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	Ma Rainey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She married fellow vaudeville singer William 'Pa' Rainey in 1904, changing her name to Ma Rainey and the pair toured with the Rabbit Foot Minstrels as Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues, singing a mix of blues and popular songs.
		Ma Rainey was already a veteran performer with decades of touring with African American shows in the U.S. Southern States when she made her first recordings in 1923.
		Rainey was extremely popular among southern fls in the 1920s, but the Great Depression and changing tastes ended her career by 1933, when she retired.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ma_Rainey (401 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (1886-1939)
		Styled as the "Mother of the Blues," Gertrude Malissa Nix Pridgett Rainey, better known as "Ma" Rainey, was one of the most important of the early blues singers.
		Rainey was born on April 26, 1886, and grew up in a poor family in Columbus, an important river port and a stop on
		Ma Rainey was one of the first women to incorporate blues into minstrel and vaudeville stage shows, blending styles from country blues, early jazz, and her own personal musical idiom.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-876 (885 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ma Rainey (April 26, 1886 - December 22, 1939) was an American blues singer, a pioneer of the medium, and one of the first generation of blues artists to record.
		After marrying William 'Pa' Rainey in 1904, she changed her name to Ma Rainey (from Gertrude Pridgett) and the pair toured as Rainey & Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues.
		Rainey signed with Paramount Records recorded prolifically, sometimes accompanied by bands includings such jazz notables as Louis Armstrong, Kid Ory, Fletcher Henderson, and others.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/ma_rainey.html (180 words)

	Blues Online© Ma Rainey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ma was highly respected by musicians and greatly loved by her audiences.
		Ma Rainey was a good businesswoman and flashy dresser, who had a penchant for glittery jewlery.
		Rainey retired from music in 1935 and returned to live in Columbus, Georgia where she owned and operated theaters and was active in church activities.
	mathrisc1.lunet.edu /blues/Ma_Rainey.html (314 words)

	The Ma Rainey Page
		Rainey was also outspoken on women's issues and was seen as a role model for future women entertainers who took control of their own careers.
		Ma Rainey was arrested in Chicago in 1925 when police responded to a noise complaint and found a room full of naked women in "intimate" situations.
		Rainey was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1983, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 as an "early influence." Ma Rainey, "Mother of the Blues." was honored on a U.S. postage stamp in 1994.
	www.lambda.net /~maximum/rainey.html (740 words)

	VH1.com : Ma Rainey : Biography
		Ma Rainey was once the most celebrated of all -- the "Mother of the Blues" had been singing the music for more than 20 years before she made her recording debut (Paramount, 1923).
		Ma Rainey's records featured her with jug bands, guitar duos, and bluesmen such as Tampa Red and Blind Blake, in addition to the more customary horns-and-piano jazz-band accompaniment (occasionally including such luminaries as Louis Armstrong, Kid Ory, and Fletcher Henderson).
		Born and raised in Columbus, Georgia, Ma Rainey (born Gertrude Pridgett) began singing professionally when she was a teenager, performing with a number of minstrel and medicine shows.
	www.vh1.com /artists/az/rainey_ma/bio.jhtml (456 words)

	HyperMusic -- History of Jazz: Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith
		Ma Rainey became popular as a result of performing on road show tours of the small towns of the American South.
		By the time Ma Rainey's first recording was released in 1923, she had become a well-known performer throughout the southern United States.
		Ma Rainey and her husband and road show manager Pa Rainey are said to have discovered Bessie Smith on one of their many tours.
	www.hypermusic.ca /jazz/rainey.html (188 words)

	Ma Rainey
		Ma Rainey was well known as a lover of women as well as men, and her song "Prove It on Me" describes a butch woman who dresses like a man and dates women.
		Ma Rainey didn't have a voice that was strong or beautiful as her protégée Bessie Smith, but she had a deep feeling for the sad songs she performed and I found this ancient recordings very moving!
		Rainey's vocal delivery was closer to the raw, earthy blues style of Southern country blues artists than the more urbanized, cabaret-like presentation of the female blues singers who began recording in the early '20s.
	www.queertheory.com /histories/r/rainey_ma.htm (1009 words)

	Georgia Women of Achievement: 1993 Inductee GERTRUDE PRIDGETT (“MA”) RAINEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ma Rainey traveled a vaudeville circuit confined to the South and the Midwest as far as Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas.
		Ma Rainey had a deep contralto voice that could be gravelly and rasping when she wished.
		Ma Rainey reached her peak of fame in the 1920’s when the phonograph and the radio opened up jazz and blues to a mass audience.
	www.gawomen.org /honorees/long/raineyg_long.htm (987 words)

	HRC \| Ma Rainey
		Known as the "Mother of the Blues", Ma Rainey's parents performed in minstrel shows and are credited with inspiring her interest in the field of entertainment.
		Rainey went on to become the top recording artist for Paramount Records and is generally credited with the rise in popularity of blues music in America at the beginning of the 20th century.
		Rainey was also outspoken on women's issues and was seen as a role model for future female entertainers who took control of their own careers.
	www.hrc.org /Template.cfm?Section=African_Americans&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=12450 (336 words)

	Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Black History Month - Black vaudeville gave Ma Rainey her start in show business
		Ma Rainey’s warm, earthy voice blended the fl rural tradition of spirituals and sharecroppers’ field-working songs with big-city honky-tonk rhythms.
		When Ma Rainey died of a heart attack in 1939 at age 53, she had been retired four years from her road life and was operating two theaters in rural Georgia.
		Ma Rainey was inducted into the Blues Foundation’s Hall of Fame in 1983 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame seven years later.
	www.post-gazette.com /blackhistorymonth/19990223kids.asp (326 words)

	St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey
		Gertrude "Ma" Rainey is known as the "Mother of the Blues." Born Gertrude Pridgett in Columbus, Georgia,; on April 26,; 1886,; Rainey was the first woman known to sing the blues,; combining country blues simplicity with more urban styles.
		Rainey is given credit for being the first woman to bring the blues into the popular entertainment of her day--vaudeville, minstrel, and tent shows.
		Rainey's last recording was in 1928,; but she continued to perform until 1935, when she left the circuit and went back home to Columbus, Georgia,; where she ran two theaters until she died in 1939 of heart failure.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200984 (531 words)

	Ma Rainey
		It was not until 1923 that Ma Rainey signed a recording contract with Paramount.
		Ma had been smart with her money and managed to build and operate two theaters; she also owned her own home in Columbus.
		Ma Rainey died in 1939, of a heart attack.
	www.thedevilsmusic.net /bios/ma_rainey.html (238 words)

	glbtq >> arts >> Rainey, Gertrude ("Ma") (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ma Rainey not only sang the blues, but also actually created them, blending the raw country sound of her youth with the more sophisticated urban music she heard on the circuit.
		Rainey was a close friend (and a friendly rival) with another bisexual blues singer, Bessie Smith.
		Unlike many of her contemporaries, Rainey had maintained control of her own career and her own money (the famous necklace of gold coins was one of her "savings accounts"); and when she retired, she owned her own house as well as two theaters, the Airdrome in Columbus and the Lyric in Rome, Georgia.
	www.glbtq.com /arts/rainey_g.html (868 words)

	Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ma is scheduled to record some songs for her white-owned record label along with a band made up of her longtime accompanists and hotheaded young trumpet player Levee (Dutton).
		Ma is late in arriving, as usual, so the band spends the time rehearsing and socializing, while her frustrated manager, Irvin (Jack Davidson), and the label's owner, Sturdyvant (Louis Zorich), cool their heels.
		Ma wants to do the song the way she always has, along with a spoken word introduction by her nephew, whose speech impediment naturally poses some obstacles.
	www.hollywoodreporter.com /thr/icopyright_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1812695 (659 words)

	Ma Rainey'd Black Bottom , a CurtainUp review
		Ma or "Madame Rainey", as she liked to be called, and her entourage still pack a dramatic and emotional wallop.
		The story pivots around the tension between Ma Rainey and Levee (Dutton), the trumpeter who wants to jumpstart his ambition to be a songwriter with his own band by using his more more jazzy version of "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" at the recording session which has brought everyone to the studio.
		Ma Rainey is important in that she has taken the giant step towards the American Dream that is supposed to be within reach of everyone, but still eludes people of color.
	www.curtainup.com /marainey.html (1156 words)

	Ma Rainey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ma Rainey performed with such Bluesmen and Jazz Luminaries as Tampa Red, Blind Blake, Louis Armstrong, Kid Ory, and Fletcher Henderson.
		Ma had been singing for over 20 years before she made her first recording with Paramount in 1923.
		Ma Rainey reached the height of her popularity in the mid to late 1920s, but her career faltered during the 1930s as the blues became less popular with fl audiences.
	multirace.org /firstday/stamp37.htm (232 words)

	Stage Review: Tamer 'Ma Rainey' still has ability to electrify
		The singer is not Ma Rainey herself, but her present incarnation, Whoopi Goldberg, playing the title role in "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom," which opened Thursday on Broadway, 19 years after it alerted the theatrical world to Wilson's disturbing lyrical power.
		When the long-delayed Ma finally appears at the 1927 Chicago recording studio where the white bosses and fl musicians have been marking time, the apprehension of that initial song is confirmed.
		Fortunately, Ma is not the star of her own play -- that role falls to Levee, the itchy, explosive trumpet player who's trying to break through with his own more up-to-date sound.
	www.post-gazette.com /ae/20030208marainey0208fnp5.asp (907 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - "Ma" (Gertrude Pridgett) Rainey (1886-1939) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From humble beginnings, she went on to become the top recording artist for Paramount Records,; and is generally credited with the rise in popularity of blues music in America at the beginning of the 20th century.
		Rainey didn't sign a recording contract until 1923,; after 25 years of performing for her loyal fans.
		When Ma Rainey died on December 22,; 1939 from heart disease, the obituary in the local paper listed her as a housekeeper by profession.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=789 (871 words)

	'Ma Rainey' actress loves saying the words of 'black America's Shakespeare'
		Singer/songwriter Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (1886-1939) was famous as the "mother of the blues." Between 1923 and '28, she made records for the Paramount label.
		Ma arrives at the studio, late, after run-ins with a bigoted taxi driver and an unfriendly cop.
		"Ma Rainey" is unusual, however, in that it includes white characters who personify "the man," "the system," the racism that constricts and sometimes kills African Americans.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /theater/208716_marainey21.html (883 words)

	Artists - Ma Rainey
		Born: Columbus, GA Ma Rainey is known as the "Mother of Blues".
		After marrying Pa Rainey they traveled with the Rabbit Foot Minstrels around the country.
		In 1975 she was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame and in 1982 into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
	www.si.umich.edu /CHICO/folkandblues/music_artists_mrainey.htm (148 words)

	BLUES UP Rev Rabia BLUESWOMAN presents Ma Rainey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1904 she married William "Pa" Rainey, also minstrel man. They travel all over the South with "Rabbit Foot Minstrel Revue" and "Tolliver's Circus and Musical Extravaganza" and were both known in blues circles as "Pa Rainey and Ma Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues".
		Rainey was already 38 years old when she began recording.
		By 1926 Ma was touring in a seven -person limousine, and later she bought a thirteen thousand -dollar Mack bus with her name on it.
	www.bluesup.com /blueswomenR.html (1086 words)

	Show Business Weekly: Review: Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		His 1984 breakthrough, Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, solidifies the foundation of Wilson’s world (laid in his first play, Jitney): A tragic anti-hero; a tragedy that reflects the breadth of the fl experience in the 20th century; dialogue that coils around us, hoists us overhead, then either sets us down gently or drops us head first.
		Among a thousand other things, Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom is about the warrior mentality fl musicians needed simply to survive the 20th century, a period of plunder for corporations and of slavery for many artists.
		Ma Rainey is one of the survivors; Levee is one of the impending casualties.
	www.showbusinessweekly.com /archive/216/ma_rainey.shtml (779 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Ma Rainey \| PBS
		In February 1904 she married William Rainey, a vaudeville performer known as Pa Rainey, and for several years they toured with Negro minstrel groups as a song-and-dance team.
		Ma Rainey, as she was known, began singing blues songs and contributed greatly to the evolution of the form and to the growth of its popularity.
		Her deep contralto voice, sometimes verging on harshness, was a powerful instrument by which to convey the pathos of her simple songs of everyday life and emotion.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/ma_rainey.html (247 words)

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