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Topic: Macula densa

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Macula densa
		In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the region of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) lying next to the glomerular vascular pole.
		The cells of the macula densa are sensitive to the ionic content and water volume of the fluid in the DCT, producing molecular signals that promote renin secretion by other cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
		In response, the macula densa cells release prostaglandins, which triggers granular juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin into the bloodstream.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Macula_densa (304 words)

	Urinary
		The macula densa forms at the junction of the ascending thick limb and distal convoluted tubule where the tubule contacts its renal corpuscle.
		Macula densa means “dense spot” and this name makes perfect sense when you see its tightly packed nuclei.
		The macula densa cells secrete from their basal surfaces to send paracrine signals to the JG cells to stimulate renin secretion.
	www.histology.wisc.edu /histo/res/desc/urinary/uriD1-12.htm (1113 words)

	Kidney II
		The macula densa is part of the Distal Tubule, so first it has to be located in a lighter staining tube, which is how the distal tubules stain.
		The section of distal tubule that it is located in passes in between the efferent and afferent arterioles right next to the glomerulus.
		The cells in the macula densa look more crowded than usual, especially the ones closest to the glomerulus.
	www3.umdnj.edu /histsweb/lab15/lab15kidneymedulla.html (323 words)

	Vascular Biology & Hypertension Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Tubuloglomerular feedback involves specialized macula densa cells that transfer information from the lumen of the thick ascending limb of the loop Henle to the vascular smooth muscle cells of the renal arterioles.
		Current studies are focused on defining the transport characteristics of macula densa cells and on understanding the mechanism for communication between macula densa and smooth muscle cells.
		Bell and associates have established that the apical membrane of macula densa cells possesses a unique Na:2Cl:K cotransporter, a Na:H exchanger and a pH and calcium regulated K channel and that increases in luminal NaCl concentration are most likely detected through changes in macula densa cell Ca concentration.
	info.dom.uab.edu /hypertension/faculty/bell.html (482 words)

	REGULATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION BY THE KIDNEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Macula densa cells are tall epithelial cells surrounding the distal tubule.
		Macula densa are "sandwiched against" granular cells (also known as juxtaglomerular cells) of the afferent arteriole.
		When the macula densa sense a decline in filtration rates (remember, reduced filtration rate generally means reduced b.p.), the macula densa stimulate the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/renalpressure.htm (755 words)

	Case of the Week 123 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The macula densa is a specialized region of epithelial cells lining a portion of a distal convoluted tubule that lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles at the vascular pole of a glomerulus.
		The macula densa cells are in close approximation to the juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells) in the media of the afferent arteriole.
		The macula densa cells monitor sodium concentration, and when that concentration falls, they signal the afferent arteriole to dilate and the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /WebPath/COW/COW123.html (157 words)

	Ions and signal transduction in the macula densa -- Thomson and Blantz 106 (5): 633 -- Journal of Clinical Investigation
		(1) argue that the macula densa control of renin involves a pathway from low chloride to p38 MAP kinase to expression of COX-2.
		An increase in macula densa chloride induces a TGF response
		Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with the macula densa of rat kidney and increases with salt restriction.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/106/5/633 (1943 words)

	II. Blood Flow and Filtration
		The TGF mechanism involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the close anatomical relationship among the macula densa, the glomerulus and the arterioles of the same nephron (Fig 2-11).
		The macula densa senses changes in the composition of tubular fluid that occur when the tubular fluid flow rate changes and signals the afferent arteriole to alter constriction.
		The macula densa cells absorb Cl and the rate of reabsorption is dependent on the rate of delivery.
	www2.kumc.edu /ki/physiology/course/two/2_8.htm (544 words)

	Leon Moores Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We are investigating the mechanism of transmission of the tubuloglomerular feedback signal from the macula densa cell plaque in the nephron to the extraglomerular mesangial cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
		The macula densa is the sensor of the feedback mechanism, while the mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle that appear to be involved in the initiation of the effector response, namely arteriolar vasoconstriction.
		We are now studying the role of nitric oxide produced by the macula densa cells in the propagation of the tubuloglomerular feedback response.
	www.pnb.sunysb.edu /faculty/Moore/moore.htm (214 words)

	Juxtaglomerular apparatus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a renal structure consisting of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells.
		Lowered pressure leads to secretion of renin which acts to increase systemic blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system.
		The macula densa senses fluid flow rate as well as sodium chloride concentration in the distal tubule of the kidney and secretes a locally active vasopressor which acts on the adjacent afferent arteriole to decrease GFR.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus (146 words)

	Jeffrey Lawrence Garvin, Ph.D.
		First, we are investigating how the macula densa cell signals the afferent arteriole to constrict while signaling the efferent arteriole to dilate.
		Role of macula densa nitric oxide and cGMP in the regulation of tubuloglomerular feedback.
		Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the macula densa.
	hypertensionresearch.org /jgarvin1 (1030 words)

	Induction of Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase in the Macula Densa in Children with Hypokalemic Salt-Losing ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		of the inducible COX-2 in the macula densa (17).
		densa in mice, rabbits, and rats (31, 32).
		Harris RC, McKanna JA, Akai Y, Jacobson HR, Dubois RN, Breyer MD 1994 Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with the macula densa of rat kidney and increases with salt restriction.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/55/2/261 (3175 words)

	Nitric Oxide Produced by THAL Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibits TGF -- Wang et al. 39 (2): 662 -- Hypertension
		Inhibition of macula densa soluble guanylate cyclase with
		proximity of the THAL to the macula densa, we hypothesized that
		Effect of perfusing the macula densa with L-NAME orthograde via the THAL on TGF in the presence of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY83583.
	hyper.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/39/2/662 (2548 words)

	The macula densa is worth its salt -- Schnermann and Briggs 104 (8): 1007 -- Journal of Clinical Investigation
		Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the apical membrane of macula densa
		Schematic drawing of the architecture of a nephron, showing the position of the macula densa in the nephron and its relationship to the glomerulus of origin.
		A magnified view of the contact area of the macula densa with the glomerulus is shown on the right.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/104/8/1007 (1826 words)

	Renal endothelial and macula densa NOS: integrated response to changes in extracellular fluid volume -- Braam 276 (6): ...
		Opposite responses of eNOS and macula densa nNOS to increases in renal perfusion pressure.
		The neuronal isoform of constitutive nitric oxide synthase is up-regulated in the macula densa of angiotensinogen gene-knockout mice.
		Macula densa derived nitric oxide in the regulation of glomerular capillary pressure.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/6/R1551 (5826 words)

	Renal Cell-to-Cell Communication via Extracellular ATP -- Komlosi et al. 20 (2): 86 -- Physiology
		The nature of the chemical mediator that is released by the macula densa cells and that transmits information to the other components in this pathway remains unknown.
		In an isolated perfused TAL in which the glomerulus was partially removed, thereby exposing the basolateral membrane of macula densa plaque, a fura-2-loaded biosensor cell (pseudocolored to represent the green fluorescence at the fura-2 emission wavelength) was positioned and held with a holding pipette at the basolateral membrane of the macula densa.
		The cytosolic chloride concentration in macula densa and cortical thick ascending limb cells.
	physiologyonline.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/20/2/86 (3016 words)

	EFFECT OF EXTRACELLULAR NaCl ON CYTOSOLIC CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN MACULA DENSA CELLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Macula densa (MD) cells have an important function to sense the fluid load to the distal part of the nephron in arteriolar tone via the tubuloglomerular feedback control mechanism or to a change in renin release from granular cells.
		The glomerulus was so arranged that the macula densa cells could be clearly visualised on the edge of the glomerulus.
		In this way, we could determine the cytosolic calcium concentration in the macula densa cells when increasing NaCl to 150 mM into the extracellular perfusion solution or adding 0.1 mM Furosemide to the control solution.
	www.lf2.cuni.cz /win/physiolres/feps/liu.htm (357 words)

	[No title]
		While the macula densa can measure the [Na], [Cl2], [Na-Cl2], and the flow volume w/in the tubule, the most relevant information is the volume of flow and the [Cl2].
		The extra-glomerular mesangium is a physical adaptation that creates a continuum b/w the tubular macula densa cells and the AA vascular cells.
		The beauty of this system is that the information about the tubular contents (that is derived by co-transported assisted sampling in the macula densa) is passed to the afferent arteriole, where the proper action can be taken ie.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2001/noteservice/k2.doc (1586 words)

	APStracts 9:0273F, 2002. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Role of macula densa cyclooxygenase-2 in renovascular hypertension.
		Upregulation of the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in the macula densa accompanies the activation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in many high-renin conditions.
		Thus either COX-2 is not necessary for the macula densa mechanism or the macula densa is not important for maintaining high renin in renovascular hypertension.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2002/renal/November/273f.html (262 words)

	Theses from Uppsala University : 1966
		The neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the kidney is predominantly located in the macula densa cells.
		The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the function of nNOS in the macula densa cells.
		In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest an important role for nNOS in the macula densa cells in the regulation of the arterial blood pressure and the modulation of the TGF response.
	publications.uu.se /theses/91-554-5293-0 (379 words)

	UNC-CH Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology: Faculty Research Interests
		The macula densa, a specialized form of the thick ascending limb of renal tubule (see figure), senses the NaCl concentration in the adjacent lumen, and controls afferent arteriole contraction and the synthesis and secretion of renin.
		But the details of how the macula densa changes these parameters are not clear.
		Characterizing the macula densa cells is expected to bring us to a new understanding of BP regulation.
	www.med.unc.edu /physiolo/fac_takahashi.htm (999 words)

	NO generation and action during changes in salt intake: roles of nNOS and macula densa -- Wilcox et al. 274 (6): 1588 ...
		Beierwaltes, W. Macula densa stimulation of renin is reversed by selective inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase.
		Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in macula densa control of glomerular hemodynamics.
		Macula densa arginine delivery and uptake in the rat regulates glomerular capillary pressure: effects of salt intake.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/6/R1588 (3778 words)

	The Neuronal Isoform of Constitutive Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Up-Regulated in the Macula Densa of Angiotensinogen ...
		In the kidneys of wild-type (Atg+/+) mice, N-NOS activity was localized to the macula densa as reported previously.
		On the other hand, N-NOS-positive macula densa cells of Atg-/- mice were distributed beyond the original location of the macula densa.
		These results suggest that increased N-NOS activity at the macula densa is involved in renal renin overproduction in Atg-/- mice.
	info.med.yale.edu /labinvest/abstracts/97months/9702feb/76214.html (341 words)

	Example: Macula Densa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The term "macula densa" translates from the Latin as "dense spot" and if you were standing inside the distal tubule, you'd see it as such.
		The glomerulus you see immediately to the right of the macula densa is the same one whose filtrate will eventually pass through that DT.
		The macula densa is polarized away from the lumen of the tubule, and towards the adjacent specialized cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole.
	education.vetmed.vt.edu /Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab23/EXAMPLES/EXMACDNS.HTM (190 words)

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