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Topic: Macedonian phalanx

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Phalanx formation

Battle of Pydna

Sarissa

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Companion cavalry

Phalanx

Battle of Cynoscephalae

Pole weapon

Echelon formation

Battle of the Granicus

Roman legion

Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)

Alexander III of Macedon

Slingman

Phalanx weapon system

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	Ancient Macedonian military - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Macedonian phalanx is an infantry formation developed by Philip II and used by his son Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire and other armies.
		Phalanxes remained dominant on battlefields throughout the Hellenistic period, although wars had evolved into more protracted operations generally involving sieges and naval combat as much as field battles, until they were finally displaced by the Roman legions.
		The Macedonian cavalry fought in wedge formation and was stationed on the far right; after these broke through the enemy lines they were followed by the hypaspists, elite infantrymen who served as the king's bodyguard, and then the phalanx proper.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Macedonian_phalanx (1086 words)

	Military History Online
		To the left of the phalanx was another officer corps of cavalry, a 3,000 detachment supported by groups of Thracians and Paiones.
		Aimilios Pavlos, realising this, ordered his forces to penetrate the gaps of the phalanx, fighting at close quarters with the Macedonians where his troops, with their shorter and more mobile swords, would be at an advantage.
		The third Macedonian War was the decisive conflict between the Greeks and the Romans.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /macedonianwars/articles/pydna.aspx (2366 words)

	combsyst
		The problem was to maintain the phalanx during combat even when the hoplites carrying the sarisse were hit; and this happened often, despite the formidable shields that were held erect for protection.
		The phalanx was thus invulnerable and unstoppable: every loss was immediately replaced by a reserve soldier; the phalanx could thus present itself as a single combatant.
		The model of the Macedonian phalanx system can be considered a prototype of all biological systems that derive from the aggregation of monocellular individuals into multicellular ones that can also differentiate their functions, as occurs, for example, in the cycle of the amoeba, of corals, and of sponges
	www.ea2000.it /cst/modelli/19-macedonian/19-maced.htm (372 words)

	Macedonia FAQ: Philip II of Macedonia
		During his childhood he saw the Macedonian kingdom disintegrating while his elder brothers Alexander II and Perdiccas III, fought unsuccessfully against insubordination of their regional vassal princes, continuous attacks by the northern Greek city Thebes, and invasion by the Illyrians of the northwest frontier.
		The Macedonian barbarian defeated the united Greek states at the battle of Chaeronea at the beginning of August 338 BC and appointed himself "Commander of the Greeks".
		The Macedonian kings continued to exercise their sovereignty over Greece until the conquest of Perseus by the Romans in BC 168, which brought the Macedonian monarchy to a close.
	faq.macedonia.org /history/philip.html (2236 words)

	pothos.org - All about Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Philip made the phalanx 16 rows deep; the sarisas of the first five rows were pointing forwards, producing an impregnatabe forest of armor piercing iron.
		But the prime weapon of the advancing phalanx was the fear it inspired and the demoralizing effect it had on the enemy.
		In 168 BC the Roman commander Paullus admitted that at the sight of the Macedonian phalanx 'he was smitten at once with astonishment and terror'.
	www.pothos.org /alexander.asp?ParaID=78 (3480 words)

	Phalanx and hoplites
		At Chaeronea (338), the main cavalry units were on the left wing and the phalanx advanced obliquely; at Issus (333), the phalanx was a straight line and the main cavalry unit, commanded by Philip's son Alexander the Great, was on the right wing.
		The first encounter between a Greek phalanx and a Roman legion was the battle of Heraclea in 280, in which Pyrrhus of Epirus overcame his Italian enemies, but suffered heavy losses because the Roman army was more flexible and could replace the soldiers in the first line; they could continue to fight much longer.
		In June 197, at Cynoscephalae, the Roman commander Titus Quinctus Flamininus overcame the Macedonian king Philip V, and the Greek historian Polybius of Megalopolis concluded that this battle was the best example to show that legions were superior to the phalanx.
	www.livius.org /pha-phd/phalanx/phalanx.html (1235 words)

	How to Defeat an Urban Phalanx
		The urban phalanx is formed very much like a British infantry square and a result it doesn't provide a ground flank (in truth it is a circular phalanx).
		The classic example of this is the Persian use of scythed chariots (remember Ben Hur) against the Macedonian phalanx in the battle of Arbela.
		The defensive move Macedonians was to open gaps in the line to enable the chariots to pass through unmolested.
	jrobb.mindplex.org /stories/2003/04/07/howToDefeatAnUrbanPhalanx.html (740 words)

	Macedonian phalanx
		The Macedonian phalanx is an infantry formation developed by Philip II and used by his son Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian Empire.
		It's a fairly good representation of a Macedonian phalanx, with the main exception being that the spears were held with two hands, not one.
		At close range such large weapons were useless, but an intact phalanx could easily keep its enemies at a distance; the weapons of the first five rows of men all projected beyond the front of the formation, so that there were more spearpoints than available targets at any given time.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/LX/MacedonianPhalanx.html (637 words)

	Phalanx formation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Macedonian phalanx generally worked to pin the center of the enemy line while the Companions attacked the flanks and the light infantry hovered around to cover the phalanx's immediate flanks and plug any gaps in the line caused by advancing through difficult terrain.
		The Macedonian phalanx could also be disordered while moving through broken terrain and in this condition it had to be supported by friendly light infantry standing ready to plug any gaps in the phalanx line as they appear.
		The phalanx never quite died out; the Roman legionaries at the time of Caesar and Arrian were known to have defended against (and even attacked) cavalry by using their pila as thrusting spears instead of thrown javelins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phalanx_formation (2996 words)

	phalanx - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Use of the phalanx reached its apex when Philip II and Alexander the Great used the great Macedonian phalanx (16 deep and armed with the sarissa, a spear c.13 ft/4 m long) to conquer all Greece and the Middle East.
		Later, the Macedonian phalanx deteriorated and had few Macedonians in it; it was defeated in several battles with the Romans who conquered (168 BC) the Macedonians at Pydna.
		Because it lacked tactical flexilibity, the phalanx was a better defensive than offensive formation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-phalanx.html (272 words)

	Detail Page
		It was drawn from the Macedonian aristocracy and probably originated as a mounted bodyguard for the king.
		This invasion force seems to have initially comprised 12,000 Macedonian infantry, 7,000 infantry drawn from allied states, 7,000 infantry from the frontiers of Macedonia, and 1,000 archers and agrianes (javelin throwers from the mountains on the northern frontier of Macedonia), 1,800 Macedonian cavalry, 1,800 Thessalian cavalry, 600 Greek cavalry, and 900 Thracian and Paeonian scouts.
		Descriptions of the organization of the later Macedonian army are problematic because the units cannot easily be combined into the two wings of a phalanx totaling approximately 10,000 men, which appears to have been the usual size of a phalanx at that time.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAG0324 (1641 words)

	Philip of Macedon
		In 356 the Macedonian army advanced further eastward and captured the town of Crenides (near modern Drama) which was in the hands of the Thracians, and which Philip renamed after himself to Philippi.
		Macedonian garrisons were strategically positioned in Thebes (the city where he spent 3 years as hostage), Chalcis, Ambracia, Peloponnesus, Corinth the gateway of Peloponnesus, along the many more already in existence in Thessaly and in central Greece.
		The period of rule of the Macedonian dynasty which ruled the Eastern Roman Empire from 867 to 1056 is known as the "Golden Age" of the Empire.
	www.ancientmacedonia.com /PhilipofMacedon.html (3378 words)

	Ancient Macedonian Army - Macedonia Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In contrast to the wedge deployment used by Macedonian and Thracian horsemen the cavalry of Thessaly usually favoured a rhomboid formation.
		The attack of the Macedonian forces was generally made in an oblique battle formation with an advanced right flank and a refused left wing.
		A fierce charge of the heavy horse on a small portion of the enemy's forces was intended to break the morale of the enemy and create panic among units not yet engaged in combat.
	www.macedoniaontheweb.com /wiki/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonian_Army (1637 words)

	The Invincible Macedeonian Phalanx
		In the tactics field he used simultaneous action of the cavalry and infantry, the invincible Macedonian phalanx, while his Macedonian military genius was based on at least 13,000 years of continuous written tradition of Macedonian civilization, and on exceptionally wide general Macedonian culture.
		With the newly formed Macedonian fleet, the Macedonian king Alexander and the Macedonian admiral Nearchos, and part of the Macedonian army, flowed 1,600 km down the Indus river, all the way to its tributary into the Indian Ocean, where they arrived in 325 BC.
		The impressive work of this Macedonian king was created thanks to his exceptional intellectual and ingenuous military skill, thanks to the power of the invincible Macedonian army led by exceptionally talented Macedonian generals in their campaign to conquer the world, and in the greatest scientific expedition to discover the world.
	www.unet.com.mk /ancient-macedonians-part2/nepobedliva-e.htm (1297 words)

	Detail Page
		Also, the rows of the phalanx tended not to crush together as tightly as did rows of hoplites or other troops, and this made combat somewhat less exhausting for men in the phalanx.
		The proper use of the phalanx involved coordination with Cavalry and light-armed infantry to guard the flanks and chase away enemy projectile troops.
		In combat, the phalanx's natural function was defensive—to hold the enemy's charge and damage his formation, while the cavalry looked for a weak point to attack.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0395 (493 words)

	New Page Title
		However, the phalanx was not merely a terror weapon; in combination with the sarissa armed Companion cavalry it made the Macedonian army nearly invincible if used with skill.
		The way the phalanx worked is described by Polybios(3), in his short essay "the Phalanx" (considered part of his "History"):"When the phalanx is closed up for action, each man with his arms occupies a space of three feet.
		The Macedonian phalanx, therefore, may be visualised as a line of strict blocks of soldiers, bristling with twenty-foot (six to seven metre) pikes.
	scissorblades.tripod.com /essays/id2.html (2356 words)

	ANISTORITON: An Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		According to Plutarch, the Roman consul Aemilius Paulus was terrified by the sight of the phalanx charging and sweeping everything before it at Pydna.14 It appears that the phalanx of the 2nd century BC was tightened up more than the original Macedonian phalanx and it was equipped with longer sarissae.
		The Macedonian battle formation was usually 16 men deep; the first five ranks had their sarissae levelled while the rest held them elevated so as to keep off the incoming missiles.
		The Macedonians lost about 8,000 dead and 5,000 prisoners while the Roman side had 700 killed.20 This was the first time that the sarissa phalanx was defeated by the legion in a pitched battle.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/e991.htm (2200 words)

	Ancient Macedonian Language - a distinct Indo-European language
		The Macedonian kings, Philip and Alexander, favored Hellenization and encouraged the use of Attic Greek in their administrations, but the use of this foreign tongue was not foisted upon ordinary Macedonians.
		Similarly, Alexander used Macedonian to address his guards because it was their normal language, and he had to be sure he would be understood.
		Crossland says that the names of Macedonians mentioned in fifth- and fourth-century sources are almost all either certainly or possibly Greek, but he argues that this is not significant, since members of one people often borrow names from another whom they regard as culturally superior.
	www.ancientmacedonia.com /shea2.html (4766 words)

	Macedonia
		The Macedonian king Alexander the Great was not understood by the Greeks when he shouted an order in his native tongue and the Greek commander Eumenes needed a translator to address the soldiers of the Macedonian phalanx.
		Macedonian and Greek were related but different, but it is not certain whether they were different languages (which means that they have a different grammar and syntaxis) or dialects.
		Evidence for the pronunciation of Macedonian in the second half of the fourth century can be found in the cuneiform texts from Babylon.
	www.livius.org /maa-mam/macedonia/macedonia.html (1336 words)

	Simmilarites Between Ancient Maedonian and Todays' Macedonian Culture
		There are number of ancient Macedonian words with undetermined etymology which in their pronunciation undeniably resemble contemporary Macedonian words, as well as words from other so called "Slavic languages".
		It is worth to mention that there were words in the ancient Macedonian language that (at least without performing a deeper analysis) appear to have a little in common with the contemporary Macedonian language.
		But in fact a large number of Macedonian names were different than those in the Hellenic onomasticon, while a considerable number of these are reminiscent of the later Macedonian onomasticon, or are derived from words of Macedonian or from so called "Slavic" (Venetic) origin.
	www.mymacedonia.net /ancient/simmilarites1.htm (2909 words)

	A Warhammer Ancient Battles Site
		The Phalanx had to reform into a phalanx because the Romans were about to break through the light troops.
		The cavalry that charged the Macedonian phalanx was on his turn charged by a phalanx.
		On the Macedonian turn the last phalanx not engaged (the Macedonian guard unit) attacked the Roman flanking unit in its flank.
	www.home.zonnet.nl /richardevers2000/Battles7.htm (1030 words)

	Roman Maniple vs. Macedonian Phalanx - World Affairs Board
		The phalanx evovled as the possibility to raise a big professional army with little training, while roman legions on the other hand were very well trained professionals.
		The phalanx was always used by the greeks- alexander in particular- as an anvil to the cavalrys hammer.
		The Macedonian cavalry then turned left and started rolling up the Persian cavalry, which was engaged with the left side of the Macedonian line after a general advance.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /showthread.php?t=11009 (4763 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius: The Roman Maniple vs. The Macedonian Phalanx
		The Romans do not, then, attempt to extend their front to equal that of a phalanx, and then charge directly upon it with their whole force: but some of their divisions are kept in reserve, while others join battle with the enemy at close quarters.
		Of course, those generals who employ the phalanx must march over ground of every description, must pitch camps, occupy points of advantage, besiege, and be besieged, and meet with unexpected appearances of the enemy: for all these are part and parcel of war, and have an important and sometimes decisive influence on the ultimate victory.
		And in all these cases the Macedonian phalanx is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to handle, because the men cannot act either in squads or separately.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/polybius-maniple.html (1231 words)

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