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Topic: Mach wave

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	Shock wave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus the sonic boom associated with the passage of an aircraft is the sound wave resulting from the degradation and merging of the shock wave-expansion wave pair produced by the passage of a supersonic aircraft.
		Shock waves are not sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties on the order of a few mean free paths (roughly micro-meters at atmospheric conditions) in thickness.
		In this description, the shock wave position is defined as the boundary between the zone having no information about the shock-driving event, and the zone aware of the shock-driving event, analogous with the light cone described in the theory of general relativity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shock_wave (1635 words)

	Mach wave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Mach wave is a kind of weak shock wave caused by a small disturbance in the flow.
		Mach waves can be used in schlieren or shadowgraph observations to determine the local Mach number of the flow.
		Early observations by Ernst Mach used grooves in the wall of a duct to produce Mach waves in a duct, which were then photographed by the schlieren method, to obtain data about the flow in nozzles and ducts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mach_wave (191 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Mach number (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Mach number (Ma) (pronounced as "mack" in International English or "mock" in the American English) is defined as a ratio of speed to the speed of sound in the medium in case.
		The Mach number is commonly used both with objects travelling at high speed in a fluid, and with high-speed fluid flows inside channels such as nozzles, diffusers or wind tunnels.
		At fully supersonic velocity the shock wave starts to take its cone shape, and flow is either completely supersonic, or (in case of a blunt object), only a very small subsonic flow area remains between the object's nose and the shock wave it creates ahead of itself.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Mach_number (722 words)

	Waves Encyclopedia Articles @ TheLateShift.com (The Late Shift) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Waves travel and transfer energy from one point to another, with little or no permanent displacement of the particles of the medium (there is little or no associated mass transport); instead there are oscillations around fixed positions.
		The amplitude of a wave (commonly notated as A, or another letter) is a measure of the maximum disturbance in the medium during one wave cycle.
		The units of the amplitude depend on the type of wave — waves on a string have an amplitude expressed as a distance (meters), sound waves as pressure (pascals) and electromagnetic waves as the amplitude of the electric field (volts/meter).
	www.thelateshift.com /encyclopedia/Waves (1405 words)

	General Purpose Bombs - Dumb Bombs
		The shock wave generated by the explosion is a compression wave, in which the pressure rises from atmospheric pressure to peak overpressure in a fraction of a microsecond.
		This third wave is called a "Mach Wave" or "Mach Stem," and the point at which the three waves intersect is called the "Triple Point." The Mach Stem grows in height as it spreads laterally, and as the Mach Stem grows, the triple point rises, describing a curve through the air.
		In the Mach Stem the incident wave is reinforced by the reflected wave, and both the peak pressure and impulse are at a maximum that is considerably higher than the peak pressure and impulse of the original shock wave at the same distance from the point of explosion.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/dumb/gp.htm (627 words)

	Shock Waves
		The speed of a shock wave is always greater than the speed of sound in the fluid and decreases as the amplitude of the wave decreases.
		The shock wave from a supersonic object is a cone composed of overlapping spherical wavefronts.
		At transonic speeds the shock wave is a wall of high pressure moving with the object, perpendicular to its velocity.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/waves/shock (666 words)

	EDL
		The structure and dynamics of gaseous detonation waves are determined by the transient behavior of coupled shock waves and strongly exothermic chemical reactions.
		The change in transverse wave spacing behind the incident wave and Mach-stem, the shear-layer produced by the wave interaction and the curved triple-wave interaction region, are clearly noticable in the image.
		Self-sustaining detonation waves in these mixtures are made to interact with a ramp that spans the width of the test-section and thus presents an essentially 2-d change in geometry.
	www.galcit.caltech.edu /EDL/projects/detonations/detonations.html (1015 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Mach's interests had already begun to turn to the psychology and physiology of sensation, although he continued to identify himself as a physicist and to conduct physical research throughout his career.
		Mach also proposed the physical principle, known as Mach's principle, that inertia (the tendency of a body at rest to remain at rest and of a body in motion to continue in motion in the same direction) results from a relationship of that object with all the rest of the matter in the universe.
		Mach returned to the University of Vienna as professor of inductive philosophy in 1895, but he suffered a stroke two years later and retired from active research in 1901, when he was appointed to the Austrian parliament.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/mach.html (489 words)

	Sound Wave Applet
		The Mach wave now becomes conical and the angle of the cone depends on the ratio of the speed of sound to the speed of the object; the faster the speed of the object the sharper (smaller) the cone angle.
		The ratio of the object speed to the speed of sound is the Mach number of the flow, which explains the name "Mach wave".
		Shock waves in the flow are not inclined at the Mach angle but at a different angle which depends on the shape and speed of the bug.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/sndwave.html (779 words)

	Fluid Flow Advanced Level
		These pressure waves, wave fronts, move ahead of the aircraft because the waves travel faster than the sound source.
		In this case, the shape of shock wave forms either a wedge (2 dimensional) or a cone (3 dimensional).
		Mach waves are very weak shock wave when the disturbance is very small.
	www.ecs.syr.edu /centers/simfluid/redder/wave_back.html (399 words)

	Quaest.io on Shock Wave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Shock waves are not sound waves; a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties on the order of micro-meters in thickness.
		Lower shock angles are associated with higher downstream Mach numbers, and the special case where the shock wave is at 90 degrees to the oncoming flow (Normal shock), is associated with a downstream Mach number of one.
		A detonation wave follows different rules to a shock wave since it is driven by chemical reactions occurring inside the wave itself, and so the speed of the wave depends on the nature of the chemical reaction occurring.
	www.quaest.io /?title=Shock_wave (1158 words)

	Chapter 13 WARHEADS
		The detonation wave is a strong shock wave with pressures as high as 385 kilobars depending on the type of explosive.
		The close proximity of the upper and lower boundaries between which the shock wave is forced to travel (water surface and ocean floor) causes complex shock-wave patterns to occur as a result of reflection and rarefaction.
		The time interval between the arrival of the direct shock wave at a particular location (or target) in the water and that of the cutoff, signaling the arrival of the reflected wave, depends upon the depth of burst, the depth of the target, and the distance from the burst point to the target.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part13.htm (5491 words)

	M
		The patient is then subjected to radio waves, which cause the aligned nuclei to “flip”; when the radio waves are withdrawn the nuclei return to their original positions, emitting radio waves that are then detected by a receiver and analyzed by computer.
		Modulation, in communications, process in which some characteristic of a Wave (the carrier wave) is made to vary in accordance with an information-bearing signal wave (the modulating wave); demodulation is the process by which the original signal is recovered from the wave produced by modulation.
		In pulse modulation the carrier wave is a series of pulses that are all of the same amplitude and width and are all equally spaced.
	www.hydrocut.com /Terms/M.html (4551 words)

	Oblique Shock Waves
		Shock waves are very small regions in the gas where the gas properties change by a large amount.
		Because a shock wave does no work, and there is no heat addition, the total enthalpy and the total temperature are constant.
		If the Mach number is too low, or the wedge angle too high, the normal shock equations should be used.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/oblique.html (1034 words)

	Aerospace Science and Technology Dictionary M Page
		A shock wave theoretically occurring along a common line of intersection of all the pressure disturbances emanating from an infinitesimally small particle moving at supersonic speed through a fluid medium, with such a wave considered to exert no changes in the condition of the fluid passing through it.
		Except for waves near the gyrofrequency, the components of the split wave, the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray, will travel with slightly different velocities and be reflected at different heights.
		The restoring forces of the waves are, in general, the combination of a magnetic tensile stress along the magnetic field lines and the comprehensive stress between the field lines and the fluid pressure.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/hqlibrary/aerospacedictionary/508/m.html (10208 words)

	[No title]
		The shock wave theory extends the adiabatic heating and states that the speed of collapse of a single synchronized bubble is so fast and symmetrical that it launches a spherical shock wave into its interior.
		Since the temperature of the area behind a shock wave is usually higher than in front, the ratio of the two temperatures is proportional to the square of the mach number.
		Once the wave hits the center and explodes outwards, the molecules that were behind the shock wave are once again in front of it which causes the already high temperatures to raise even higher or another factor of the square of the Mach number.
	laser.physics.sunysb.edu /~christina/report (2177 words)

	Mach Angle
		The sound waves strike the edge of the cone at a right angle and the speed of the sound wave is denoted by the letter a.
		From trigonometry, the sine of the cone angle mu is equal to the ratio of a and v:
		We are interested in determining the Mach angle because small disturbances in a supersonic flow are confined to the cone formed by the Mach angle.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/machang.html (500 words)

	Today@UCI: Press Releases:
		The Mach Wave Eliminator developed by Associate Professor Dimitri Papamoschou has the potential to help the aerospace industry finally overcome the obstacle of developing an environmentally friendly aircraft that can fly faster than the speed of sound without excessive noise or reduced performance.
		The Mach Wave Eliminator is based on a relatively simple technique: inject a stream of air, called the "coflow", into the exhaust of a jet engine, allowing the supersonic engine's exhaust to mix with moving air molecules before it interacts with the surrounding airspace environment.
		The Mach Wave Eliminator uses no mechanical devices to suppress noise and preliminary analysis by Papamoschou and his assistants shows that the Mach Wave Eliminator's impact on engine performance is minimal.
	today.uci.edu /news/release_detail.asp?key=279 (691 words)

	Mach's Principle
		Ernst Mach is the physicist famous for his work in supersonics, and from whom the idea of a mach-number was derived (mach 1 being the speed of sound, mach 2, twice the speed of sound, and so forth).
		Mach’s Principle, in effect saying that the inertial forces correspond to the universal gravitational radiation field and are proportional to the inverse first power of the distance.
		But the theory also included the existence of electromagnetic waves, where the speed of propagation of disturbances in the electromagnetic field in a vacuum was this same constant.
	www.halexandria.org /dward146.htm (887 words)

	Physics, Ernst Mach: Mach's Principle
		And given the particle / wave duality of light and matter, it then follows that if there are no 'particles' then we should consider if matter is a Wave Structure of Space - that Space (which we all commonly experience) exists with the Properties of a Wave Medium.
		Mach's Principle (Newton's law of Inertia F=m.a, is established by all the matter of the universe) is sensibly and simply explained by the Metaphysics of Space and Motion and the Wave Structure of Matter.
		In The Science of Mechanics(1883) Mach therefore applied his general position to a criticism of the form given to mechanics by Newton and his successors and attempted to show how the scientific content of mechanics could be retained without appeal to absolute space and time, force and other non-empirical notions.
	www.spaceandmotion.com /Physics-Ernst-Mach.htm (3605 words)

	Alexei Kudryavtsev's recent publications
		Mach reflection of shock and detonation waves in steady supersonic chemically reacting flows.
		Numerical investigation of interaction of oblique shock and detonation waves in a steady supersonic flow of a chemically reactive gaseous mixture.
		Experimental investigation of the transition to the Mach reflection of steady shock waves.
	www.itam.nsc.ru /~alex/pubs.html (2507 words)

	Guan's Online Reprints
		Since the observed wave frequency is Doppler-shifted from that in the solar wind frame, we expect that the observed frequency would depend on other solar wind parameters, such as the IMF cone angle and the solar wind velocity.
		If we assume the wave frequencies are directly proportional to the IMF strength, we get the solid lines in Figure 5 whose slopes are the median values of ratio of frequency and the IMF strength for all the data points.
		However, there is still a subgroup of wave events that must be generated either by the nonresonant instability or another resonant instability since the wave frequency does not go to zero when the IMF strength is zero in the linear regression line.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /~guan/papers/36JGR (3110 words)

	it was a plane bomb - inv4
		This third wave is called a 'Mach Wave' or 'Mach Stem,' and the point at which the three waves intersect is called the 'Triple Point.' The Mach Stem grows in height as it spreads laterally, and as the Mach Stem grows, the triple point rises, describing a curve through the air." Federation of American Scientists
		The Mach Stem is a huge blast at groud level that propagate away from the bomb.
		This lateral blast created the Mach Stem damages (at ground level) while the main jet streams created the hole whose entry is at the second story level and exit in the A-E drive.
	eric.bart.free.fr /iwpb/inv4.html (1046 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Hileman, James
		Time and frequency-domain analyses showed the acoustics of Mach 0.9 and 1.3 jets differed from the Mach 2.0 jet due to Mach wave emission in the latter case.
		The regions of noise generation coincided with the location where the sides of the mixing layer merge (Mach 0.9, 1.3, 2.0, single-tab, quad-tab jets) or were dramatically altered (bifurcating region of the dual-tab jet).
		The Mach 1.3 jet was analyzed for periods of noise generation (NG) and relative quiet (RQ) using simultaneously acquired flow and noise source localization data.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1078776079 (409 words)

	dci09
		Also, if the disturbance is very large (the leading edge of a shock wave, or of an explosion), the temperature changes inside the disturbed region, so by the same logic, we will see a large disturbance moving faster than the speed of sound in the surrounding still air.
		The shock angle B is greater than the Mach angle m, because the shock is a disturbance formed when many Mach waves, corresponding to many tiny disturbances, all run into each other and coalesce.
		If the wing sweep angle L is larger than the Mach angle, the leading edge of the wing stays downstream of the initial disturbance: in other words, most of the wing leading edge only encounters flow which has already turned a little through the initial wave.
	www.adl.gatech.edu /classes/dci/hispd/dci09.html (2059 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The cone-shaped shock wave theoretically emanating from an infinitesimally small particle moving at supersonic speed through a fluid medium; it is the locus of the Mach lines.
		The cone-shaped shock wave generated by a sharp-pointed body, as at the nose of a high-speed aircraft.
		] The reflection of a shock wave from a rigid wall in which the shock strength of the reflected wave and the angle of reflection both have the smaller of the two values which are theoretically possible.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/M/M1/DictM1.html (2364 words)

	Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use - M (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Mach line and the direction of movement of undisturbed flow.
		The concept of the Mach wave is used in defining and studying the realm of certain disturbances in a supersonic field of flow.
		In electronic computers, a device in which a wave is induced by the characteristic, possessed by nickel and certain other materials, of shortening in length when placed in a magnetic field.
	roland.lerc.nasa.gov /~dglover/dictionary/m.html (8270 words)

	Aerodynamic engineering - Determining Cruise Speed by Mach Angle
		In other words, in the string of shock waves along the length of the aircraft (nose, front of canopy, intakes, wing and tail leading edges, etc. ad nauseum) the shock wave at the nose is the forwardmost, and most likely the strongest.
		As far as changes with increasing speed, it works something like this: when an object accelerates to Mach 1 (we'll just consider the end of the nose cone), a mach wave forms right in front of the object; this shockwave is flat and perpendicular to the flow.
		The angle it assumes with respect to the freestream flow is the mach angle, and the resulting cone shaped shock wave is the mach cone.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=39666 (1981 words)

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