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Topic: Macassan

	Politics and Culture
		The ability of Indigenous communities to maintain their ongoing connections with 'Macassan' social, material and spiritual culture is especially pertinent when one considers the strident attempts made by white government officials to prevent these cross-cultural encounters.
		In the colonial era, however, the common desire of Aborigines and 'Macassans' to avoid the control of white police and other colonial administrators resulted in a cultural convergence that was based on shared political strategies of resistance.
		Mansjur, the male lead in the Macassan cast is a grandson of Otching Daeng Rangka, a Macassan sea captain who abducted and married the great-grandmother of Matjuwi, the senior Yolngu ceremony leader in Trepang (Palmer).
	aspen.conncoll.edu /politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=360 (5628 words)

	Aboriginal And Macassan Traders: Australian Aboriginal International Trade With Asia Already Strong During Europe's ...
		Long before they arrived, the Macassans (an Indonesian people) had established an embassy and lucrative trading relationship with Aboriginal farmers, scholars, fishermen and businessmen of the Yolngu people in the Gulf country.
		Yolngu band, Yothu Yindi, sings about this in their song, "Macassan Crew".
		Macassans came to study at Yolngu universities, and Yolngu travelled to Macao for the same.
	aboriginalrights.suite101.com /article.cfm/MacassanCrew (778 words)

	Inside Indonesia 59 - Trepang
		On the Macassan side, where contemporary conceptions of ceremony are morekin to ideas of performing arts, they were also keen to present their maritime history of voyages to Australia through a performance project.
		For example, the now more strictly Muslim Macassans were initially reluctant to address issues like their introduction of gambling and drinking to Yolngu, while the representation of the abduction of and occasional marriage to Yolngu women that had occurred during many of the trepang expeditions required a delicate and careful approach.
		Macassan – Aboriginals still refer to all people who came on trepang voyages that generally originated from Makassar, including Bugis, Bajo and other ethnic groups, as Macassans.
	www.insideindonesia.org /edit59/andrs.htm (1632 words)

	Multicultural Council of the Northern Territory - Copyright Statement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Macassans formed a close and apparently symbiotic socio-economic alliance with the Indigenous inhabitants, particularly in the Tiwi Islands and Arnhem Land; this was a cultural interchange characterised by inter-racial harmony and religious tolerance that included inter-marriage and migration of Aboriginal wives back to Macassar.
		Macassan technology such as metal knifes and tomahawks had a profound inexorable impact on the hunter-gatherer lifestyle and Aboriginal economy of northern Australia.
		The Macassan association lasted for close to 300 years and was only extinguished through prohibition of the trepang trade by decree of the new Commonwealth government in 1906.
	www.mcnt.org.au /news_jul_2005_14.html (2661 words)

	52143
		The word Macassan refers to the Indonesians, mostly Macassarese from the south-western corner of the island now known as Sulawesi, who regularly visited the northern coast of Australia from about 1700 to 1907.
		Trepang is sea-slug, and after it was boiled, gutted, sun and smoke dried, and packed in bags, the Macassans sold it to merchants on their home islands who traded it to the coast of China where it was regarded as a culinary delicacy.
		In the 1820s, the colonial authorities attempted to exploit the Macassan presence for the purpose of trade by establishing outposts on the Cobourg Peninsula in what is now the Northern Territory.
	humanities.cqu.edu.au /abtorres/52143/stmats/ch4/abormac.htm (413 words)

	People's Voice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Macassan traders from Sulawesi travelled to northern Australia each year developing trade links with the Yolngu and supplying metal knives and cloth.
		Flinders met a Macassan fleet collecting trepang (sea cucumber) in the Islands to the immediate north of the Gove Penisula and Nhulunbuy.
		The Macassan contact with Australia continued until their visits were banned by the South Australian Government in 1907.
	www.peoplesvoice.gov.au /stories/nt/nhulunbuy/nhulunbuy_c.htm (349 words)

	Call me non-indigenous?
		In the Wurramu funerary ritual, the deceased are farewelled by a symbolic raising of the mast, evoking the departure of Macassans north, to the land of the dead.
		Restoration of Macassan contacts began in 1986, with newspaper reports of an old Macassan woman who recalled her father reciting the names of his children in Australia.
		In 1988, Peter Spellit from the Darwin Museum reconstructed a Macassan pinisi for a commemorative voyage from Australia to Sulawesi.
	kitezh.com /texts/balanda.htm (2187 words)

	Islamic Council of Victoria -- Muslims in Australia: A Brief History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pobassoo, the Macassan master of a fleet of six prahus, was encountered by Flinders in 1803 in the Malay Roads at the north eastern tip of Arnhem Land.
		As the Macassans were in contact with widely dispersed tribes, their language became a lingua franca right along the coast.
		Timbo, a Macassan left at Port Essington in 1839 to act as interpreter with the Aborigines, walked into the interior with the local tribespeople and was gone several months.
	www.icv.org.au /history2.shtml (2398 words)

	Maritime Heritage - Heritage - NRETA - NT Government - Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Arnhem Land coast was known to the Macassans as Marege and the Kimberley coast as Kayu Jawa.
		During their annual voyages to Australia the Macassans generally had amicable relationships with the Indigenous people they encountered, exchanging goods in return for labour and access to places to set up their trepang processing camps.
		By 1906, the Macassan trade was terminated by the South Australian Government who administered the Northern Territory at the time, reflecting the creeping distrust that many post-Federation white Australia policy makers felt towards its northern neighbours.
	www.nt.gov.au /nreta/heritage/maritime/monsoon.html (498 words)

	CUC107 \| People - Looking back at People
		The contact by the Macassan people of the Indonesian Archipelago (often said to have come from Macassar in the Celebes (now Sulawesi) represents an important phase in the cultural expansion and change of the Northern Territory because of its profound influence on the Yolngu people and others whose traditional lands are along the Arnhemland coast.
		The Macassans, for three centuries and possibly as long as six centuries, sailed seasonally from Ujung Pandang (Macassar) at the southwestern tip of Sulawesi (Celebes) (see map) to trade with Aboriginal people from the Kimberleys in the west, to as far as Mornington Island in the east of the Gulf of Carpentaria.
		There were stories that some Macassan captains had said in previous years they might not be able to come in the future because the Balanda out of Port Darwin would not let them land (some Yolngu elders today remember their fathers in tears of disbelief when the Macassan captains told them this news).
	learnline.cdu.edu.au /commonunits/cuc107/people/expansion.html (1710 words)

	Hypothetical: The Hand that Signed the Painting
		Holmes is particularly intrigued by the fate of Macassans who were marooned in Australia after their voyages were outlawed in 1907.
		With personal access to the riches of Macassan culture, Dekker has been able to draw on seminal feats of civilization, including their ship-building prowess and their epic poem, the Ella Galiga, the longest literary work in existence.
		Now, just when you thought the worst was over, a deputation of Macassans arrives on your doorstep, claiming to have been taken for a ride by Dekker, and angry that their culture has been trivialised and the real injustice perpetrated by industrialists overlooked.
	www.kitezh.com /howsayyou/hypothet.html (1837 words)

	Top End and Arnhem Land - Aboriginal Art Online
		Yolngu came into lasting contact with a belief system which differed from their own when the Methodist missions were established in 1934 at Yirrkala, then on Elcho Island in 1942.
		As with the Macassans from the Macassan Straits in Indonesia, whose culture had influenced Yolngu for centuries before, their response was adaptive and creative.
		Macassan places are well remembered in family oral history and recently a number of Yolngu from Elcho Island made a ceremonial visit to the islands of Indonesia to exchange dance and memories and to seek relatives - descendants from ancestors who had worked on the praus and married into Ujang Pandung community.
	www.aboriginalartonline.com /regions/topend4.php (1581 words)

	Shia News \| Asia \| History of Indonesian Muslims in Queensland, Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Macassan prau’s fished for trepang along the Northern Australian coastline.
		The Macassans may even have fished as far east as the Torres Strait and the Great Barrier Reef,[Queensland] though these last two regions are generally dismissed by historians such as MacKnight and Stokes.
		The Macassans fished for trepang, curing it in temporary camps on the northern Australian coastline until the turn of last century when colonial restrictions had eventually made it unprofitable for the prau owners.
	www.shianews.com /hi/asia/news_id/0000769.php (398 words)

	KRTA - Places of Interest / Attractions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is now managed by the National Trust and houses an exhibition dedicated to the police presence in Borroloola in the late 1800’s.
		There is also a collection of artifacts, documents and photographs outlining Aboriginal history, the Macassan visits of the early 1900’s and European exploration.
		A key is available at the caravan park or the mechanic located at the rear of the museum building.
	www.krta.com.au /renderer/detail/content/8.html (958 words)

	A History of Islam in Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It was the spread of European settlement and administration which ejected the Muslim Macassans from trade and cultural contacts with northern Australian.
		The memory of the Macassans remained among the tribal peoples of the north but almost completely vanished from the consciousness of mainstream European Australia.
		Worsely understood: "The contrast is plainly between the generosity and democracy of the Macassarese and the parsimony and colour bar of the Whites." Both Macassans and inhabitants of Arnhem Land remembered each others names, significant from the Aboriginal viewpoint where identification implied some ‘placement within the kinship framework’.
	www.islamfortoday.com /australia03.htm (17503 words)

	Remembrance + the moving image (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Every wet season between the early 1600s and the year 1906, when the new Australian federal government outlawed the practice, Macassan sailors from the Indonesian kingdom of Ujung Pandang would sail to north-eastern Arnhem Land to collect and harvest the sea slug or 'trepang'.
		In one sense it is considered a fertile period in which the cultural discoveries led to new song cycles, new stories and new understandings of trade, friendship and community.
		However, this was also a time when the knives and alcohol that the Macassans traded to the Yolngu caused significant unrest and violence within the communities.
	www.acmi.net.au /remembrance/r1/andrish_st_clare/about_work.html (659 words)

	<nettime> Call me non-indigenous?
		Too many people equate Botany Bay 1788 as the beginning of the nation, but Macassans show that this hasn't always been the case.' Some feel this personally.
		As a migrant who doesn't have a stake in Anglo culture, I am excited that this gives me a position.' Restoration of Macassan contacts began in 1986, with newspaper reports of an old Macassan woman who recalled her father reciting the names of his children in Australia.
		Late in 1997, the Macassans then invited performers from Elcho Island to Sulawesi to participate in the 667th Anniversary of the Kingdom of Gowa.
	www.nettime.org /Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9908/msg00129.html (2226 words)

	Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management
		These were Macassan fishermen and traders who visited this country centuries before European settlement.
		Of this they gave me two specimens; and it proved to be the beche-de-mer, or sea cucumber which we had first seen on the reefs of the East Coast, and had afterwards hauled on shore so plentifully with the seine, especially in Caledon Bay.
		This Macassan fishery in the Northern Territories and West Australia was analyzed in detail in a book by MacKnight (1976).
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/y5501e/y5501e0l.htm (3931 words)

	Darwin, Northern Territory at Australia Adventures
		Aboriginal people have been living here for 40,000 years or more, of course, and Darwin is home to a vibrant Aboriginal culture, with Aboriginal language, art and craft, dance and music an everyday affair.
		And Macassan che-de-mer fishermen from the islands of modern-day Indonesia have probably been sailing this coast for the last few hundred years.
		There is a host of things to do in and around the city.
	www.australiaadventures.com /darwin.htm (710 words)

	Johnny Bulun Bulun - 5th Indigenous Heritage Art Award
		For several centuries until the early 1900s Macassan traders used to visit the coast of northern Australia to fish for trepang.
		Their boats would arrive on the northwest monsoon winds, stay throughout the wet season and return to Sulawesi when the prevailing winds swung around to the southeast at the end of the rainy season.
		The central symbolic token of the Murrakundja ceremony is a pole, also called murrakundja, which represents the mast of the Macassan prau.
	www.artrightnow.com.au /ahc/award/artist/Wo_5017.htm (247 words)

	Prehistory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		At least a century before 1788, Macassan fishermen from Sulawesi sailed in their prahus to the Arnhem Land coast.
		The Macassan influence can be seen today in loan words incorporated into Arnhem Land languages, in rock paintings depicting prahus, in emblems used in ceremonies, in the exotic tamarind tree growing along beach fronts and in dugout canoes.
		Their land holdings called "stations" in some cases are bigger than some countries.
	www.petra.ac.id /asc/history/british_colonization.htm (865 words)

	Tiwi early contact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There are many conflicting views in relation to early contact.
		The old people have handed down stories of contact with outsiders and some mention Japanese pearlers, Macassan trepangers and Portuguese slave traders.
		There is documented evidence of contact with Macassan from Malaysia and the Dutch from Holland.
	www.tiwiart.com /overview/early.html (388 words)

	Trepang - a tale of discovery
		Every wet season between the late 1600's and 1906 Macassan sailors traded for trepang or sea slug with Yolngu people along the Arnhem land coast.
		Trepang prized by the Chinese as an aphrodisiac The Yolngu were employed to collect and cure the trepang and paid in knives, food and tobacco - establishg Australia's first export industry.
		Trepang were so abundant on the beaches of north Australia that the Macassan sailors often stayed for months at a time.
	www.abc.net.au /message/tv/ms/s645986.htm (294 words)

	Indonesian fishers visiting ancestors' burial sites in NT: rangers. 04/11/2005. ABC News Online
		Aboriginal rangers on a remote Northern Territory island say Indonesian fishermen appear to be coming ashore to visit the burial sites of their Macassan ancestors.
		For centuries Macassan traders freely travelled between Indonesia and Australia to fish for trepang, although the practice has since died out.
		Now one of the key concerns for Aboriginal people on Grooyte Eylandt, east of Darwin, is the level of illegal fishing in the area.
	www.abc.net.au /news/newsitems/200511/s1497442.htm (331 words)

	Aboriginal Economy & Society : Case Studies :
		People used fire for cooking, repelling mosquitoes, as a deodorant during mortuary ceremonies, to burn off long grass and undergrowth, and as a tool for the shaping of bark and wood, to produce steam for shaping wood, and in rites of passage.
		The use of iron pre-dates European and Chinese settlement of the Northern Territory, for the Macassan trepangers who visited Arnhem Land each wet-season, beginning at least in the seventeenth century (McKnight 1976), used iron tools and weapons.
		MacKnight, C.C., The Voyage to Marege': Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1976.
	arts.anu.edu.au /aesatc/technology/yolngu.html (1652 words)

	Tracing the history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Dutch documents record the journeys of Macassan trepangers to northern Australia.
		From 1588 Macassan praus sail to the north-eastern coast of the Northern Territory.
		Trade between Aborigines and the Macassans continues until 1906.
	www.hreoc.gov.au /bth/additional_resources/bth_guide/tracing.html (1294 words)

	Dreaming Online: Indigenous Australian Timeline
		A Macassan prau (boat) in a typical Groote Eylandt style.
		Aboriginal populations from Australia's north coast have been in contact with Macassan fishermen from south east Asia for over four hundred years.
		Dutchman Willem Jansz and his ship Duyfken explore the western coast of Cape York Peninsula and were the first Europeans to have contact with Australian Aboriginal people.
	www.dreamtime.net.au /indigenous/timeline2.cfm (2878 words)

	Coming of the Macassan traders
		Mawalan Marika was also interested in recording the history of the trading relationship existing between the Macassans and the Aboriginal people, long before European colonisation.
		The earliest records of the Macassan traders can be traced back to the 17th century.
		To the left is the prahu or Macassan ship shown with its crew on the deck.
	www.nga.gov.au /Federation/Detail.cfm?WorkID=65617&ZoomID=2 (261 words)

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