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	Anti-mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin): Marker for translation initiation activation
		mTOR is involved in the regulation of cell growth through initiation of gene translation in response to nutrients such as amino acids (mainly leucine), growth factors, insulin and mitogens.
		mTOR is thought to be involved in numerous additional cellular functions including actin organization, membrane trafficking, secretion, protein degradation, protein kinase C signaling, ribosome biogenesis and tRNA synthesis [1].
		The antibody specifically recognizes human, mouse and rat mTOR (289 kDa) and is suitable for immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence.
	www.sigmaaldrich.com /Area_of_Interest/Life_Science/Antibody_Explorer/Spotlights/AntimTOR_.html (320 words)

	Rapamycin, H5
		mTOR comes into this picture because it inhibits the process of autophagy; since mTOR signaling means that the cell has plenty of nutrients to build with, autophagy is not necessary to break down already existing molecules.
		After showing that mTOR is indeed sequestered by huntingtin aggregates in cell cultures, they went on to show that mTOR does not function properly in cells that have huntingtin aggregates.
		To set off different cellular processes, mTOR signals to other molecules in the cell by working as a kinase, which is a molecule that adds a phosphate group onto another molecule (or “phosphorylates” it) in order to turn that molecule on or off.
	www.stanford.edu /group/hopes/treatmts/pbuildup/h5.html (2486 words)

	Investigation into mTOR protein function is far from over (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Discovery of the mTOR protein and the role it plays in cell growth, a process often linked to diseases such as cancer, was part serendipity and part good detective work.
		Studies conducted in Whitehead scientist David Sabatini's lab found that rapamycin was inhibiting a complex of proteins that, together with mTOR, sense nutrients and control cell growth.
		Despite rapamycin's destructive effect on some mTOR proteins, mTOR that is bound to rictor remains unaffected and able to perform other jobs within the cell.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=4022 (486 words)

	Sabatini Lab - mTOR complex and pathway
		The mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein was discovered in studies into the mechanism of action of rapamycin, a macrolide antibiotic produced by a streptomyces species of bacteria.
		mTOR is evolutionarily conserved and integrates nutrient-and growth factor-derived signals to control the cell growth machinery.
		Within cells mTOR is part of a large protein complex that includes several other components including raptor and GbL, two novel proteins we have recently discovered.
	web.wi.mit.edu /sabatini/pub/research_MTORsignal.html (252 words)

	Farnesylthiosalicylic Acid Inhibits Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Activity Both in Cells and in Vitro by ...
		One of the best-characterized substrates of mTOR is
		inhibits phosphorylation of the mTOR effectors, PHAS-I and S6K1,
		mTOR was immunoprecipitated with the mTOR antibody, mTAb1 (Fig.
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/1/175 (4949 words)

	Dissociation of raptor from mTOR is a mechanism of rapamycin-induced inhibition of mTOR function -- Oshiro et al. 9 ...
		as a scaffold for the apposition of mTOR with its substrates
		of raptor from mTOR induced by rapamycin in vivo and in vitro
		for immunoblotting, the mTOR kinase assay, or dissociation assay
	www.genestocellsonline.org /cgi/content/full/9/4/359 (4458 words)

	Houghton P: Rhabdomyosarcoma: Biology and Therapy
		These results indicate that mTOR is the critical target for rapamycin in these human cells and that mTOR is required for phosphorylation of PHAS-I, induction of c-MYC, and G1-S cell cycle progression in these tumor cells.
		Cells were protected by expression of a mutant mTOR that has reduced affinity for the FKBP-rapamycin complex, or by exogenous IGF-I. Rapamycin induced only cytostasis in human IMR90 fibroblasts, whereas SV-40B immortalized IMR90 cells that lack both functional p53 and Rb were highly resistant to both the cytostatic and cytotoxic actions of rapamycin.
		The mTOR protein has serine/threonine kinase activity and regulates translation at a posttranscriptional level to arrest cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
	www.stjude.org /faculty/0,2512,407_2030_4271,00.html (1196 words)

	Molecular Cancer \| Full text \| Overcoming cisplatin resistance by mTOR inhibitor in lung cancer
		It is well known that mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) also known as FRAP, RAFT, or RAPT is important in regulating translation of a set of mRNA which encode ribosomal proteins and elongation factor [10-12].
		In this report, we have investigated the possible role of a known mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin and its ester analog CCI-779 [13,14] in restoring cisplatin sensitivity.
		mTOR regulates translation of proteins which are involved in cell cycle progression and cell growth [12,29-32].
	www.molecular-cancer.com /content/4/1/25 (4436 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Layne Norton - Leucine: The Anabolic Trigger!
		Decreasing leucine concentrations signal to mTOR that there is not enough dietary protein present to synthesize new skeletal muscle protein and it is deactivated.
		The contracting company is mTOR, the skyscraper is the protein you are trying to synthesize, the machines (bulldozers, cranes, etc) you use to make the building are the protein synthesis pathway components, and leucine is the cash needed to make the project work.
		In conclusion, it is clear that leucine increases protein synthesis by increasing the activity of mTOR and the phosphorylation of eIF4G.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/layne39.htm (1695 words)

	Bioreagents.com: mTOR
		PA1-518 antigen corresponds to amino acids 1223-1290 from human mTOR.
		Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in cell cycle progression, DNA recombination, and DNA damage detection.
		The binding of RAPTOR to mTOR is necessary for the mTOR-catalyzed phosphorylation of 4EBP1 in vitro and that it strongly enhances the MTOR kinase activity toward p70-alpha (S6K1).
	www.bioreagents.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/PA1-518 (215 words)

	Jackal - mtor quickstart guide
		Please note that this is only intended as a quick guide to mtor and may contain inappropriate information in places - wherever possible, carry out your own exploration and experimentation.
		Question marks will appear by the side of files when they cannot be found and you must go to the paths tab to check that your project path(s) match where the textures are to be found.
		Mtor supports steak, multisreak, point, multipoint, sphere, blob, cloud and sprite maya rendering modes.
	www.jackals-forge.com /mtorpub.html (2867 words)

	Protein may help prevent diabetes by keeping insulin-making cells alive
		Ironically, diabetes researchers are hoping to promote the capability of mTOR that oncologists want to shut down: its ability to cause cells to reproduce by dividing into copies of themselves.
		To further study the pathway activated by mTOR, scientists exposed the islet cells to glyburide, a compound known to inhibit potassium channels.
		Cells have to make a copy of their DNA to reproduce, but the fact that a cell is making DNA doesn't guarantee that it will proliferate, moving all the way through the cell cycle and dividing into copies of itself.
	mednews.wustl.edu /tips/page/normal/6925.html (787 words)

	Structure of S6 Kinase 1 Determines whether Raptor-mTOR or Rictor-mTOR Phosphorylates Its Hydrophobic Motif Site -- Ali ...
		CT S6K1 were infected with lentiviruses expressing shRNAs targeting the mRNAs of the indicated proteins and analyzed as described in the legend to Fig.
		D, in vitro kinase assays using mTOR, raptor, rictor, or EGFR immunoprecipitates (IP) and the indicated bacterially produced fragments of S6K1 as substrates.
		The proposal that mTOR is the in vivo Thr
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/280/20/19445 (2699 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| EGF-induced activation of Akt results in mTOR-dependent p70S6 kinase phosphorylation and ...
		The activation of mTOR leads to mTOR-initiated phosphorylation of the translation regulators p70S6 kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) [32].
		The PI-3-kinase and Akt signal transduction pathway contributes to mammary carcinogenesis and resistance of tumors to chemotherapy as a result of mutation and amplification of component members [33-38].
		Because higher levels of PI-3-kinase and mTOR inhibitors completely eliminated this signal (figure 4B and 4C), it appears that EGF requires Akt and mTOR to activate p70S6 kinase and that residual low level activity of p70S6 kinase can be enhanced by EGF-dependent phosphorylation at Thr 421 and Ser 424.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2121/7/34 (7099 words)

	Rapamycin Derivatives
		mTOR inhibitors starve cancer cells and shrink tumors by inhibiting the effect of mTOR.
		The PI3K/Akt pathway is thought to be over activated in numerous cancers and may account for the widespread response from various cancers to mTOR inhibitors.
		The complete functions of the mTOR kinase and the effects of mTOR inhibition are not completely understood.
	liddyshriversarcomainitiative.org /Newsletters/V02N02/rapamycin_derivatives.htm (1200 words)

	The role of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle -- ...
		The role of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the mechanical activation of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle -- Hornberger et al.
		PA is sufficient for the activation of mTOR signaling.
		A PLD-dependent increase in [PA] is necessary for mechanical activating of mTOR signaling.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/103/12/4741 (3791 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		The mTOR pathway activity increases in response to muscle activity during hypertrophy and decreases in activity during atrophy.
		Blocking this pathway genetically or with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin blocks hypertrophy and genetic activation of the pathway induces hypertrophy.
		In contrast, the calcineurin pathway is not involved in hypertrophy and is down-regulated by agents such as IGF-1 that promote hypertrophy.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/m_igf1mtorpathway.asp (310 words)

	The Scientist : Sensitizing Cancer Through mTOR
		Moreover, the molecular pathways affected by mTOR, a key kinase in regulating cell-cycle progression, have grown to include some of the most common cancer mutations known, which could make targeted inhibitors widely applicable.
		In 2001, Charles Sawyers from the University of California, Los Angeles, and others revealed that the loss of PTEN phosphatase in cancer cells activated the mTOR pathway, and that cancer-cell growth could be prevented with a rapamycin analog.
		The full understanding of how mTOR inhibition and resistance work at the molecular level will open new opportunities, says Houghton: "mTOR seems to play this watershed role in the cell cycle and cell signaling," and as a result, finding the tumors controlled by mTOR will point the way to fighting those cancers.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/14511 (754 words)

	Mtor Tutorial - Freeze Transforms
		RenderMan, we must ensure a Maya model or object is properly prepared prior to archiving with the mtor plugin.
		The mtor plugin was used to generate a RIB file, part of which is shown in figure 3.
		Again the mtor plugin was used to generate a RIB file - figure 4.
	www.fundza.com /mtor/prebaked_ribs/freeze_transforms/freeze.html (512 words)

	Levels of mTOR and its downstream targets 4E-BP1, eEF2, and eEF2 kinase in relationships with tau in Alzheimer's ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Levels of mTOR and its downstream targets 4E-BP1, eEF2, and eEF2 kinase in relationships with tau in Alzheimer's disease brain -- Li et al.
		In AD brain, high levels of phosphorylated mTOR phosphorylate p70S6K and transmit a positive signal to the p70S6K pathway, and phosphorylate and disassociate the eIF4E inhibitor 4E-BP1 from eIF4E, resulting activation of the eIF4E.
		and p-forms of mTOR, 4E-BP1, eEF2, and eEF2K in homogenates
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/272/16/4211 (4032 words)

	Acute alcohol intoxication enhances myocardial eIF4G phosphorylation despite reducing mTOR signaling -- Vary et al. 288 ...
		(mTOR) (3, 12, 16–18, 27, 28, 34, 48).
		Blots were stripped and immunoblotted with an antibody that recognizes phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of mTOR.
		PKB, an upstream kinase responsible for phosphorylation of mTOR.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/1/H121 (4935 words)

	Zinc stimulates the activity of the insulin- and nutrient-regulated protein kinase mTOR -- Lynch et al. 281 (1): E25 -- ...
		Anti-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, aka FLAG or FRAP) immunoprecipitates were incubated at 30°C for 15 min with either 100 mM zinc acetate or 500 mM 1,10-phenanthroline in kinase buffer containing 11 mM MgCl
		The third is the Ser/Thr kinase mTOR, and the fourth is an S6 phosphatase that dephosphorylates ribosomal protein S6.
		Role of leucine in the regulation of mTOR by amino acids: revelations from structure-activity studies.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/1/E25 (6540 words)

	Hybrid Medical Animation \| Animation \| mTor
		This 4.5-minute animation examines the mechanism of a critical cellular protein known as mTOR and its role in the pathogenesis of many cancers.
		The presentation showed how mTOR accelerates synthesis of key proteins involved in a number of important cellular activities — cell growth, cell division, metabolism and angiogenesis.
		A key challenge for this project was to develop a more dynamic and impactful 3D visual approach, yet still maintain some compatibility with pre-existing graphics.
	hybridmedicalanimation.com /anim_mTor_flVideo.html (87 words)

	Immunophilins, mTOR, and Pharmacodynamic Strategies for a Targeted Cancer Therapy: Commentary re: J. M. Peralba et al., ...
		Immunophilins, mTOR, and Pharmacodynamic Strategies for a Targeted Cancer Therapy: Commentary re: J. Peralba et al., Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of CCI-779, an Inhibitor of mTOR, in Cancer Patients.
		of CCI-779, an ester of rapamycin and inhibitor of the mTOR
		mTOR mediates its sensor function by phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase and 4E-BP-1 to release active eIF-4E.
	clincancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/8/2882 (2874 words)

	Whitehead Institute - Role of mTOR in cell growth
		(Aug. 11, 2004) — Discovery of the mTOR protein and the role it plays in cell growth, a process often linked to diseases such as cancer, was part serendipity and part good detective work.
		By inhibiting this protein, rapamycin tricks cells responsible for organ rejection into believing that they are starving, causing them to stop growing.
		This, he says, suggests that rapamycin does not inhibit the essential mTOR function.
	www.wi.mit.edu /news/archives/2004/ds_0811.html (511 words)

	Signaling Elements Involved in the Metabolic Regulation of mTOR by Nutrients, Incretins, and Growth Factors in Islets ...
		mTOR activity to mitochondrial function is unknown (11).
		The significance of the mTOR pathway for growth and survival
		of appropriate regulation of mTOR is illustrated in Fig.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/suppl_3/S225 (4297 words)

	Contraction-mediated mTOR, p70S6k, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in aged skeletal muscle -- Parkington et al. 97 (1): 243 ...
		Contraction-mediated mTOR, p70S6k, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in aged skeletal muscle -- Parkington et al.
		Response of mTOR phosphorylation to a single bout of in situ muscle contractile activity in aged skeletal muscle.
		mTOR phosphorylation in TA and Pla was determined either immediately after (0 h) or 6 h after the exercise bout with an anti-mTOR (Ser
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/97/1/243 (4019 words)

	Rapamycin Causes Poorly Reversible Inhibition of mTOR and Induces p53-independent Apoptosis in Human Rhabdomyosarcoma ...
		Rapamycin Causes Poorly Reversible Inhibition of mTOR and Induces p53-independent Apoptosis in Human Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells -- Hosoi et al.
		is a consequence of inhibition of mTOR is lacking.
		reassociation of rapamycin to FKBP-12, the mTOR pathway recovers
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/59/4/886 (6644 words)

	IGF-II transcription in skeletal myogenesis is controlled by mTOR and nutrients -- Erbay et al. 163 (5): 931 -- The ...
		Parental C2C12 (A and B) and cells stably expressing RR (C), RR/KI (D), or wild-type mTOR (E) were induced to differentiate in the presence or absence of 100 nM rapamycin (Rap).
		Recombinant mTOR (F) and endogenous S6K1 (G) were immunoprecipitated from cells stably expressing various mTOR proteins, followed by mTOR autokinase assays and S6 kinase assays, respectively.
		C2C12 cells were transfected with wild-type (wt) or constitutively active (c.a.) Akt and differentiated in the presence of 100 nM rapamycin (Rap) or 10 mM LY294002 (LY).
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/163/5/931 (3550 words)

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