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	Maarten Schmidt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maarten Schmidt (born December 28, 1929) is a Dutch astronomer who measured the distances of astronomical objects called quasars.
		Schmidt was born in Groningen, (The Netherlands) and studied with Jan Hendrik Oort.
		While its star-like appearance suggested it was relatively nearby, the spectrum of 3C 273 proved to have a very high redshift of 0.158, showing that it lay far beyond the galaxy, and thus possessed an extraordinarily high luminosity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maarten_Schmidt (223 words)

	The Bruce Medalists: Maarten Schmidt
		Schmidt, Maarten Schmidt, Maarten Schmidt, astronomers, astronomy, Bruce medal, history of astronomy, Astronomical Society of the Pacific">
		A native of Groningen, Maarten Schmidt earned his Ph.D. under Jan H. Oort at the University of Leiden in 1956.
		When Rudolph Minkowski retired, Schmidt took over his project of taking spectra of objects which had been found to be radio emitters.
	phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Schmidt (257 words)

	Schmidt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Schmidt is a German surname that is a cognate of "Smith", an occupational surname for a flsmith.
		Hans-Thilo Schmidt (1888-1943), a German spy for France in the 1930s.
		Joost Schmidt (1893–1948), a teacher at the Bauhaus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Schmidt (166 words)

	Maarten Schmidt Bibliography
		Schmidt, Maarten, “Space Distribution and Luminosity Functions of Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources,” Ap.J. Bahcall, John N., Maarten Schmidt, & James E. Gunn, “Are Some Quasi-Stellar Objects Associated with Clusters of Galaxies?”; Ap.J. Schmidt, Maarten, “Space Distribution and Luminosity Functions of Quasars,”; Ap.J. Schmidt, Maarten, Quasars and Cosmology” (1971 Halley Lecture), Observatory 91, 209-14 (1971).
		Schmidt, Maarten, “The Distances to the Quasars,”; QJRAS 13, 297 (1972).
		Schmidt, Maarten & Francis Bello, “The Evolution of Quasars,”; Sci.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /brucemedalists/schmidt/SchmidtRefs.html (807 words)

	Maarten Schmidt Biography / Biography of Maarten Schmidt 1950 To Present: Physical Science Biography
		Born on December 28, 1929, Schmidt was raised in Groningen, Holland.
		With the advent of radio astronomy in the 1930s and 1940s, scientists were able to observe stars not only in terms of their light waves but also their radio emissions—a development that greatly expanded the reach of the known universe.
		Schmidt, who retired as a professor in 1996, has served in a variety of roles at Cal Tech: executive officer for astronomy from 1972 to 1975; chairman of the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy from 1976 to 1978; and director of the Hale Observatories from 1978 to 1980.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-maarten-schmidt-scit-0712345 (617 words)

	Maarten Schmidt -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Schmidt was educated at the universities of Groningen and Leiden, receiving his Ph.D. from Leiden in 1956, and was scientific…
		The Schmidt telescope is thus a catadioptric telescope; i.e., its optics involve both the reflection and refraction of light.
		U.S. football player and coach Joseph Paul Schmidt was born in Pittsburgh, Pa. After attending the University of Pittsburgh, where he played with the Panthers, Schmidt joined the Detroit Lions as a linebacker in 1953.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9066170?tocId=9066170 (687 words)

	Caltech Astronomy : Maarten Schmidt's Research Interests
		Maarten Schmidt's current interests are centered on the space distribution and luminosity function of quasars, at radio, optical, and x-rays.
		Besides the search for high redshift quasars, this material will be of interest for studies of different types of stars in our Galaxy and of galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
		/p Other active interests of Schmidt include counts of x-ray sources (clusters of galaxies, Seyfert galaxies, galaxies, BL Lacs and quasars) as well as the nature of the extragalactic x-ray background, statistics of gamma-ray bursts, and the luminosity function of stars (both disk and halo) in our Galaxy.
	www.astro.caltech.edu /department/bluebook/schmidt.html (271 words)

	[No title]
		The first spectrum of 3C273 was obtained by Caltech's Maarten Schmidt using the Palomar 200" telescope.
		Schmidt puzzled over the photographic spectrum for months before he recognized that the strong, broad emission lines in the star were the familiar hydrogen-Balmer series, but redshifted by 15%.
		It was not the 15% redshift that had puzzled Schmidt, galaxies were already known with much larger redshifts, but rather the brightness of 3C273.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast223/lectures/lec06.html (957 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Conflict in the Cosmos: Fred Hoyle's Life in Science (2005)
		Schmidt’s initial suspicion was that the star must be within the Milky Way and that the faint wisp was a peculiar galaxy.
		Schmidt later recalled that the puzzle resolved on the afternoon of February 5, 1963.
		Schmidt thought that a good idea and, while writing the manuscript, he reached for the glass slides of his spectra.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309093139/html/251.html (619 words)

	Week 10 Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At roughly the same time, Maarten Schmidt was toying with the periodic spacing in the unusual spectrum of 3C 273 and comparing them with the known periodicities of hydrogen's Balmer series.
		In doing this, Schmidt recognized that the mysterious spectral lines in 3C 273 were identical to those produced by hydrogen gas, shifted by 16% toward the red.
		Schmidt conferred with Greenstein and 3C 48's spectral signature was analyzed revealing a 37% shift.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/week10e.html (6259 words)

	[No title]
		The Schmidt Star Formation Law was first proposed by Maarten Schmidt in 1959 [1] and states that star formation rate is proportional to the gas density of a cloud raised to some power.
		So if an individual gas cloud obeys a Schmidt law with one set of parameters, when the properties of the gas clouds are averaged over, we actually measure a different set of parameters.
		In the core of the galaxy, the radial velocity differential is strong enough to make the cut very high in the inner regions, and though plenty of star formation goes on, a reservoir of gas survives.
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /sjb/schmidt_main.html (1553 words)

	HubbleSite - Astrofiles about "Hubble Surveys the "Homes" of Quasars"
		In 1963 Maarten Schmidt at Mount Palomar observatory deciphered the code.
		Schmidt soon realized he was looking at normal spectral lines for hydrogen.
		"Once Maarten Schmidt cracked the safe, all of a sudden things began to fall into place," says John Bahcall, who was a young physics professor at Caltech when Schmidt made his discovery.
	hubblesite.org /newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1996/35/astrofile (1018 words)

	Caltech Press Release, 7/21/1995, Maarten Schmidt
		This discovery will help scientists use quasars, the most luminous objects in the sky, as tools for studying the universe back to a time when it was less than a billion years old.
		Using data from the recently completed quasar search known as the Palomar Transit Grism Survey, Schmidt, Donald P. Schneider of Penn State, and James Gunn of Princeton University published their discovery in the July 1995 issue of the Astronomical Journal.
		Astronomers first identified quasars in 1960 as starlike counterparts to strong sources of radio waves, but were initially unable to determine the nature of the objects.
	pr.caltech.edu /media/Press_Releases/PR11658.html (861 words)

	starlog.ku.edu
		Dutch-American astronomer Maarten Schmidt was well prepared to make an important discovery on this date in 1963.
		But it wasn't wrong; Schmidt had measured the first spectrum of a remote active galaxy moving at relativistically high speed.
		The moon's orbit is not perfectly circular, so there is a point in every month called perigee when the moon is closest to Earth.
	www.news.ku.edu /2001/01N/JanNews/Jan18/starlog.html (940 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Toward the Edge of the Universe -- May. 21, 1965 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The announcement said that Astronomer Maarten Schmidt of Caltech had discovered a quasar (quasi-stellar radio source) racing away from earth at 80% of the speed of light.
		Since speed is related to distance, the speed of Schmidt's quasar makes it by far the most distant object ever identified.
		Even more important, discovering the quasar meant that Dr. Schmidt had refined a delicate technique that will almost certainly find still more distant objects and lead man close to the edge...
	www.time.com /time/archive/printout/0,23657,901720,00.html (153 words)

	Laser Stars - Quasars
		Very recent evidence from the near infrared portion of the spectrum indicates that a large fraction of quasars may in fact be brighter in the infrared than in other wavelength bands.
		Unfortunately, due to an error in spectral identification made by Maarten Schmidt (1963) these quasars were incorrectly classified as extra-galactic objects.
		- Maarten Schmidt comment made in 1990 discussing the time just before he changed his mind and 'invented' quasar redshift.
	laserstars.org /glossary/quasar.html (769 words)

	l11body
		In 1963, Maarten Schmidt of the California Institute of Technology took a spectrum of a "star" that was associated with the newly discovered radio source
		But in 1960, radio astronomers in Cambridge, England, published the 3rd Cambridge Catalogue of radio sources, and a few of these radio sources were located at exactly the same position as some of these faint stars.
		The radio emission led Maarten Schmidt to the discovery of quasars.
	super.colorado.edu /~astr1020/l11body.html (4706 words)

	John Kormendy: Monsters in Galactic Nuclei (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Maarten Schmidt at Caltech was one of the astronomers who were trying to understand these strange radio stars.
		He observed them with a spectrograph on the 200 inch (5 m) telescope on Mount Palomar, and he quickly found that these quasi-stellar radio sources or ``quasars" were distinctly unlike stars.
		Maarten Schmidt had just discovered one of the most distant objects known, and it had overexposed his first plates.
	chandra.as.utexas.edu /~kormendy/stardate.html (4720 words)

	Weasner's Meade ETX Gallery
		During his introduction of Dr. Schmidt, Dr. Krupp told the audience that I had brought it and how much of an honor it was for Dr. Schmidt to have made the cover of TIME.
		Schmidt talked about the observatory and his experience discovering Quasars back in the 60s.
		From here we could see the three other telescopes: the 16-inch and 48-inch Schmidt telescopes, and the 60-inch reflecting telescope.
	www.weasner.com /etx/fun/palomar.html (680 words)

	News from AURA: AURA Elects New Chairman of the Board (1Jun95)
		Margon will succeed Maarten Schmidt (Caltech), who will step down after three years as Chair, the maximum term permitted by our by-laws.
		Thank You, Maarten Schmidt Maarten Schmidt led our Board in the most outstanding fashion that is conceivable to me. His statesmanship and exceptional stewardship for the national observatories set a new standard.
		Thank you, Maarten, for your untiring dedication and unusually fruitful work on behalf of AURA and its mission.
	www.noao.edu /noao/noaonews/jun95/art16.html (366 words)

	MSN Encarta - Cosmology
		The only evidence necessary for supporters of the big bang theory to prove that this theory was more acceptable than the steady-state theory was to show that the universe changed over time.
		Just such a change was found in 1963 when Dutch American astronomer Maarten Schmidt identified quasars while working at the Palomar Observatory in California.
		As seen from Earth, quasars are bluish astronomical objects that resemble stars.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564398_3/Cosmology.html (1195 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Modern Hebrew Poem Itself, Edited by Stanley Burnshaw, T. Carmi, and Ezra Spicehandler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		...12.50 "Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources" by Maarten* Schmidt, Astrophysical Journal, April 1, 1965, Vol...
		...Schmidt lost no time in sharing the news-news that had already traveled 30 billion light years - with Dr...
		...Maarten Schmidt sighted from Palomar a celestial object so distant it seemed to lie close to the beginning of time...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V40I4P90-1.htm (3088 words)

	January 29, 1998
		In 1963 Maarten Schmidt first identified Quasars (quasi-stellar radio source).
		Maarten Schmidt was the first to recognize and solve the problem.
		Schmidt found that 3C273 was receding from the Milky Way at 16 % the speed of light or 48,000 km per second.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/123/lecture-4/lecture-4.html (1571 words)

	Politics Do Not a Banquet Make
		In Tigray, in northern Ethiopia, there are hardly any families who have not been affected by death, missing relatives, or injuries.
		Far away in the capital Addis Ababa, democracy is getting off to a hesitant start after the feudalistic rule of Emperor Haile Selassie and the bloody dictatorship of army leader Mengistu.
		Maarten Schmidt and Thomas Doebele filmed the current Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, a former minister under Emperor Haile Selassie, and a journalist with the independent newspaper, The Reporter.
	www.frif.com /new97/politics_.html (340 words)

	Interstellar scintillation
		George Gamow coined the above in 1964 to commemorate the discovery of the first quasar, 3C273, in 1963 by Hazard and Schmidt.
		1963), and Maarten Schmidt provided the optical spectroscopy and redshift from the 200-inch telescope in California (Schmidt 1963).
		While the above words were written tongue-in-cheek some forty years ago, the "twinkling" part of the traditional childrens' verse has become a powerful tool for radio astronomers in the new millennium.
	www.atnf.csiro.au /news/newsletter/oct02/page1.html (2182 words)

	Article 1
		After analyzing its spectrum, Caltech astronomer Maarten Schmidt realized that 3C 273 was not a star at all, but rather an ultraluminous object situated some two billion light-years away.
		By today's standards, that's relatively close by for a quasar -- most are now found more than 10 billion light-years distant.
		Working with Maarten Schmidt on several quasar surveys during the 1970s and 1980s, Richard Green had suspected that the quasar phenomenon was a short-lived episode in nearly all galaxies.
	www.physics.odu.edu /~weinstei/120f03/astro9.html (2621 words)

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