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Topic: Madagascar revolt

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Hegemony

	f. Madagascar. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Madagascar voted in favor of the de Gaulle proposal for autonomy within the French sphere.
		A revolt of Antandroy peasants led to strikes and demonstrations, followed by the installation of a military government under Gen. Gabriel Ramanatsoa, who was initially popular with the Left.
		By this time Madagascar was heavily reliant on aid from the Soviet bloc and China, and was importing 350,000 metric tons of rice per year, which consumed 20 percent of the country's foreign exchange.
	www.bartleby.com /67/4492.html (327 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Madagascar
		In 1896, as a result of popular uprisings, Madagascar was proclaimed a colony of France; military rule was instituted, and the queen was exiled.
		The constitution of the Fifth Republic of France was approved by 78 percent of the Madagascan electorate in a referendum held on September 28, 1958.
		On December 30, the country was renamed the Democratic Republic of Madagascar, and on January 4, 1976, Ratsiraka began a seven-year term as president.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761568260___20/Madagascar.html (986 words)

	Madagascar revolt
		The Madagascar revolt was an attempted revolution against the French by nationalists on the island of Madagascar between 1947 and 1948.
		The Mouvement Democratique de la Renovation Malagache (MDRM), whose objective was independence for Madagascar, formed in 1946 in response to the island becoming a French overseas territory.
		On March 29, 1947, Malagasy nationalist tribesmen revolted in the eastern part of the island.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Madagascar_revolt (208 words)

	Medals of Madagascar, Emering
		The French held Madagascar continuously, except for a brief period of British occupation during WW II.
		A major revolt was crushed in 9147 at the cost of many thousands of Malagasy lives (possibly as many as 80,000).
		By the late 1970s Madagascar had severed all ties with France and the government was seriously courting communist nations.
	www.emering.com /medals/french/madagascar.html (545 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Madagascar
		Madagascar's population is predominantly of mixed Asian and African origin.
		Madagascar is a very poor country with a population of approximately 15.5 million.
		Madagascar will be compared with Japan (country with a low crime rate) and USA (country with a high crime rate).
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/madagascar.html (7853 words)

	Madagascar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The principal institutions of the Republic of Madagascar are a presidentpresidency, a parliament (National Assembly and Senate), a prime ministry and cabinet, and an independent judiciary.
		Madagascar's long isolation from the neighboring continents has resulted in a unique mix of plants and animals, many found nowhere else in the world; some ecologists refer to Madagascar as the "sixth continent".
		Madagascar developed a recovery plan in collaboration with the private sector and donors and presented it at a "Friends of Madagascar" conference organized by the World Bank in Paris in July 2002.
	www.infothis.com /find/Madagascar (2839 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Merina in Madagascar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Revolt against France was led by the leaders of MDRM.
		MONIMA (National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) was supported by the Antandroy ethnic group of the south (cotiers) and led by Monja Jaona.
		AKFM (Congress of the Independence Party of Madagascar) was supported by Merina and led by Richard Andriamanjato, the mayor of Antananarivo.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=58002 (1917 words)

	Madagascar's Battle for Independence
		The constitution divided Madagascar administratively into a number of provinces, each of which was to have a locally elected provincial assembly.
		In the case of Madagascar, the law established executive councils to function alongside provincial and national assemblies, and dissolved the separate electoral colleges for the French and Malagasy groups.
		The provision for universal suffrage had significant implications in Madagascar because of the basic ethnopolitical split between the Merina and the côtiers, reinforced by the divisions between Protestants and Roman Catholics.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/madagascar.htm (1703 words)

	The Anthropological Niche of Douglas W. Hume: Madagascar: Historical Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The dates for the creation of Madagascar as an island and the peopling of Madagascar are still currently under debate by scholars and should not be regarded as absolute.
		As a result of this revolt, the government was handed to Tsiranana’s army commander, General Gabriel Ramantsoa, who eventually saw the to changes that had been the subjects of revolt (Gow 1984:683).
		After nearly six months of revolts by Ratsiraka from his coastal home base of Tamatave, Ravalomanana was recognized by the international community as the legitimate president of Madagascar and Ratsiraka was again forced into exile.
	members.aol.com /archaeodog/madagascar/mad_history.htm (1612 words)

	Madagascar - Colonial Era, 1894-1960
		For example, the French League for Madagascar under the leadership of Anatole France demanded French citizenship for all Malagasy people in recognition of their country's wartime contribution of soldiers and resources.
		Jean Ralaimongo, for example, returned to Madagascar in 1924 and became embroiled in labor questions that were causing considerable tension throughout the island.
		In the fall of 1945, separate French and Malagasy electoral colleges voted to elect representatives from Madagascar to the Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in Paris.
	countrystudies.us /madagascar/3.htm (1255 words)

	Madagascar
		Madagascar is famed for its ecological diversity, something that forms the focus for many of the travellers who visit the country.
		Madagascar is located some 250 miles off the coast of East Africa, and is the 4th largest island in the world.
		This part of Madagascar is covered with dry deciduous forest, one of the three prime habitats in Madagascar.
	www.btinternet.com /~parrothouse/Madagascar.htm (4237 words)

	Madagascar Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960-75 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, ...
		After a year of negotiations between Tsiranana and his French counterparts, Madagascar's status as a self-governing republic officially was altered on June 26, 1960, to that of a fully independent and sovereign state.
		By achieving independence and obtaining the release of the MDRM leaders detained since the Revolt of 1947, Tsiranana had coopted the chief issues on which the more aggressively nationalist elements had built much of their support.
		Consistent with Tsiranana's firm commitment to remain attached to Western civilization, the new regime made plain its intent to maintain strong ties to France and the West in the economic, defense, and cultural spheres.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/madagascar/madagascar_history_independence_the_first_republic_and_the_military_transition_1960_75.html (1051 words)

	Political background
		Madagascar’s ancient history is closer knit to Asia than to Africa, and a minority of the population is of African origin.
		The constitution of Madagascar states the principle of political pluralism; the citizens enjoy the freedom of organisation, without required authorization, in associations and political parties.
		For the 2002 elections TIM was represented in all the provinces of Madagascar with 134 candidates.
	www.humanrights.uio.no /forskning/publ/nr/2003/04/nordem_report-Politica.html (1601 words)

	Deafening silence on a horrifying repression
		In Madagascar, all the settlers (irrespective of class) and some of the civil servants were worried about possible British or South African designs on the island and found the spectacular rise of the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Reform (MDRM) particularly hard to swallow.
		During their trial, Paris dismissed the charge of police provocation and retained the theory of an MDRM-organised plot: the members of parliament were sentenced to death (though later reprieved) and the movement was outlawed.
		He founded the Monima Party (Madagascar for the Malagasies) in 1958 and instigated a revolt in the south in March 1971.
	mondediplo.com /1997/03/02madagascar (1287 words)

	Madagascar - Peoples of the Central Highlands
		Although their influence declined somewhat during the French colonial period, especially after the unsuccessful Revolt of 1947, they are heavily represented among the country's socioeconomic and political elite.
		The Betsileo, who constitute 12.1 percent of the population and live in the central highlands south of the Merina in a region of about 40,000 square kilometers, have a culture similar to that of their northern neighbors.
		South of the Betsileo live the Bara (3.3 percent of the population), who are divided into five clans in the dry regions at the southern end of the central highlands.
	countrystudies.us /madagascar/13.htm (586 words)

	Madagascar: nationalism or survival?
		Madagascar, once proud and united, has been ruined by foreign interference and has been unable to recover its traditional equilibrium.
		The large island of Madagascar lies in the south-west of the Indian Ocean in a strategic zone between the Cape and the Gulf.
		As to whether Madagascar can retain its identity, she says, "It’s true we might have to admit defeat, but the new president’s main strength will be the ability not to let anything be imposed".
	mondediplo.com /1997/03/01madagascar (2964 words)

	France's MASS MURDER in Madagascar (remember) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		France's MASS MURDER in Madagascar (remember) http://e.rambel.free.fr/madagascar/history_between_brackets.html The forgotten massacres of Madagasikara One hundred thousand deads, this is the estimate of the number of victims of the french repression in Madagasikara in 47 x 48.
		Colonial War Added to discontent caused by the conscription of manual labor, shortages and inflation was the resentement of Malagasy ex-soldiers who had been repatriated despite their long years of service to a France they considered to be ungreatful.
		Finding leaders among this soldiers, the revolt spred, taking advantage of the small number of french soldiers in the colony at most 6 000 men.
	www.talkaboutculture.com /group/alt.culture/messages/3748.html (819 words)

	realpage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to this document, the primary goal of the newly renamed Democratic Republic of Madagascar was to build a "new society" founded on socialist principles.
		The net result of these events was Ratsiraka's agreement on October 31, 1991 to support a process of democratic transition, complete with the formulation of a new constitution and the holding of free and fair multiparty elections.
		Among the Merina, Madagascar's dominant ethnic group, these are referred to as the andriana (nobles), the hova (commoners), and the andevo (slaves or, more properly, the descendants of slaves).
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /faculty/hodgson/Courses/so191/Projects2/Molly/realpage.html (1720 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Madagascar, 1939-1960 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Madagascar remained loyal to the new French administration at VICHY.
		After World War II, both Madagascar's French and Malagasy population, were finally granted representation in the constituent assembly to the French Fourth Republic.
		In 1946, Madagascar was declared an OVERSEAS TERRITORY (thus ending the status of colony); the COMORO ISLANDS were again separated from Madagascar.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eastafrica/madagascar193960.html (245 words)

	Madagascar - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is bound by the Mozambique Channel to the west and the Indian Ocean to the south, north and east.
		CLIMATE: Madagascar has a tropical maritime climate which is influenced by altitude, the monsoons and its proximity to the sea.
		In 1971 the government brutally suppressed a revolt in the south and with growing economic difficulties, mass demonstrations followed.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/madagasc.htm (1229 words)

	[No title]
		Elected by a hair's breadth in 1996 after having been toppled by a popular revolt in 1991, and severely weakened by growing eyesight problems, President Didier Ratsiraka seems nonetheless in a position to win the presidential election in December.
		Bowing to the pressure from veterans of the war of national liberation and from landless peasants occupying a vast Nuanetsi ranch, the Zimbabwe government has accepted to include that property belonging to the Development Trust of Zimbabwe (DTZ) in the list of farms to be redistributed to fl farmers.
		Examination of the request by the Comoros to be admitted to the Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne (Asecna) in Africa and Madagascar was on the agenda during the air safety organization's meeting in Yaoundé between June 12 and 15.
	www.africaintelligence.com /ps/AN/Arch/ION/ION_957.asp (1012 words)

	Philippe Leymarie, Painful memories of the revolt of 1947: Nationalism or survival?
		Madagascar had its place in the world in the last century.
		Jean-Hervé Fraslin, an agricultural credit expert, says that Madagascar is one of the only countries where rice production has not increased in the last thirty years.
		It was also a way of expressing his pride in being fl, when the upper class Merinas look down on the andevo (descendants of slaves) of the plateaux and even more on the coastal maintys (fls).
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/36/549.html (2900 words)

	MADAGASCAR BOOKS FOR SALE
		THREE VISITS TO MADAGASCAR (during the years 1853-1854-1856, including a Journey to the Capital, with Notices of the Natural History of the Country, and of the Present Civilisation of the People.) John Murray, London, 1858.
		Memoirs of the difficult life of a missionary in Central Madagascar in the late 19th century.
		MADAGASCAR, (An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island and its Former Dependencies) Macmillan, London 1886, 1st Edition.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/Rupert_Parker/Mad.htm (1594 words)

	[No title]
		In 1890 the British relinquished their interests in Madagascar to France, and in 1895, Madagascar became a French protectorate.
		During World War II, Madagascar was occupied by British and South African forces (1942), but the following year it was turned over to the Free French.
		In 1947 a revolt against the French was harshly suppressed; estimates of those killed range from 11,000 to 80,000.
	www.gateway-africa.com /countries/madagascar.html (442 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Maldives (Indian Ocean) / ...
		Madagascar, le colonisé et son âme: Essai sur le discours psychologique colonial.
		Ellis, Stephen D.K. The Rising of the Red Shawls: A Revolt in Madagascar, 1895-1899.
		Les hautes terres de Madagascar et leurs confins occidentaux: Enracinement et mobilité des sociétés rurales.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/maldives/mv_bibl.html (4542 words)

	By Philippe Leymarie, Painful memories of the revolt of 1947: Deafening silence on a horrifying repression
		By Philippe Leymarie, Painful memories of the revolt of 1947: Deafening silence on a horrifying repression
		Painful memories of the revolt of 1947: Deafening silence on a horrifying repression
		General de Gaulle made a speech in Brazzaville pledging that union with France would bring citizenship rights for its peoples overseas: which did not stop the French army from carrying on with torture and massacres from Sétif to Haiphong (2).
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/36/550.html (1202 words)

	Chronology
		1946: MDRM (Madagascar Revolutionary Democratic Movement) was established by Merina intellectuals.
		1947: Revolt against France was led by the leaders of MDRM.
		The opposition was dissatisfied with the deterioration of the economy, with the president's continued subservience to French interests, and with the government's authoritarianism.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/madmerinchro.htm (2042 words)

	Records for The rising of the Red Shawls : a revolt in Madagascar, 1895- 1899. (in MARION) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Records for The rising of the Red Shawls : a revolt in Madagascar, 1895- 1899.
		The rising of the Red Shawls : a revolt in Madagascar, 1895- 1899.
		The rising of the Red Shawls : a revolt in Madagascar, 1895- 1899 / Stephen Ellis.
	js-catalog.cpl.org /MARION/%2BRISING/74b0a2006000/0 (74 words)

	LongComb: Rabemananjara, Jacques
		Rabemananjara began writing in the early 1940s and published his first volume of verse, Sur les marches du soir (�On the Edges of Evening�), in 1942.
		A death sentence imposed on him for his alleged participation in the 1947 revolt in Madagascar embittered him, despite a later reprieve, and the poems of Antidote, written
		This is a paragraph of text that could go in the sidebar.
	longcomb.blogspot.com /2004/04/rabemananjara-jacques.html (66 words)

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