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Topic: MOX

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Lieutenant

EUA

1977

Ingrid Bergman

	A MOX Fuel Plant in Russia: The Engineering Work Has Started
		The main aim of this programme is the construction of a MOX fuel fabrication plant in Russia dedicated to weapons-grade plutonium.
		Plutonium recycling in the form of MOX fuel is now a mature industry in Europe, with successful operational experience in large-scale MOX fuel fabrication plants and with MOX fuel loading in reactors in both France and Germany.
		MOX fuel development has progressed to the initial design and construction phase of three or four units of the BN800 design of fast power reactor, and of a MOX fuel plant known as Complex 300, designed to produce up to 900 assemblies per year.
	www.world-nuclear.org /sym/1997/bousquet.htm (1773 words)

	AAEA
		MOX fuel, which would contain surplus plutonium, would be manufactured at SRS in a new plant being designed by Duke COGEMA.
		A multinational consortium is building a MOX plant in Russia, particularly to utilise weapons-grade plutonium (at 2 t/yr), and a similar plant is proposed in the USA.
		MOX fuel, consisting of 7% plutonium mixed with depleted uranium, is equivalent to uranium oxide fuel enriched to about 4.5% U-235, assuming that the plutonium has about 60- 65% Pu-239.
	groups.msn.com /AAEA/mox.msnw (1566 words)

	Contents List for MOX Investigation
		One point worth noting is that in the new Sellafield MOX Plant, currently being commissioned, the inspection processes for MOX pellets, rods and assemblies are designed to be almost fully automated: this should prevent the falsification of data of the kind described in this report.
		There are many lessons to learn, but the MOX Demonstration Facility is shut down and will not be allowed to restart until NII is satisfied that the recommendations in the report have been implemented.
		The MOX Demonstration Facility (MDF) at BNFL's Sellafield site manufactures MOX (mixed oxides of plutonium and uranium) fuel pellets and assembles these using various customer supplied components to make complete fuel assemblies for use in nuclear power reactors.
	www.hse.gov.uk /nuclear/mox/mox1.htm (971 words)

	Multiple Overlay Extension (MOX)
		MOX was presented to the X Consortium and published in the May 1996 issue of the X Journal.
		MOX provides a standardized framework that takes care of much of the thinking and implementation of this already so that the programmer can concentrate on the information that needs to be displayed.
		MOX has a special facility which allows you to set blink rate parameters and alternate colors for any Normal or MOX color that can be displayed on the screen.
	www.techsource.com /mox.htm (1394 words)

	What is MOX? - NIRS
		MOX stands for "Mixed-Oxide Fuel." It is a nuclear power reactor fuel made from plutonium mixed with uranium.
		MOX fuel requires processing of plutonium before the fuel is fabricated, creating new plutonium-laced waste, added worker exposures, and releases to the environment.
		A nuclear accident involving MOX fuel could cause a meltdown more serious than Three Mile Island or Chernobyl, because the levels of radiation inside a reactor using MOX are even higher than in a normal atomic reactor.
	www.nirs.org /factsheets/basicmoxinfo.htm (804 words)

	MOX
		MOX is a means to re-use the plutonium remaining in spent reactor fuel to provide energy through electricity generation.
		MOX also provides a means of burning weapons-grade plutonium (from military sources) to produce electricity, though using thorium-plutonium fuel is another possible means of achieving this.
		A multinational consortium is to finance the construction of a MOX plant in Russia (Tomsk, Siberia), particularly to utilise Russian weapons-grade plutonium (at 2 t/yr), and a similar plant is to be built in USA (Savannah River, South Carolina).
	www.uic.com.au /nip42.htm (3405 words)

	May 2000: Russia MOX Safety Report
		To meet the initial MOX disposition target, the U.S. is planning to use four pressurized-water reactors (PWRs) in the U.S. --- two at the McGuire nuclear station in the state of North Carolina and two at the Catawba nuclear station in the state of South Carolina.
		In order to increase the rate of MOX disposition of Russian plutonium per the follow-on agreement, either the core fraction in the Russian reactors would have to be increased or Russian MOX fuel would have to be exported to other countries such as Ukraine, Western Europe and Canada.
		MOX will also lead to an increase in PTS risk by accelerating the neutron embrittlement of the reactor pressure vessel, since plutonium-239 fission produces a greater number of "fast" neutrons that have a high probability of escaping from the core than uranium-235 fission.
	www.nci.org /e/el-russiamox.htm (3694 words)

	3/8/2000 Duke MOX Fuel Fact Sheet
		For instance, because MOX fuel is inferior to uranium fuel at “high burn-up” levels (i.e., irradiating or “burning” the fuel in a reactor for extended periods), NRC may impose limits on MOX burn-up, and thereby require Duke to consume MOX fuel inefficiently compared with the conventional uranium fuel Duke’s reactors now use.
		Because plutonium MOX fuel has never been used commercially in the United States and is now generating concerns and controversy in nations where it is being produced and used, Duke’s MOX fuel program will be subject to greater scrutiny and possibly a heavier regulatory burden from NRC.
		MOX fuel is not needed to dispose of plutonium from dismantled warheads.
	www.nci.org /d/duke-mox-fs.htm (1602 words)

	NRC: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Mixed Oxide Fuel
		MOX fuel is not currently being produced in the U.S., but several European countries have been producing MOX fuel for more than 20 years.
		MOX fuel assemblies will be shipped to the reactors in transportation containers that have undergone a thorough safety evaluation and are licensed by the NRC for this purpose.
		MOX fuel is tested in the reactor to verify the ability of the models to predict fuel performance and the applicability of the European database to the U.S. MOX fuel.
	www.nrc.gov /materials/fuel-cycle-fac/mox/faq.html (1606 words)

	Mixed oxide fuel (MOX) - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Plutonium from reprocessed fuel is usually fabricated into MOX as soon as possible to avoid problems with the decay of short-lived plutonium isotopes.
		When uranium prices were low, reprocessing to separate plutonium for recycle as MOX was not itself economic, but with the rise in uranium prices coupled with reducing the volume of spent fuel to be managed, it is becoming so.
		The objective of this MOX fuel program is to destroy one-third of weapons-grade plutonium and convert the remainder to reactor-grade plutonium (with significant levels of plutonium-238 and plutonium-240), radically degrading its isotopic quality and potential for weapons.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Mixed_oxide_fuel_(MOX) (1489 words)

	IEER:MOX fuel use in France and Belgium
		In addition, MOX is intimately related to the policy of reprocessing spent fuel, which is probably the most environmentally dangerous activity of the nuclear industry.
		MOX fuel fabrication is considerably more expensive than uranium fuel, even if the plutonium is considered to be free.
		MOX producers are faced also by a number of technical constraints for the fabrication and storage of MOX, which cannot but increase their cost.
	www.ieer.org /ensec/no-3/morimox.html (1267 words)

	Still Nixing MOX
		One is to move it into reactor cores as MOX which is dangerous and where it will become even "hotter." The other option is to take the plutonium, encase it in glass "logs" inside steel cans and store it for 240,000 years.
		Cost estimates for the "Parallex" project, as the Canadian MOX experiment is called, range from $4.3 million to $5.8 million and long-term projections come in at a conservative $2.56 billion.
		France has already had serious problems with MOX but is continuing to push for MOX "recycling." Japan's Green Action and Osaka Citizens have begun legal proceedings to prevent MOX burns at two of Kasai's reactors.
	www.serve.com /~gvaughn/nukewatch/winter00/w00mox.html (694 words)

	Japan's Mox Program
		Fuel consisting of a mixture of uranium and plutonium oxides is referred to as a MOX (mixed oxide) fuel.
		In MOX fuel, by contrast, anything from 4 to 9 percent plutonium is used in place of enriched uranium to mix with natural uranium or with the uranium that is left after enrichment (i.e., depleted uranium).
		In the early stage of the program, the utilities are planning to use MOX fuel manufactured overseas using plutonium recovered from overseas reprocessing.
	www.japannuclear.com /nuclearpower/moxprogram (594 words)

	Japan's Mox Program: Why is Japan Pursuing a Mox Program?
		The completed MOX fuel assemblies from the U.K. and France will be transported back to the Japanese utility companies' reactors.
		MOX fuel is made with plutonium oxide and uranium oxide.
		There is also a plan to construct a domestic MOX fabrication plant with an annual capacity of approximately 130 tons heavy metal per year.
	www.japannuclear.com /nuclearpower/moxprogram/why.html (517 words)

	DOE MOX implementation plan
		All references to reactor irradiation, MOX fuel fabrication, consortium, and the like should be understood to mean "potential" reactor irradiation, fuel fabrication, consortium, and so forth, since the Department has not and will not decide whether to ultimately deploy the MOX fuel option until it issues the Surplus Plutonium Disposition ROD.
		MOX Fuel Fabrication Facility Licensing and Ownership: In the event legislation is implemented to permit NRC to license a DOE fuel fabrication facility, the consortium (or one of its permanent members) will be a licensee.
		This requirement to replace the MOX fuel bundles that would have otherwise been loaded in the reactor is necessary to mitigate any disruption of MOX fuel supply due to national or international policy considerations.
	www.nirs.org /reactorwatch/mox/moxpas.htm (8379 words)

	MOX fuel unloaded in Niigata \| The Japan Times Online
		Antinuclear activists from the village of Kariwa have opposed the use of MOX fuel at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant and plan to call for a local referendum on the issue.
		MOX, a mixture of uranium dioxide and plutonium dioxide in pellet form, is designed to be burned in light-water reactors in a practice known as "pluthermal" use, a nuclear fuel recycling procedure.
		Tepco is still planning to transfer the MOX fuel to the reactor of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant before the end of this year.
	search.japantimes.co.jp /member/member.html?nn20010325a3.htm (581 words)

	MOX USA \| Real Estate \| Development \| Investment \| Sales
		MOX project experience spans an impressive range from multiunit condos in fast appreciating neighborhoods to upscale mid and high rises in trendy areas to ultra luxurious mansions.
		MOX delivers superior value through a commitment to client partnerships...
		MOX performs all functions of real estate investment including acquisitions, asset management, property management, leasing, construction management and dispositions.
	www.moxusa.com /index.html (151 words)

	WAND - Women's Action for New Directions
		Although 18 European reactors use MOX, it is made from commercial grade plutonium, not weapons grade.
		MOX is a step backwards, reversing over 20 years of non-proliferation policy.
		MOX infrastructure supplies all the pieces needed for making plutonium a desirable commodity, while it claims to dispose of it.
	www.wand.org /issuesact/moxtop10.html (381 words)

	Russia
		As of April 2001, Russia has no industrial-scale MOX fuel fabrication plant but does have one pilot plant, the Paket plant, which is able to produce small batches of MOX.
		The Granat plant, another small pilot plant that produced MOX, was shut down in 1997 for safety reasons and as of April 2001 remains closed.[1,9] The Paket and Granat plants are located at PO Mayak in Ozersk and are designed to work with weapons-grade plutonium and produce MOX fuel for fast reactors.
		MOX fuel made form weapons-origin plutonium comes from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States and VNIINM in the Russian Federation.[10,11,12] For more information on plutonium disposition and MOX fuel developments associated with plutonium disposition program in Russia, see the Plutonium Disposition Overview and the Russia: Fissile Materials: Plutonium Disposition Developments file.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/fissmat/mox/moxover.htm (1147 words)

	To MOX or Not to MOX - by Gordon Prather
		To MOX or Not to MOX - by Gordon Prather
		The effect of the Russians getting rid of all their loose nukes as MOX — which we have pledged to help them do, financially and technically — will be to vastly increase the size (and cost-effectiveness) of this international MOX fuel infrastructure.
		Because of radiation safety concerns at the facilities, the MOX fuel cycle is essentially run as a "just-in-time" operation.
	www.antiwar.com /prather/?articleid=8471 (732 words)

	Nuclear Free Seas Floatilla 2002 - Mox Fuel Information
		Each MOX fuel pin is then placed with others in a fuel 'assembly' that has around 289 pins in total (17 pins high and 17 pins wide).
		The release of even a small amount of the plutonium in MOX fuel as a result of an accident during transport could lead to widespread environmental, health and economic impacts for the surrounding area.
		The fabricated MOX would be shipped back in late 2004 or early 2005 and then by truck to Duke Energy's Catawba reactor, located about 250 km away from Charleston, for testing.
	www.nuclearfree.co.nz /mox.htm (2519 words)

	Mox \| CallingCards Telefonkarten Werbekarten Call Shops Telecafes Telefontarife
		Mox cards are popular with end-consumers of all nationalities, and the cards are tailored to suit the exact needs of every customer, as well as the special characteristics of each country.
		Mox’s high quality call connections, service and business terms and conditions make it all the easier for you.
		Mox brings you the latest in internet phone technology, featuring free downloadable software and easy pre-paid access from your PC to phone.
	www.mox.de /en/produkte.htm (416 words)

	Amazon.com: MOX: Music: MOX (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mox Ringtones — Mox Ringtones - Hottest mox Ringtones Instantly.
		Mox is fresh, different and a pleasure to listen to.
		Mox are three musicians who have been together as this entity since 1992 and by what I have read compose for tv, fashion awards, art shows, sound installations etc. They hail from San Francisco and this is their debut album, composed of material from three private releases.
	www.amazon.com /MOX/dp/B0000067XX (1125 words)

	Spratt (SC05) :: Newsroom :: Spratt Statement on MOX
		In exchange, the State of South Carolina received assurances that the MOX fuel plant would be completed on schedule, and those assurances were backed up by penalty payments, or liquidated damages, to which the Department of Energy agreed, if the MOX fuel plant’s construction was delayed beyond 2011.
		And the committee fenced off a portion of the MOX fuel funds, pending a report from the Department of Energy that reaffirms MOX as the preferred technology and most cost-effective means for disposing of weapons-grade plutonium.
		Over half a billion dollars has been invested in the MOX facility already, an EIS has been approved, design work on the facility is 85% completed, and plutonium is piling up in the K Reactor, a facility not designed for that use.
	www.house.gov /apps/list/press/sc05_spratt/mox_hearing.html (1291 words)

	Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today: Russia Agrees to Use U.S. MOX Facility Design
		It is also possible to separate MOX fuel for its components, which could be used to develop nuclear weapons, so the possibility that Russia might sell its MOX to other countries is a concern.
		Proposals to use MOX technology to dispose of plutonium in Russia have received only limited support from Group of Eight countries—the main contributors to dismantlement programs in the former Soviet Union.
		The MOX program remains the more attractive option for Russia because the fuel can be reused in its own reactors or shipped to other countries—an option left open in the September 2000 agreement.
	www.armscontrol.org /act/2003_01-02/mox_janfeb03.asp (614 words)

	Fact Sheets (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The French have used MOX technology for almost two decades and currently supply MOX fuel to over 30 reactors world-wide.
		This is where the fabrication of the fuel takes place, from formation of the pellets to assembly of the MOX fuel rods.
		Preliminary numbers for construction of the 581,000-square-foot facility (including support facilities) indicate the use of over 170,000 cubic yards of concrete, 33,000 tons of reinforcing steel, 665,000 linear feet of conduit, 47,000 linear feet of cable tray, 3,366,000 linear feet of power and control cable, and 70 miles of piping.
	www.dcsmox.com /factsheets_8.htm (369 words)

	[No title]
		As described in detail in Chapter 6, moreover, use of such high enrichments reduces the net cost of the operation by reducing the number of kilograms of MOX fuel that need to be produced and increasing the energy value of each kilogram of that fuel.
		The chemical extraction of the plutonium from MOX fuel pellets and the preparation of PuO2 are first described.
		Some utilities planned to dedicate some of their LWRs to operate as "plutonium burners," to be fueled entirely with MOX fuel.
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/plutonium--mox-fuel.html (358 words)

	Friends of the Earth: Press Release: no economic case for MOX nuclear plant
		The news comes on the day that further Government consultation on the economic case for the plant closes, and as BNFL are attempting the first test shipment by sea of MOX fuel to Japan.
		FOE's consultants replicated the methodology and economic model of BNFL's MOX business, as established by the PA Consulting Group, commissioned by the Environment Agency to assess the economic case for the plant.
		If BNFL were able to charge an average price of around £1250/kg MOX it would need to sign contracts for around 60% of the reference case to break even and 90%of the reference case to achieve a profit of over £100 million.
	www.foe.co.uk /resource/press_releases/19990724000159.html (724 words)

	Russia
		The facility would annually convert 1,300kg of weapons plutonium into 1.5 MT of MOX to be used in Beloyarsk's BN-600 reactor, and 20 MT of MOX to be used in four reactors at Balakovo NPP.
		The plant is currently under reconstruction to produce 40 MOX fuel assemblies/year for the BN-600 FBR.[2] As of November 1995, Paket had produced MOX fuel assemblies containing a total of 350kg of weapons-grade plutonium that were tested in the BN-350 reactor.
		Another MOX fuel facility for processing used and weapons-grade plutonium is still "on the drawing board." None of Mayak's facilities, however, are considered to be "in good condition" by European and US safety standards.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/fissmat/pumayak/moxfuel.htm (2062 words)

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