
		Milstar satellites function as autonomous “switchboards in space,” that let users communicate with each other anytime, anywhere in the world, at any level of conflict.
		These features, and others on a Milstar medium data rate payload with broadband capabilities, are crucial to successful operations on the modern battlefield and are not available through other military or civil communications networks.
		Milstar II evolved as the cold war and incumbent strategic threats gave way to new third world threats and regional conflicts.
	www.st.northropgrumman.com /capabilities/space/comms/milstar.html (371 words)

	Space Technology - Milstar Military Communications Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Milstar is a military satellite communications system that provides the Department of Defense and troops in the field with reliable, secure, jam-proof communications between fixed-site, mobile and portable terminals.
		Milstar is the first satellite communications system of any kind that uses signal processing algorithms on the satellites, allowing commanders from every service to establish customised networks within minutes.
		Milstar communicates via terminals that are compatible among all the military services, including shipborne, man-portable, vehicle-mounted and carried in command and control aircraft.
	www.space-technology.com /projects/milstar (619 words)

	Milstar (Military Strategic and Tactical Relay satellite)
		An operational Milstar constellation is supposed to consist of four satellites, positioned around the Earth in geosynchronous orbits, but the program was, until recently, plagued with fiscal and technical problems.
		However, the first of a new generation of Milstar satellites was placed in a useless orbit because of a flight software error in its Centaur upper stage during launch on April 30, 1999.
		The second, third, and fourth Milstar 2 satellites were, however, successfully delivered into their intended orbits, on Feb. 27, 2001, Jan. 15, 2002, and Apr. 8, 2003, respectively, by Delta-4(01)B Centaur T launch vehicles.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/Milstar.html (291 words)

	TonyRogers.com \| MILSTAR II Satellite Autonomous Warfighting System
		Milstar is the tactical and strategic multiservice satellite system designed to provide survivable communications for U.S. forces worldwide.
		The Milstar I satellites carry a secure, robust low-data-rate (LDR) communications payload, and a crosslink payload that allows the satellites to communicate globally without using a ground station.
		The Milstar I and II satellites are fully interoperable for LDR communications and crosslinks.
	www.tonyrogers.com /weapons/milstar.htm (1033 words)

	SPACE.com -- Final Milstar Reaches Orbit with Help of Titan 4B Rocket
		The Milstar program was initiated in 1981 as a $42 billion "doomsday messenger" intended to provide the Pentagon with a survivable worldwide communications capability in the event of a six-month nuclear war.
		As originally conceived, Milstar was to consist of 20 nuclear-hardened communication satellites, ground-based control stations and a variety of satellite terminals for the Army, Navy and Air Force.
		Eventually the Milstar program was reduced in scope and its primary function changed, giving the U.S. the constellation it now has: two Milstar 1 spacecraft and three Milstar 2 spacecraft -- the last of which included the medium data rate capability.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/titan4_launch_030408.html (658 words)

	Miltary Equipment Guides -MILSTAR_COM
		Description: Milstar is a joint service satellite communications system that provides worldwide secure, jam resistant and low probability of detection nuclear-event resistant communications for all forces across the spectrum of conflict.
		Milstar is the most advanced military communications satellite system to date and represents the future of the U.S. communications capability.
		The Milstar system is composed of three segments: space (the satellites), terminal (the users), and mission control.
	www.military.com /Resources/EQG/EQGmain?file=MILSTAR_COM&cat=e&lev=2 (403 words)

	Titan 4 to carry Milstar2 Defence Bird.
		Milstar II, the Defense Department's most technologically advanced telecommunications satellite, is the first to carry the Medium Data Rate (MDR) payload, which can process data at speeds of 1.5 megabits per second.
		Two Milstar I satellites currently on-orbit are equipped with a UHF and Low Data Rate payload, which transmits information at rates between 75 and 2,400 bits per second.
		Milstar's "switchboard-in-space " concept is a revolutionary departure from all current communications systems and is designed to provide adaptable, secure, and survivable communications between fixed-site, mobile, and hand-portable terminals.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /news/2001/feb/nps032.htm (506 words)

	TRW Cuts MilStar Weight
		The Milstar communications payload is the hardware that performs the satellites' unique onboard processing and signal routing functions.
		LDR-4 is the fourth of six payloads that TRW is producing under contract to Lockheed Martin, the Milstar satellite prime contractor.
		Milstar satellites 3 through 6, which are designated Block II satellites, carry both the LDR payload and a new medium data rate (MDR) payload that expands Milstar's tactical communications capabilities.
	www.terradaily.com /news/milstar-98a.html (547 words)

	News - Aerospace Supports GPS, Milstar Launches
		Aerospace also provided launch and payload support to Milstar 6, which was lifted into orbit aboard a Titan IV rocket on April 8 and completes the Milstar satellite constellation.
		The Milstar constellation, often called a "switchboard in the sky" because of the connectivity it provides for all its users, consists of space-linked satellites evenly spaced around the world in geosynchronous orbits.
		Milstar 6 is expected to be fully operational within two months and will aid U.S. armed forces around the world and ensure that critical information reaches its destination in a timely manner.
	www.aero.org /news/newsitems/launches-041603.html (383 words)

	[FPSPACE] Some big problems on the milspace side... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The most analogous program is Milstar (which AEHF is supposed to replace) and Milstar still costs a whopping $800 million a copy.
		Milstar should go down in history as one of the most infamous military space programs.
		After the Milstar failed to achieve proper orbit in 1999, Boeing (then Hughes) and Lockheed-Martin proposed that they team up on the AEHF program in order to finish the first satellite by 2004 instead of 2006.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2001-December/003252.html (718 words)

	Milstar 2 Military Communications Satellite
		Milstar 2 satellites would weigh approximately 10,000 pounds and, consequently, would have to be launched on Titan 4 rockets-an expensive launching mode.
		On the left wing are the helical Ultra High Frequency antennas, two of the three directional spot beam antennas (the third is hidden by the wing structure), and the box-shaped agile beam antennas.
		MILSTAR 4 is slated for launch in the October-November 2000 timeframe, followed by the fifth in 2001 and sixth in 2002.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/systems/milstar2.htm (593 words)

	Milstar Fact Sheet
		First, the Milstar satellite serves as a smart switchboard in space, allowing users to establish critical communications networks on the fly, making Milstar extremely flexible and responsive to the needs of the tactical warfighters.
		Milstar satellites are launched from Cape Canaveral, using the Titan IV/Centaur combination.
		The Milstar Airborne and Ground Command Post Terminals are designed to be rugged, reliable and to survive extreme environments, including modern conventional and nuclear warfare.
	milsatcom.tripod.com /milstar (577 words)

	MichaelMoore.com : Newsroom : Facts in Mike's Films
		Milstar was also used for the rapid targeting of Navy Tomahawk cruise missiles involved in Iraqi strikes and clandestine communications with Special Operations Forces.
		Employment of Milstar highlights the criticality of military space system involvement in the war, and the pivotal role of spacecraft in new "network-centric" operations.
		The Milstar constellation was bolstered Apr. 8 with the launch of a Titan IVB carrying the program's fifth and final operational spacecraft.
	www.michaelmoore.com /words/wackoattacko/aviationweek.php (937 words)

	Milstar 3 Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) Military Communications Satellite
		Option 1 (Milstar 2/Advanced EHF) would retain four Milstar 2 satellites, with a first launch in FY 1999 (as in the FY93 program), but it would eliminate the fifth Milstar 2 satellite (planned for delivery as a spare satellite in FY 2003) as well as subsequent Milstar-2 satellites.
		The options containing four Milstar 2s were determined to be most preferable because a constellation of that size would meet military requirements and provide the most operational capability at the earliest date.
		Reducing the weight of the Milstar II payload by a factor of three to four and providing a sufficient number of narrow-beam EHF antennas to connect the tactical forces needed to fight a regional conflict was a higher-risk, but potentially lower-cost, approach than the continued development of Milstar 2 satellites.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/systems/milstar3.htm (2111 words)

	Boeing: Integrated Defense Systems - Satellite Development Center - Milstar II
		Milstar II Boeing, a major supplier of sophisticated, state-of-the-art radio frequency (RF), microwave, and antenna subsystems, has been part of the Milstar satellite team since 1982.
		Milstar is the tactical and strategic multiservice satellite system designed to provide survivable communications for U.S. forces worldwide.
		The Milstar I and II satellites are fully interoperable for LDR communications and crosslinks.
	www.boeing.com /defense-space/space/bss/factsheets/government/milstar_ii/milstar_ii.html (1122 words)

	Army Communicator: Milstar 6 satellite successfully launched to complete the constellation - Milstar
		It joins four other Milstar satellites already in orbit to complete the constellation (one satellite suffered a malfunction at launch and was placed in a safe but unusable orbit).
		Although the Milstar system was originally designed during the 1980s, it was restructured in 1991 in acknowledgement of the significant geopolitical changes in the world and to meet the communications needs of a modern military force.
		Milstar satellites respond directly to service requests from users--establishing, maintaining, reconfiguring, and disassembling the required communications circuits as directed by the users on the ground.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PAA/is_2_28/ai_107699568 (722 words)

	"MILSTAR: A Millstone from the Cold War?"
		MILSTAR was intended to survive nuclear combat for a period of up to six months and, as a result, the satellite has absolutely heroic survivability measures, including hardened against nuclear weapons, laser weapons, an ability to manuever away from an anti-satellite weapon that might be launched against it.
		MILSTAR was born of the desire for an indestructible central nervous system that could transmit messages to bombers, missiles and submarines.
		NARRATOR: While the fate of MILSTAR is being debated in the halls of Congress, critics of the program point to it as an example of a larger problem: The business-as-usual mentality that rules the military budget, even in the absence of an adversary as formidable as was the former Soviet Union.
	www.cdi.org /adm/Transcripts/742 (3817 words)

	FIRST LOCKHEED MARTIN-BUILT MILSTAR SATELLITE MARKS 10 YEARS IN SERVICE (Lockheed Martin) - Pressi.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Milstar is the Defense Department's most technologically advanced telecommunications satellite system, which provides critical, secure links to U.S. national leaders, air, land and sea forces around the globe.
		The Milstar system is the only survivable, endurable means that the President, the Secretary of Defense and the Commander, U.S. Strategic Command have to maintain positive command and control of this nation's strategic forces.
		With the final Milstar on orbit, the first space-based global network is now in operation, providing a secure communications network which can transmit voice, data, and imagery, in addition to offering video teleconferencing capabilities for the Department of Defense.
	www.pressi.com /us/release/86010.html (553 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Titan Launch Report \| Last Milstar successfully soars to orbital perch
		Developed in the 1980s, the Milstar satellites began launching in 1994 to form a communications network for senior U.S. officials that would be dependable, jam-proof and immune from interception.
		The Milstar constellation played a key role in the command and control of forces involved in the recent rescue of former POW Private First Class Jessica Lynch.
		Milstar can now send an air tasking order to its destination in less than six seconds, a vast improvement from years past when it would take an hour.
	spaceflightnow.com /titan/b35 (1361 words)

	Final Milstar 2 Bird Completes On-Orbit Checkout Ahead of Schedule
		Milstar's "switchboard-in- space" concept allows communications links to be established rapidly, allowing the networking of satellites together in space and eliminating the need for ground relay stations.
		The Milstar communications system is the only survivable, endurable means that the President, the Secretary of Defense and the Commander, U.S. Strategic Command have to maintain positive command and control of this nation's strategic forces, according to General Emile Bataille, director of USSTRATCOM's Combat Support Directorate.
		Milstar is the Defense Department's most technologically advanced telecommunications satellite system, providing critical, secure links to U.S. national leaders, air, land and sea forces around the globe and has been used to support military operations since 1994.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/milspace-comms-03v.html (988 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Milstar 2 Team Cut On Orbit Costs - 16/4/02
		Launched on Jan. 15, 2002 aboard a Titan IV B rocket, the Milstar II satellite is the Defense Department's most technologically advanced telecommunications satellite and is the second to carry the Medium Data Rate (MDR) payload.
		The Milstar system is designed to provide the survivable communication to national leadership and also provide the military services with reliable, secure, jam-proof communications between fixed-site, mobile, maritime and portable terminals.
		The Milstar team members, which include the U.S. Air Force, Aerospace Corp, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, TRW and Raytheon, are preparing for the final launch of a Milstar satellite, F-6, currently scheduled for launch in November 2002.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/milstar2cut.htm (513 words)

	Milstar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Milstar was designed to perform all communication processing and network routing onboard, thus eliminating the need for vulnerable land-based relay stations and reducing the chances of communications being intercepted on the ground.
		Milstar is known as “the FedEx of communications systems—when it absolutely, positively has to be there, Milstar is the system.” There are five operational Milstar satellites.
		The Milstar constellation is currently commanded and controlled by a highly survivable mission control segment with both fixed and mobile control stations.
	www.losangeles.af.mil /SMC/MC/milstar.htm (459 words)

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