Mach-Zehnder interferometer

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Topic: Mach-Zehnder interferometer

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	Pavelek - Interferometry
		a) Mach - Zehnder Interferometer - 200 mm
		The Mach-Zehnder interferometer serve for the visualization of dynamic temperature fields in models of different equipment with transparent fluid.
		The interferometer is equipped with a He-Ne laser of 50 mW output and with lenses having diameters of 200 mm.
	dt.fme.vutbr.cz /~pavelek/pav8.htm (599 words)

	73848.001207&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
		By modulating the Mach-Zehnder interferometer 100 with a modulation signal having a sinusoidal frequency at the input electrode 108, an output 110 of the interferometer generates output pulses that comprise the combination of the sinewave input signal applied to the cosine wave transfer function of the interferometer 100.
		The electrodes of Mach-Zehnder interferometer 280 and 282 and the two bias electrodes 276 and 292 are also used to balance or change the fraction of the light in the relative arms to produce the desired extinction in the off state and the desired light output in the on state.
		In one embodiment, the electrodes 240 and 242 of Mach-Zehnder interferometers 202 and 204, respectively, and the bias electrode 208, are biased to balance or change the fraction of the light in the relative arms to produce the desired extinction in the off state and the desired light output in the on state.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/73848.001207&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8137 words)

	LEOT Laser Tutorial - Course 10: Laser/Electro-Optic Measurements - Module 7: Mach-Zehnder Interferometers
		For instance, when the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used for the examination of airflow around a section of an aircraft wing, a model of the wing is enclosed in a test cell that is located in one leg of the interferometer.
		A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used to measure the index of refraction of a certain gas mixture.
		Assemble a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and align the interferometer using a HeNe laser and beam-expanding telescope according to procedures outlined in the text..
	repairfaq.ece.drexel.edu /sam/CORD/leot/course10_mod07/mod10-07.html (3720 words)

	Mach-Zehnder interferometer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used to determine the phase shift caused by a small sample which is to be placed into one of the two collimated beams (thus having plane wavefronts) (then called sample beam (SB) as opposed to the reference beam (RB)) from a coherent light source.
		There are - in contrast to the Michelson interferometer - two detectors: 1 and 2.
		A coherent beam is split up by a beamsplitter and each one is reflected by a mirror.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mach-Zehnder_interferometer (264 words)

	Senior Design
		Interferometers are very versatile optical instruments that can be adapted numerous ways to perform a myriad of measurements pertaining to light.
		The principle behind the fiber interferometer is based upon interference patterns that occur when two beams of light are coupled together into two fibers and then rejoined and focused on the same point.
		With the approval of Professor S.M. Lord, the interferometer will be constructed in her Optoelectronics Lab where we will be able to obtain the extremely high degree of vibrational isolation necessary for proper operation of the instrument.
	www.eg.bucknell.edu /~opto/ryan_sd.html (1086 words)

	42899.990826&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
		The polymeric Mach- Zehnder interferometer is placed within the compression chamber of the compression molding equipment so that an alignment notch, hole, and/or stud that is part of the Mach- Zehnder interferometer structure properly aligns the interferometer to the mold portions.
		Another layer of polymer having a refractive index suitable to form a cladding may be spun-coated onto the intermediate structure to form a waveguide structure such as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
		The polymer may be a core material, a cladding material, or the product of an intermediate step in forming a waveguide structure (such as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer).
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/42899.990826&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (8975 words)

	Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
		The Mach-Zehnder interferometer, invented over one hundred years ago, is still used for many optical measurements.
		The "Mach" is the same man who proposed Mach's Principle and for whom a unit for the measurement of the speed of sound is named.
		The interferometer is used to measure the phase shift of a thin sample of, say, glass.
	www.upscale.utoronto.ca /GeneralInterest/Harrison/MachZehnder/MachZehnder.html (869 words)

	Articles - Interferometry
		However, interferometers are perhaps even more widely used in integrated optical circuits, in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, in which light interferes between two branches of a waveguide that are (typically) externally modulated to vary their relative phase.
		The VLT Interferometer is expected to produce its first images soon, followed by other interferometers such as the CHARA array and the Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer which may consist of up to 10 optical telescopes.
		The interferometer setup shown to the right was used in the famous Michelson-Morley experiment that provided evidence for special relativity.
	www.afinest.com /articles/Interferometry (774 words)

	Dynamic gain equalization arrangement for optical signals - US Patent 6892021
		Each of the 16 lens arms contains a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a thermooptic phase shifter on each arm to control the attenuation therethrough.
		The interferometer is operated in a push-pull fashion, under the control of a control signal generated by a controller 140, in a manner such that a positive phase change in one interferometer arm has a corresponding negative phase change in the other interferometer arm.
		As a result, a desired change in attenuation of the interferometer output is produced, while, at the same time, the phase of the optical signals at the output of interferometer 160-1 is kept constant relative to the outputs of the other interferometers 160-2 through 160-k.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6892021.html (3696 words)

	Wavelength Sensor For Fiber Optic Gyroscope
		A 90 degree twisted optical fiber polarizer couples the light from a point in the gyroscope optical fiber circuit where light is found to have traversed the optical sensing coil of the gyroscope in both directions to the input of the fiber optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.
		An error compensated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer wavelength sensor integrated fiber optic chip for scale factor correction of fiber optic gyroscope.
		The light output of the interferometer is converted to electrical signals which are used to servo lock the peak depth of phase modulation of the interferometer and provide a digital output corresponding to the wavelength change sensed by the gyroscope.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /techtransfer/patents/0008.html (138 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Sensitivity studies for specifi
		The aim of designing a highly specific and sensitive, re-usable affinity sensor for antigens on the basis of an integrated optical Mach- Zehnder interferometer is based on a proper understanding of the characteristics of the entire binding matrix architecture.
		Finally the integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer is tested with respect to the sensitivity to an antigen-antibody binding reaction.
		Therefore, a variety of biotin-derivatives immobilized in a monolayer are investigated with respect to their affinity to streptavidin and the possibility to remove the steptavidin layer specifically.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2002/69/publZIM1.html (222 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040196674
		The integrated circuit as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein an interference system such as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is constructed and weighting of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is constituted for image processing and signal code conversion to realize an advanced function-integrated type.
		Also an integrated circuit of an advanced function-integrated type is provided, comprising an interference system such as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer wherein weighting of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is constituted for image processing and signal code conversion.
		A very high-speed light-receiving integrated circuit for optical communication is constructed by utilizing a very high-speed optical response characteristic of electron emission of the vacuum element, and a sensor such as a magnetic/electric field sensor is constructed by utilizing a quantum effect of ballistically traveling electrons.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040047022".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040047022&RS=DN/20040047022 (3544 words)

	PASPS III Conference: Poster Session
		We have obtained its spin-resovled transport coefficients analytically for the case of quasionedimensional interferometer arms.
		We have studied theoretically the effect of Rashba spin splitting on interference fringes (i.e., conductancte modulation) in electronic interferometers.
		The interplay between interference and spin precession results in peculiar transport properties that are very interesting from a fundamental-science point of view and are also useful for the design of new spintronics devices.
	www.sainc.com /pasps3/agendaposterView.asp?paperID=76 (218 words)

	ENME 489F
		This set-up is essentially a fiber optic analog of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer we discussed in class.
		The light in the upper and lower arms of the interferometer are recombined by a second 2x2 coupler to produce coherent interference.
		This experiment is implemented by adjusting the optical path length difference of the interferometer using the adjusting screw shown in Figure 1.
	www.enme.umd.edu /class/ENME489F_Laboratory1.htm (548 words)

	Teams Try New Approaches to Fiber Sensors - May, 2004
		Mach-Zehnder interferometers in single-mode fiber are well-understood, but it will be more difficult to analyze the sensing data from one in a photonic crystal fiber because the physics of light propagation in the airhole cladding of a photonic crystal fiber has not been thoroughly studied.
		In a conventional, free-space Mach-Zehnder interferometer (Figure 2, top), one beamsplitter divides the incoming light between the interferometer's two arms, and a second recombines the beams.
		Other laboratories have demonstrated single-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers in conventional single-mode fiber, but, recently, a collaboration at SungKyunKwan University in Suwon, and at Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology in Gwangju, both in South Korea, has demonstrated such a device in a photonic crystal fiber.
	www.photonics.com /spectra/research/XQ/ASP/preaid.179/QX/read.htm (842 words)

	High sensitivity interferential electro-optical modulator - Patent 4683448
		This modulator contains a Mach-Zehnder integrated interferometer in which each interferometer arm (24, 26) is overlapped by an electrode (40, 42), itself surrounded by two lateral electrodes (44, 46, 48, 50) to uniformize the electrical field crossing through each arm perpendicular to the face of the electro-optical crystall on which it is formed.
		Modulator according to claim 1, wherein said electrodes are installed to apply to the two interferometer arms (24, 26) electrical fields in opposite directions so as produce variations in the optical index of opposite directions in the crystalline material which they consist of.
		(c) two interferometer arms, 24, 26 conducting the two beams thus separated which undergo a variation in optical length under the action of the electrical modulation signal.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4683448.html (2403 words)

	Interferometer Alignment
		In the case of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer we put the first beam splitter, aligning it so that it deflects part of the beam by 90 degrees.
		The Mach-Zehnder interferometer is easier to align than the Michelson interferometer.
		As we turn the screw of the linear stage of the interferometer the fringes move in some direction (either out or in).
	departments.colgate.edu /physics/research/Photon/root/Apparatus/interferometer_alignment.htm (543 words)

	An electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer : Nature
		On the basis of measurements of single edge state and closed geometry transport in the quantum Hall effect regime, we find that the interferometer is highly sensitive and exhibits very high visibility (62%).
		Here we report the fabrication and operation of a single-channel, two-path electron interferometer that functions in a high magnetic field.
		Double-slit electron interferometers fabricated in high mobility two-dimensional electron gases are powerful tools for studying coherent wave-like phenomena in mesoscopic systems
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature01503 (278 words)

	Laser Focus World - Optofluidics enables compact tunable interferometer
		A top-down schematic representation of a conventional waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer (left, black) is superimposed on a schematic representation of the single-beam fluid Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
		In the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, an input signal is split evenly into the device’s two arms, one of which induces a comparative delay resulting in a phase delay (see Fig.
		The interferometer fluid is carried in a square silica capillary tube (left).
	lfw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=ARCHI&ARTICLE_ID=221442&VERSION_NUM=2 (1555 words)

	Tunable photonic-crystal waveguide Mach–Zehnder interferometer achieved by nematic liquid-crystal phase modulation
		We propose a novel tunable PC waveguide Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on nematic liquid crystals and investigate its interference properties numerically by using the finite-difference time-domain method.
		Tunable photonic-crystal waveguide Mach–Zehnder interferometer achieved by nematic liquid-crystal phase modulation
		The novel interferometer can be used either as an optically controlled on–off switch or as an amplitude modulator in optical circuits.
	www.opticsexpress.org /abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-12-2616 (582 words)

	Interferometer-Controlled Optical Tweezers for Nanotechnology and Biotechnology
		A laser beam passed through a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and a microscope objective then produced an optical trap from the coaxial beams.
		The output of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used to form laser tweezers that can move particles by interference phase control.
		The modulator will allow the optical phase distribution in one leg of the interferometer to be programmed independently at 640 by 480 points for detailed control of the forces and moments.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT2001/5000/5520decker.html (332 words)

	Highly unbalanced GaAlAs--GaAs integrated Mach--Zehnder interferometer for coherence modulation at 1.3 (ResearchIndex)
		This is achieved by simultaneous propagation of the TE fundamental mode in both of the arms of a highly unbalanced Mach--Zehnder interferometer with a 29 mm length difference between both arms.
		In order to minimize the losses in this complex curved structure, trenches were etched on the outsides of curved sections.
		Abstract: A novel integrated III--V semiconductor waveguide modulator specially designed to generate an optical delay of 100 mm is presented.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /331249.html (181 words)

	6.1.3 Polarization Insensitive Dense Multiplexers
		Figure 6.7:Spectral response of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for dense wavelength division multiplexing application.
		Figure 6.6:Spectral response of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for dense wavelength division multiplexing application.
		Note in addition that, for an ideal performance, M-Z interferometers require two identical 3 dB wavelength independent couplers; otherwise the transmission or/and the isolation may be affected.
	opt-fibres.phys.polymtl.ca /fibers_html/node41.html (311 words)

	ODEM - Optical Design and Measurement : Technology
		A Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been developed for the direct measurement of the wave aberrations.
		To keep the changes of the carcass at a minimum, the object and reference arm of the interferometer is illuminated with two polarization-preserving single-mode fibers.
		In the object arm, an ideal microscope objective produces a spherical wavefront and the microlens under test collimates the light into a plane wave deformed by the lens aberrations.
	www.optik.uni-erlangen.de /odem/research/work/index.php?lang=d&what=mz (158 words)

	Breaking Free of Bits
		When the two offset beams come back together in the interferometer's second beam splitter, the photons are sorted based on whether the two beams are identical (constructively interfere) or not.
		With six pieces for each device, "it's a bit of a nightmare to keep all the interferometers aligned at any one time," he says, adding that he's working on making them sturdier and therefore easier to combine.
		Using filters, the group was able to lower the intensity of the light to the point that only a single photon existed in the set-up at a time.
	focus.aps.org /story/v9/st29 (616 words)

	F7
		The influence of an adsorbate on top of one of the branches changing the output intensity of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer can be used to build a sensor of high sensitivity.
		Surface architecture on one branch of an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer for the detection of the biotin functionalized anti-TSH (thyroid stimulating hormon).
		The switching behavior of a high intensity device fabricated partly of nonlinear optical materials or of chromophor containing polymers with a reversible change on the conformation leading to refractive index alterations are of general interest, especially for information and communication techniques.
	www.mpip-mainz.mpg.de /documents/akkn/projects/F7.htm (288 words)

	e-Prints Soton - Integrated optical dual Mach-Zehnder interferometer sensor
		High-index tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) films were deposited on the waveguide surface in order to increase sensitivity and measurements of their response to liquid analyte index have been carried out by passing aqueous sucrose solutions over the sensor surface.
		The fabrication and operation of robust integrated optical refractometers, suitable for precise measurements of small changes without ambiguity over a wide range of refractive indices, is described.
		In the future it will become an official university service, but until then should be considered volatile.
	eprints.soton.ac.uk /13780 (177 words)

	Atom interferometry
		Our interferometer [9] is similar to the one of D. Pritchard [3, 8]: in both apparatuses, near the second grating, the two atomic paths are sufficiently separated so that a perturbation can be applied on only one atomic path.
		Because of the Sagnac effect, a rotation of the interferometer induces a dephasing of the fringes.
		By applying a perturbation on one of the two atomic paths inside the interferometer, the phase shift and the attenuation of the corresponding wave by this perturbation can be measured on the interference signal.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/22/article1/article1.html (2298 words)

	Part 1 Indentification and Significance of the Problem
		The most straightforward implementation of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer uses two prisms having different heights that are bonded together at their bases by a layer that is also a beam splitter mirror.
		Light passing through the beamsplitter to the interferometer enters an input lens, which maps the desired field of view onto an image plane behind (or within) the interferometer.
		A fiber bundle containing 1024 individual fibers illuminates a beamsplitter dividing light between an area imager used for DOA determination and an interferometer for coherent light and wavelength detection.
	www.netheaven.com /~tomlinso/rsc/lwr.htm (7153 words)

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In the News (Tue 15 Dec 09)