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Topic: MRND

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National Movement for Democracy and Development

Players of the Rwandan Genocide

Politics of Rwanda

Rwandan Genocide

Analysis of the causes of the Rwandan Genocide

Interahamwe

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History of Rwanda

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9th April

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In the News (Thu 3 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

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	eMedicine - Modified Radical Neck Dissection : Article by John Werning, MD, DMD, FACS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In general, MRND is indicated whenever preservation of the SAN, IJV, or SCM is possible without compromising oncologic efficacy, and when a selective neck dissection would not be considered an adequate oncologic procedure.
		MRND is contraindicated whenever preservation of the nonlymphatic structures of the neck would compromise complete resection of the cervical metastatic disease.
		Because outcome data are limited, the precise role of MRND remains undefined, especially in N2 and N3 nodal disease.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic748.htm (5532 words)

	[No title]
		Edouard Karemera, as Vice Chairman of the MRND and as Minister of Interior had effective control over members of the Interahamwe youth wing, and members of the military which collaborated with the Interahamwe, and knew or should have known that the aforesaid crimes were being committed.
		Edouard Karemera, as Vice Chairman of the MRND and as Minister of Interior had effective control over members of the Interahamwe youth wing of the MRND, and members of the military which collaborated with the Interahamwe, and knew or should have know that the aforesaid crimes were being committed.
		Edouard Karemera, as Vice-chairman of the MRND and as Minister of the Interior, knew or should have known that the weapons to be purchased were to be used in exterminating the Tutsi.
	www.state.gov /documents/organization/13927.doc (20195 words)

	History (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)
		42 MRND leaders at the national level were concerned enough about the threat from other contenders to direct local authorities, still all nominally MRND supporters at that time, to do a poll of political loyalties within some of their districts.
		Because Kadogi, described by MRND higher authorities as a “very virulent” propagandist for the MDR, was attracting considerable support among teachers and others in the commune, the MRND dispatched a “mission” in June 1991 to win Kadogi back.
		The MRND and the CDR fed their fears by spreading rumors that soldiers would be thrown out onto a disintegrating economy without hope of finding work.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm (12827 words)

	Post independence in Rwanda - Rwanda DG
		In 1975 President Habyarimana formed the Mouvement Revolutionaire Nationale pour le Developpement (MRND), a single ruling party that was to promulgate in 1978 a constitution that repeatedly returned him to office by organizing "elections" in which he was the sole candidate.
		Political activities outside MRND mainstream thinking remained banned to the extent that even the national assembly was comically referred to as “National Council for Development”.
		After the genocide, a Government of national Unity, and a Transition National Assembly composed of all the political parties in the country, with the exception of MRND and CDR for organizing the genocide and seeing it through was put in place.
	www.rwandagateway.org /article.php3?id_article=116 (1412 words)

	Resisting democracy in Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Habyarimana as the "sacralized military ruler" became the sole locus of authority, the incarnation of the unity and well-being of the Banyarwanda.
		In April 1991, Habyarimana's MRND party repealed article 6 of its statutes and, in June 1991, a new Constitution was adopted opening the country to multi-party politics.
		These clauses were exploited by the MRND leaders and militants to sow seeds of suspicion among the agents of the administration and members of the army forces who might be targeted in the clean-up of the administration by the forthcoming government.
	www.warc.ch /dcw/rw984/04.html (6152 words)

	The International response to Conflict and Genocide; Lessons from the Rwanda experience. Study 1. Historical ...
		The government should be extended to include the RPF and be composed of 21 ministers: 5 MRND (including Minister of Defence), 5 RPF (including the Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior), 4 MDR (including Prime Minister and Minister of Finance), 3 PSD, 3 PL and 1 PDC.
		New talks were held between the RPF and all the parties of the government save MRND in Bujumbura from 25 February to 2 March 1993, leading to the Dar-es-Salaam cease-fire agreement of 9 March (after promises on the withdrawal of the French troops).
		An interim government was proclaimed on 9 April, based on the MRND and the factions of the other parties that supported it.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /Rwanda/Rwanda4d.htm (6540 words)

	Causes of War Class Papers on Rwanda
		The people, easily influenced by the government and also anger by their loss at the hands of the Tutsi over the last decade, suffering from the effects of the guerrilla warfare, were quick to take up arms at what they thought was the enemy.
		The Interahamwe grew from the MRND itself, employing government trained soldiers, and the Impuzamugambe consisted of members of its ally organization, the CDR, or Coalition for the Defense of the Republic.
		MRND broke away to form the violent, Hutu chauvinist Coalition for the Defense of the Republic.¡¡In 1993, the RPF struck deep into Rwanda, further reducing the negotiating might of the
	www.jburroughs.org /history/causes/papers.html (12852 words)

	The International response to Conflict and Genocide; Lessons from the Rwanda experience. Study 1. Historical ...
		President Habyarimana recognizes the necessity of a separation between the MRND party and the state.
		MRND holds an extraordinary congress, where multi-partyism is accepted and the name and status of the party are changed.
		After talks in Brussels and Paris between RPF and all government parties except MRND, an agreement to hold a peace conference to end the two years of civil war is reached.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /Rwanda/Rwanda4g.htm (4693 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		November 1992: Habyarimana positions his MRND in close alignment with the CDR by joining with it and three other parties in the "Alliance for Reinforcement of Democracy." Despite the democracy-friendly name of this new umbrella group, Habyarimana has now forged a united front with the most radical anti-Tutsi elements in the Hutu political spectrum.
		Vocal elements of Habyarimana's MRND denounce the Arusha accords, as does the Committee for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), a Hutu extremist organization closely allied with (and perhaps controlled by) the MRND.
		Under the terms of this settlement, Habyarimana's MRND receives six of 22 government offices, including the positions of Prime Minister and Defense Minister, and the RPF is to receive five portfolios including Deputy Prime Minister and Interior.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/rwatutschro.htm (9287 words)

	FfP: The Rwanda Crisis: The Genesis of a Genocide
		Throughout November and December the opposition parties and the MRND tried to find a formula that all could agree on for the composition of the Government and the distribution of portfolios.
		This agreement was an anathema to the MRND stalwarts.
		Nevertheless, it was a document that had several provisions that members of the President's MRND party categorically rejected.
	www.fundforpeace.org /media/speeches/leader01.php (3321 words)

	The Holocaust in Rwanda - 10 Years on
		Central to the MRND strategy was to sow confusion so that no one would know what was happening.
		Following the assassination of the president, by surface to air missile, the MRND government launched a campaign of disinformation.
		Having killed opposition politicians, Rwandese journalists, human rights activists and others who might present an accurate report on the cold-blooded campaign of mass murder, the MRND campaign continued their strategy of disinformation by portraying the violence as spontaneous rage in response to the assassination of the president.
	www.frontline.org.za /articles/holocaust_Rwanda_10y.htm (1020 words)

	Wide Angle . Ladies First . Handbook: Rwanda's Challenges \| PBS
		Some believe that, despite the posturing toward peace, Hutu leaders were actually planning to stay in power by killing off the Tutsi insurgents, their supporters in the country, and Hutus sympathetic to the Tutsis.
		First, the MRND president Juvénal Habyarimana was assassinated on April 6.
		In the wake of this bloodbath, several countries have adopted resolutions that will spur a faster response of humanitarian aid to countries that may be in the throes of similar conflict.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/wideangle/shows/rwanda/handbook1.html (1258 words)

	News Archive: Michigan Oncology Journal Summer 01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Procedures such as the modified radical neck dissection (MRND) combined with selective post-operative radiation therapy have been successful in controlling disease in the neck (4).
		Constant's Shoulder Function Test, a validated cross-disease instrument, was used to assess the functional implications of the SND versus the MRND (8).
		This is comparable to a similar cohort of patients treated with MRND (3).
	www.cancer.med.umich.edu /news/moj01su4.htm (1265 words)

	[No title]
		July: A first breakthrough in negotiations between Rwanda, Uganda and UNHCR on the repatriation of Rwandese refugees in Uganda is achieved.
		28 April: MRND holds an extraordinary congress, where multi-partyism is accepted and the name and status of the party are changed.
		9 June: After talks in Brussels and Paris between RPF and all government parties except MRND, an agreement to hold a peace conference to end the two years of civil war is reached.
	www.reliefweb.int /library/nordic/book1/pb020k.html (2391 words)

	Choosing War (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)
		In mid-October, the MRND ministers indicated that the government was divided over peace negotiations and three days later, the CDR took to the streets to protest the talks.
		Their support for Habyarimana and the MRND was such that they gave the impression that they actually favored a military solution to the conflict.
		The CDR and MRND hard-liners saw the assassination as irrefutable proof that Tutsi were bent on dominating the entire region and would use force, if necessary, to achieve that goal.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm (15374 words)

	Sexual Violence and Genocide Against Tutsi Women
		Radio Rwanda was the voice of the government (the MRND) and of President Habyarimana himself.
		Ferdinand Nahimana, a staunch MRND supporter, was removed from his position as supervisor of Radio Rwanda.
		The purpose of RTLM was "to prepare the people of Rwanda for genocide." Indeed, the RTLM argued that the war against Tutsi domination would not only require the participation of the armed forces, but also that of the entire Rwandan population.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/06hrights/GeoRegions/Africa/Rwanda01.htm (3709 words)

	Impuzamugambi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Together with the Interahamwe militia, which formed earlier and had more members, the Impuzamugambi was responsible for many of the deaths of Tutsis and moderate Hutus during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.
		While the Interahamwe was led by prominent figures in the ruling party Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement (MRND), the Impuzamugambi was controlled by the leadership of the Coalition pour la Défense de la République (CDR) and recruited its members from the youth wing of the CDR.
		The CDR was a separate Hutu party which cooperated with the MRND, though it had a significantly more extreme ethnically Pro-Hutu and Anti-Tutsi agenda than the MRND.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Impuzamugambi (387 words)

	frontline: the triumph of evil: un warning: outgoing code cable
		Also at least one Minister of the MRND and the sous-prefect of Kigali were in the demonstration.
		He also stated he is paid RF150,000 per month by the MRND party to train Interhamwe.
		Direct link is to chief of staff RGF and president of the MRND for financial and material support.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/warning/cable.html (645 words)

	Surgical treatment of thyroid cancer
		Nodal recurrence in the neck accounted for two-thirds (eight patients) of recurrent disease and were managed with MRND, of whom two patients had completion thyroidectomy as well; two patients required radical surgery and one completion thyroidectomy.
		This included three patients in whom the recurrent laryngeal nerve was intentionally removed because of disease and one patient in whom the damaged nerve was primarily repaired with a good result.
		Horner’s syndrome and stiff shoulders were peculiar to the group who had MRND, occurring in 4 and 10%, respectively.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/L_Lindsey/4340006.htm (3051 words)

	The Taylor Report - Rwanda 1994: Colonialism dies hard
		He had been hired by the MRND as a chauffeur mainly because he was Muslim and would not likely drink and drive.
		Since “Jean-Pierre” was a good talker and had some success with the youth wing, the MRND gave him certain responsibilities in that area.
		Soon after, “Jean-Pierre” indirectly informed Faustin Twagiramungu, chairman of the main party opposed to the MRND, that the leaders of the MRND were targeting him for assassination.
	www.taylor-report.com /Rwanda_1994/ch5.php (4732 words)

	Iwacu Online - A Digital Home >> Page y'amakuru n'ibindi biganiro bya politike (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		MRND yari ishyaka rya buri munyarwanda wese by'amavuko?
		Ubwo imanza za gacaca zikomeje kuburanisha abanyarwanda batagira uko bangana, bamwe muri abo baturage biregura bavuga yuko ishyaka MRND ryabateye gukora ibyo bakoze.
		Hari n'abihanukira bakavuga yuko mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, muri za Ruhengeri na Gisenyi ngo nta muturage utarishe, bituma bose bahinduka ngo "abagenocideri", byose biturutse ku matwara yiryo shyaka MRND.
	www.iwacu1.com /politike/index.html (303 words)

	Miss Rodeo North Dakota Scrapbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cara Ness, MRND 2005 and the 2006 MRND contestants after the Friday morning brunch.
		The 2006 MRND Pageant judges Chuck Elvrum, Jennifer Mickelson and Jimi Lou Woodard.
		MRND 2005, Cara Ness and the 2006 MRND contestants.
	www.missrodeond.org /scrapbook.htm (45 words)

	<International Law in Brief- August 17, 2006>
		Joseph Serugendo was indicted by the ICTR prosecutor with conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide, complicity to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide and persecution as a crime against humanity.
		Serugendo was a member of the Comité d’Initiative, the governing board of Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines; the advisor on technical matters to the RTLM radio station; Chief of the Maintenance Section of Radio Rwanda in the Office Rwandais d’Information {“ORINFOR”] and a member of the enlarged National Committee of the Interahamwe za MRND.
		Based on the facts the Chamber found that Serugendo possessed the actus reus and mens rea of the crimes he faced.
	www.asil.org /ilib/2006/08/ilib060817.htm (1711 words)

	Chronology
		Movement for Development (Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement, (MRND).
		République) and MRND militias are built up by extremist Hutu supporters.
		9 June: After talks in Brussels and Paris between RPF and all government parties except MRND, an agreement to hold a peace
	www.webspawner.com /users/rwanda/chronology.html (2344 words)

	Rwanda Government 1991 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Political parties and leaders: only party--National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen.
		Juvenal HABYARIMANA; note--the MRND is officially a development movement, not a party
		Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected; National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--MRND is the only party; seats--(70 total); MRND 70
	www.theodora.com /wfb1991/rwanda/rwanda_government.html (374 words)

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