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Topic: MOX fuel

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	MOX fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is a blend of plutonium and natural uranium or depleted uranium which behaves similarly (though not identically) to the enriched uranium feed for which most nuclear reactors were designed.
		MOX fuel is an alternative to Low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel used in the light water reactors which predominate nuclear power generation.
		An attraction of MOX fuel is that it is a way of disposing of surplus weapons-grade plutonium, which otherwise would have to be handled as a difficult-to-store nuclear waste product, and a nuclear proliferation risk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/MOX (530 words)

	What is MOX? - NIRS
		MOX stands for "Mixed-Oxide Fuel." It is a nuclear power reactor fuel made from plutonium mixed with uranium.
		MOX fuel requires processing of plutonium before the fuel is fabricated, creating new plutonium-laced waste, added worker exposures, and releases to the environment.
		But using MOX as a fuel perpetuates the myth that plutonium is a commodity.
	www.nirs.org /factsheets/basicmoxinfo.htm (804 words)

	Japan's Mox Program
		Fuel consisting of a mixture of uranium and plutonium oxides is referred to as a MOX (mixed oxide) fuel.
		In MOX fuel, by contrast, anything from 4 to 9 percent plutonium is used in place of enriched uranium to mix with natural uranium or with the uranium that is left after enrichment (i.e., depleted uranium).
		For this objective to be achieved, it is vital that we establish a domestic nuclear fuel cycle: the use of MOX fuel as an integral part of this cycle remains as important as ever.
	www.japannuclear.com /nuclearpower/moxprogram (793 words)

	3/8/2000 Duke MOX Fuel Fact Sheet
		For instance, because MOX fuel is inferior to uranium fuel at “high burn-up” levels (i.e., irradiating or “burning” the fuel in a reactor for extended periods), NRC may impose limits on MOX burn-up, and thereby require Duke to consume MOX fuel inefficiently compared with the conventional uranium fuel Duke’s reactors now use.
		MOX fuel using warhead plutonium is experimental and untested.
		MOX fuel is not needed to dispose of plutonium from dismantled warheads.
	www.nci.org /d/duke-mox-fs.htm (1602 words)

	MOX Fuel Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Mox Fuel Over the next five to ten years, civilian plutonium may be separated faster than it is used in commercial reactors, due partly to limited MOX fuel fabrication capacity.
		MOX Parallex Fuel Shipment The Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is preparing to evaluate for use as fuel in a CANDU reactor a small amount of plutonium from the dismantled nuclear weapons of the United States and the Russian Federation.
		Transportation of MOX Fuel Paper to Uranium Institute 1998 Annual Symposium, by Richard Christ on Transportation of MOX Fuel.
	fueltrac.nacintl.com /Links/MOX-Fuel.htm (227 words)

	Russia
		Mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, sometimes referred to as plutonium fuel, is a nuclear reactor fuel that combines plutonium and uranium oxides.
		The Granat plant, another small pilot plant that produced MOX, was shut down in 1997 for safety reasons and as of April 2001 remains closed.[1,9] The Paket and Granat plants are located at PO Mayak in Ozersk and are designed to work with weapons-grade plutonium and produce MOX fuel for fast reactors.
		MOX fuel made form weapons-origin plutonium comes from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States and VNIINM in the Russian Federation.[10,11,12] For more information on plutonium disposition and MOX fuel developments associated with plutonium disposition program in Russia, see the Plutonium Disposition Overview and the Russia: Fissile Materials: Plutonium Disposition Developments file.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/fissmat/mox/moxover.htm (1147 words)

	MOX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MOX also provides a means of burning weapons-grade plutonium (from military sources) to produce electricity, though using thorium-plutonium fuel is another possible means of achieving this.
		As is the case with uranium fuel, the MOX is formed into ceramic fuel pellets, which are extremely stable and durable, and which are sealed in metal (usually zirconium) tubes, which in turn are assembled into fuel elements.
		With respect to the use of MOX fuel, arguments about the 'weapons-useability' of reactor-grade plutonium miss the point: as we have seen, MOX is a mixture of uranium and plutonium oxides, with the plutonium being very much in the minority.
	www.uic.com.au /nip42.htm (3370 words)

	Nuclear reprocessing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some natural uranium fuels use chemically active cladding, such as Magnox, and need to be reprocessed because long-term storage and disposal is difficult [3].
		The fuel was declad by boiling it in caustic soda, after decladding the uranium metal was dissolved in nitric acid.
		Thorp nuclear fuel reprocessing plant and B205 at Sellafield, note that at Sellafield (Windscale) that a series of other older plants were used in the past.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mixed_oxide_fuel (2985 words)

	AAEA
		MOX fuel, which would contain surplus plutonium, would be manufactured at SRS in a new plant being designed by Duke COGEMA.
		Japanese utilities routinely transport their used spent fuel to European reprocessing plants, where it is separated into usable materials, which are then fabricated into MOX fuel, and waste, which is returned to Japan for ultimate disposal.
		MOX fuel, consisting of 7% plutonium mixed with depleted uranium, is equivalent to uranium oxide fuel enriched to about 4.5% U-235, assuming that the plutonium has about 60- 65% Pu-239.
	groups.msn.com /AAEA/mox.msnw (1575 words)

	Plutonium MOX Fuel Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The composition of the spent fuel produced by the MOX fuel would be similar though not identical to that which is currently being produced using natural uranium.
		Studies of possible MOX fuels have shown that, although the proportion of the fissile plutonium is somewhat higher than the residual plutonium (0.3 percent) found in natural uranium spent fuel, it would not exceed 1 percent of the products in the spent fuel.
		While management and storage of spent fuel would be handled in the same way, the amount produced from MOX fuel will be about 15 percent less than that from the use of natural uranium fuel to generate the same amount of electricity.
	www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca /nndi-agency/mox_initiative-en.asp (2301 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Mixed Oxide Fuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MOX fuel, consisting of about 7% plutonium mixed with depleted uranium, is equivalent to uranium oxide fuel enriched to about 4.5% U-235, assuming that the plutonium has about 60-65% Pu-239.
		The spent fuel is even less likely to allow recovery of weapons-useable material than spent MOX fuel, since only about 1% of fissile plutonium remains in it.
		By 2010 it is expected that MOX fuels will be used with 45 reactors in Europe, together with 16-18 in Japan, and possibly five in Russia and six in the US, that is, some 15-20% of the world's power reactors.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf29.htm (3365 words)

	IEER:MOX fuel use in France and Belgium
		In addition, MOX is intimately related to the policy of reprocessing spent fuel, which is probably the most environmentally dangerous activity of the nuclear industry.
		MOX fuel fabrication is considerably more expensive than uranium fuel, even if the plutonium is considered to be free.
		MOX producers are faced also by a number of technical constraints for the fabrication and storage of MOX, which cannot but increase their cost.
	www.ieer.org /ensec/no-3/morimox.html (1267 words)

	BREDL News
		But MOX opponents say there is a huge difference in not only the increased health dangers associated with plutonium use, but in major differences in the type of reactor necessary to safely handle the "hotter" fuel.
		Afterward, the now highly radioactive fuel elements would be discharged from the core and placed in the reactor's spent fuel pool to be transported a third time and stored finally in a geologic repository.
		For MOX operations to be feasible, they must depend on both free MOX fuel and subsidies from the government.
	www.bredl.org /info/1999/synergymox.htm (2110 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MOX fuel fabrication is "considerably more expensive" than tradition LEU nuclear fuel because of increased shielding requirements, security, automation necessitated by increased radioactivity, toxicity, and other hazards.
		The irradiation of MOX fuel at NRC licensed commercial nuclear power plants will be covered under NRC’s Price-Anderson indemnification scheme to indemnify the Contractor from public liability which arises out of or results from a nuclear incident in connection with the activities under the contract..
		Further, the “MOX Fuel Fabrication Cost” is defined as all costs incurred by the Contractor which would otherwise be allowable in operating the MOX Fuel Fabrication Facility during the previous 12 month period.
	www.gracelinks.org /nuke/docs/Weida-MOX-Issue-paper-899.doc (5628 words)

	GREENPEACE CALLS FOR END TO GERMAN NUCLEAR CONTRACTS WITH BNFL AFTER GERMAN REACTOR TO SHUTDOWN DUE TO FALSIFIED BNFL ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Greenpeace on Sunday 20th demanded that BNFL release all information and data relating to the falsification of safety data of nuclear fuel by British Nuclear Fuels Ltd (BNFL) which was sent to Germany, and for the fuel to be removed from the reactor.
		Four assemblies of plutonium uranium oxide (MOX) fuel are loaded in the Unterweser reactor, in northern Germany (the only German plant using BNFL plutonium fuel).
		MOX assemblies from the Belgnucleaire MOX facility in Belgium are also loaded in Unterweser.
	archive.greenpeace.org /pressreleases/nuclear/2000feb24.html (453 words)

	COGEMA - nuclear energy, nuclear fuel - What is MOX fuel? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		MOX is the second most common fuel for commercial nuclear power plants, just after uranium fuel.
		MOX fuel is manufactured in specialised fabrication plants located and operated in Europe.
		The MOX fuel assemblies are then stored prior to their shipment to the nuclear power plant.
	www.cogema.com /servlet/ContentServer?pagename=cogema_en/Page/page_html_libre_full_template&c=Page&cid=1050686145064 (663 words)

	WAND - Women's Action for New Directions
		Although 18 European reactors use MOX, it is made from commercial grade plutonium, not weapons grade.
		MOX is a step backwards, reversing over 20 years of non-proliferation policy.
		MOX infrastructure supplies all the pieces needed for making plutonium a desirable commodity, while it claims to dispose of it.
	www.wand.org /issuesact/moxtop10.html (381 words)

	Plutonium Investigation n°20: Cadarache Special
		MOX for light-water reactors was produced mainly for Germany.
		In the future, the plant may supply MOX for boiling water reactors, although this is not planned at present.
		One line produces MOX fuel for pressurized water reactors, and has a capacity of 35 t, the other line can produce an additional 10 t, or alternatively around 1.5 t of fuel for fast breeder reactors.
	www.wise-paris.org /english/ournewsletter/20/page4.html (544 words)

	Russia
		The plant is currently under reconstruction to produce 40 MOX fuel assemblies/year for the BN-600 FBR.[2] As of November 1995, Paket had produced MOX fuel assemblies containing a total of 350kg of weapons-grade plutonium that were tested in the BN-350 reactor.
		It manufactured MOX fuel for fast reactors from 1986-1987, and had a capacity of five fuel assemblies per year, using fuel made from weapons-grade plutonium from BN reactors.
		Another MOX fuel facility for processing used and weapons-grade plutonium is still "on the drawing board." None of Mayak's facilities, however, are considered to be "in good condition" by European and US safety standards.
	www.nti.org /db/nisprofs/russia/fissmat/pumayak/moxfuel.htm (2062 words)

	DUKE POWER GRANTED LICENSE AMENDMENT BY NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION TO USE MOX FUEL - Duke Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This will confirm the good performance of MOX fuel we have already seen in European reactors, and help us obtain regulatory approval for larger-scale use of the fuel in the future,” says Steve Nesbit, Duke Power’s mixed oxide fuel project manager.
		Operators will shut down one of the reactors at Catawba this spring for a routine maintenance and refueling outage, and the MOX fuel assemblies will be put into the core at that time.
		MOX fuel is a blend of about 95 percent uranium oxide (conventional nuclear fuel) and about 5 percent plutonium oxide.
	www.dukepower.com /news/releases/2005/Mar/2005030301.asp (612 words)

	Japanese Waste Shipment From Europe
		Reprocessing separates the waste, particularly the high-level waste containing nearly all of the radioactivity in spent fuel, from the uranium and plutonium which are recycled as fresh fuel.
		A shipment of separated reactor-grade plutonium was returned from France to Japan by sea in 1993, and shipments of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel (containing plutonium) were sent in 1999 and 2001.
		The fuel stays in the reactor for three or more years during which time it is altered by the fission process.
	www.uic.com.au /nip23.htm (2291 words)

	NRC: Fact Sheet on Mixed Oxide Fuel
		In the U.S., MOX fuel was fabricated and used in several commercial reactors in the 1970's, as part of a development program.
		The MOX fuel would then be used as fuel in the Catawba and McGuire commercial power reactors.
		Once the cycle is completed, the spent MOX fuel would ultimately be disposed of in a geologic repository.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/mox.html (789 words)

	Environment News Service ENS Latest Environmental Information Education Current Issues RSS
		Composed of the mixed oxides of uranium and plutonium, this batch of MOX fuel was made in France from U.S. weapons-grade plutonium by the French state company Areva.
		The plutonium is from weapons-grade nuclear material that the federal government is attempting to convert to peaceful use as MOX fuel for nuclear reactors.
		Before MOX fuel can be used in significant quantities, the assemblies must be irradiated in a reactor to confirm they will perform predictably.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/apr2005/2005-04-13-09.asp (3349 words)

	BBC News \| ENGLAND \| Protests at Sellafield's Mox plant
		British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) confirmed on Thursday it had spent the day testing the sensitivity of plutonium detectors in the mixed oxide (Mox) plant at Sellafield.
		Nuclear fuel will be produced at Sellafield by the recycling of uranium and plutonium.
		The Mox plant in Cumbria was completed in 1996 but has lain idle since.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/england/1720896.stm (620 words)

	BREDL Southern Anti-Plutonium Campaign
		We hereby stand opposed the reprocessing of plutonium for fuel because it presents unsupportable risks to public safety and the environment, and undermines the goal of nuclear non-proliferation.
		These measures include coordinating transfer of plutonium fuel from DOE, coordinating with local law enforcement agencies and ensuring that armed responders are dedicated to the protection of the plutonium fuel.
		The nuclear industry’s term for this novel fuel is “MOX” because it is a mixed oxide containing both uranium and plutonium.
	www.bredl.org /sapc (771 words)

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