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	The Madrasah
		The madrasa, a school for the training of spiritual and legal leaders, became one of the most typical institutions of the Muslim world of the 12th century.
		Constructed from the late 13th century through the 15th century, these madrasas are a blend of social usefulness and private memorialization.
		The madrasa's most curious feature, writes Grabar, is its design of vertical lines, recessed windows, and bare walls except for a subdued cornice that runs all around the building.
	www.islamicart.com /main/architecture/madrasah.html (440 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		Rather a new madrasa scheme was developed peculiar to the Ottomans-first seen in the Süleyman Pasha madrasa in İznik from the same era (mid-fourteenth century)-which had an open courtyard and arcade, which was continually employed until the nineteenth century.
		In the Hüdavendigâr madrasa in the Çekirge quarter of Bursa, as was noted in the section related to mosques, a synthesis was attempted by combining the cloister cell/dervish lodge mosque scheme and the closed courtyard madrasa scheme.
		The early Ottoman madrasa design in the Muradiye madrasa-just as in the mosque of the complex-that stands on the west side of Muradiye mosque dated 1426, is notable for its command of a greater coherence than that demonstrated in the madrasas of Yıldırım Bayezıd and Yeşil.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/bursa/madrasas.html (753 words)

	The Hindu : International : 80 killed in Pakistan madrasa raid
		Qazi Hussein Ahmed, leader of JI and the MMA, rubbished the military claim that the madrasa was harbouring militants and said a number of children were among the dead.
		The madrasa in Bajaur agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas was a training facility for militants run by a pro-Taliban commander, Maulvi Liaquat, said Director-General Inter-Services Public Relations Major-General Shaukat Sultan at a briefing.
		The madrasa was in an isolated area and there were no houses nearby and therefore, no chance of collateral damage.
	www.hindu.com /2006/10/31/stories/2006103103771300.htm (481 words)

	MADRASA EDUCATION IN INDIA- Is it to sustain medieval attitude among Muslims?
		The historic participation of madrasa leaders in 1857 revolt against British regime proved that the main objective of traditional Islamic education was to attune the Indian Muslims with aspiration for regaining of political power.
		Madrasa managers might have their own arguments in support of their theological command but keeping off the Muslims with the realities of contemporary world has caused immense harm to the community as far as its economic development is concerned.
		Madrasa system of edcation was basically meant for preparing the people for Islamic way of life and Islamisation of all the branches of knowledge even though contemporary world does not accept it as sole criteria of education.
	www.saag.org /papers8/paper730.html (3063 words)

	The Medieval madrasa - All About Turkey
		Travel in pursuit of Hadith was crucial to the development of the madrasa as a separate institution, in as much as it stimulated the foundation of residences specifically for students.
		One reason was that the mosque and the madrasa, as Islamic religious institutions, had no place for the "foreign sciences." A comprehensive literary education went well beyond what was necessary to understand the Koran and Hadith (Hadis).
		Madrasas were also never state institutions; politicians might endow them but from their personal fortunes and as Muslims individually promoting learning.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /medrese.htm (1554 words)

	swahili coast
		Madrasa Resource Centre Early Childhood programme in East Africa is a shining example of a programme producing young children "shinning stars" at preschool level and beyond.
		Madrasa Resource Centre is an early childhood development programme that was initiated in the mid 80s to facilitate the establishment of quality, affordable, culturally appropriate and sustainable community-based early childhood development and education centres among the low social economic Muslim communities.
		The Madrasa Regional Research programme (MRRP) was initiated to assist in finding out the impact of the Madrasa resource centre on the primary beneficiaries as well as building a sustainable capacity on the staff on the monitoring, evaluation and research skills.
	www.mwambao.com /madrasa.htm (5322 words)

	Madrasas And Terrorism
		He critiques diehard conservatives among the ‘ulama for opposing the inclusion of modern subjects in the madrasas in order to preserve their own vested interests, arguing that such ‘ulama are directly responsible, to a considerable extent, for the backwardness and stagnation of Muslim society.
		Alam pleads for modernization of the madrasas, but argues, echoing the views of most ‘ulama, that the state’s professed interest in promoting such modernisation is suspect and that it is actually aimed at diluting their religious identity.
		He sees hope in the fact that most madrasa students and their parents do, in fact, want modern subjects to be included in the madrasa syllabus, although many madrasa managers might oppose this proposal, seeing this as threatening to undermine their own privileges and authority.
	www.sikhspectrum.com /022005/madrasas.htm (1545 words)

	International Crisis Group - Pakistan: Madrasas, Extremism
		Madrasas provide free religious education, boarding and lodging and are essentially schools for the poor.
		Madrasas will instead be asked to submit to regulation voluntarily, and the law proposes no mechanism of enforcement or punishments for violations.
		A madrasa sector the autonomy of which remains untouched and that is not forced to reform is unlikely to confront the military.
	www.crisisgroup.org /home/index.cfm?id=1627&l=1 (1469 words)

	HIMAL SOUTH ASIAN
		Madrasas were seen as centres of obscurantism and superstition, and as one of the principal causes of Muslim decline at the hands of the West.
		Since one of the primary aims of the madrasas was to produce a class of bureaucrats and, particularly, judges, as employees of the state, the teaching of Islamic law (fiqh) came to occupy a major position in the madrasa curriculum.
		If madrasas were once the preserve of the Muslim elite, providing them an education that trained them to take up posts in Muslim courts and in the administrative services, today most madrasa students come from families which cannot afford the cost of modern education for their children.
	www.himalmag.com /november2001/essay.htm (7841 words)

	Growing Anger As US Accused of Being Behind Madrasa Attacks
		Tribesmen attend a protest near the Chenagai area of the Bajaur tribal region bordering Afghanistan October 31, 2006, to condemn a Pakistan Army helicopter attack on Monday on an al-Qaeda-linked madrasa that killed around 80 suspected militants.
		One official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the madrasa had frequently been visited by Osama bin Laden's deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and by Abu Ubaidah al-Masri, an Egyptian militant who is suspected to have masterminded last summer's alleged plot to bomb trans-Atlantic airliners.
		Lying in a hospital bed in nearby Peshawar, Abu Bakar, one of just three seminarians to survive the strike, insisted the madrasa was engaged in education and not terrorism.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines06/1101-03.htm (993 words)

	EDUCATION - v. THE MADRASA SHI¿ITE PERSIA
		Madrasas varied in size, and the overwhelming majority of what were called madrasas in the sources were simply dormitories; only a relatively small number offered religious education.
		The core of the madrasa curriculum is the religious sciences (¿olu@m-e naql^), based on the Koran and traditions from the Prophet and the imams; Islamic law (feqh); methods of deriving religious rulings (osáu@l al-feqh); and theology (kala@m).
		The madrasa system may best be characterized as one in which there is no grading or formal examinations and students pursue their studies solely for the sake of learning.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8/v8f2/v8f207v.html (1767 words)

	Ebrahim Moosa: Inside the Madrasa
		Madrasas are environments of Islamic cultivation of the self, culture, civility, wisdom, and life.
		While madrasas are growing in number on the subcontinent, the cherished world of the madrasas of my youth is rapidly disappearing.
		Madrasas may be forced to defend themselves by more militant means as the political rapids in countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh become more turbulent.
	www.bostonreview.net /BR32.1/moosa.html (5467 words)

	Ebrahim Moosa: Inside the Madrasa
		Madrasas are environments of Islamic cultivation of the self, culture, civility, wisdom, and life.
		While madrasas are growing in number on the subcontinent, the cherished world of the madrasas of my youth is rapidly disappearing.
		Madrasas may be forced to defend themselves by more militant means as the political rapids in countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh become more turbulent.
	bostonreview.net /BR32.1/moosa.html (5467 words)

	Islam Watch - "Madrasa - An Islamic School to Learn 'Ignorance'" by Sujit Das
		Madrasas are the Islamic schools for study of pure Islamic religion.
		In many madrasas of Pakistan, the only subjects taught are Koran, and that also in Arabic, which is a foreign language and unknown to the students.
		Madrasa is a place for brainwashing young minds just to destroy all the future possibilities of the child to do something creative and to make him a Koranic zombie.
	www.islam-watch.org /SujitDas/Madrasa.htm (2473 words)

	Interview with a madrasa graduate from Kerala on madrasa reform \| Indian Muslims (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Zubair Kottalil is a graduate of a Sunni madrasa in Kerala.
		Often the office of the council and the madrasa itself are located in the local mosque, which functions as a sort of community centre.
		Another important reason why madrasas in Kerala have been more open to change is that the state has a fairly sizeable Muslim middle class, which has taken an active interest in working along with the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœulama and community organizations in the field of education.
	www.indianmuslims.info /interviews/interview_with_a_madrasa_graduate_from_kerala_on_madrasa_reform.html (2291 words)

	Madrasat-ul-Madinah, K a r a c h i . . .
		In the full day section, class timing is 8:00 am to 4:00 pm; whereas in the shift section, class timing is 2 hours.
		To evaluate the performance of students, bimonthly test are held in all the three sections viz.; Qaida, Nazra and Hifz of each Madrasa.
		Madrasa tul Madinah is being in the service of Holy Quran and Sunnah since 1990.
	www.madrasatulmadinah.com (384 words)

	Terrorists had visited Pakistan madrasa : thewest.com.au
		Al-Qaeda Number Two Ayman al-Zawahri was a past visitor to a madrasa destroyed by a Pakistan Army helicopter attack but he was not there when the missiles struck on Monday, senior Pakistani security officials say.
		Among the other known militants to have frequented the madrasa at Chenagai village, near the Afghan border in the Bajaur tribal region of northwest Pakistan, was Abu Obaida al-Misri.
		No major militant figure was believed to have been present when the army attacked, and orders for the assault were given in anticipation that the militants were about to be sent to fight - possibly to launch suicide attacks on NATO and Afghan forces.
	www.thewest.com.au /aapstory.aspx?StoryName=329816 (579 words)

	The Introduction of Science in Madrasa Education in India
		The students of Madrasas would be exposed to the same undesirable social traits (from Islamic perspective) as is evident in students of secular institutions.
		Trying to convince them that this Centre is aware of the importance of Madrasas and is alive to their sensitivities in preserving the character of their institutions, though we may differ from their old-fashioned syllabi and method of teaching.
		Convincing the Madrasas that voice of credible individuals and organisations that are genuinely interested in the development of Madrasa education be seriously taken into account by redesigning their curricula and introducing science teaching.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/cps/meducation.htm (2297 words)

	rediff.com: Myth and reality of a Pakistani madrasa
		There are thousands of madrasas, or religious schools, in Pakistan where education in Islamic theology and religious law is imparted to the students.
		Madrasas in Pakistan, say critics, are hotbeds of religious fundamentalism and a training ground for militants.
		Ghaznavi denies the use of physical punishment that madrasas in Pakistan are notorious for.
	www.rediff.com /news/2001/aug/21pak1.htm (674 words)

	Elimu Ya Madrassah Tanzania
		Madrasa zetu Tanzania, kwa muda mrefu tangu Historia ya kuingia kwa uislam nchini zimenasibishwa na kazi zinazofanywa na taasisi hii.
		Kwa muda mrefu MADRASA zimesahaulika na kusababisha athari mbaya.
		Ili kuzikuisha tunapaswa kuzingatia kazi zinazotakiwa kukfanywa na madrasa na zipi zinafanywa.
	www.darulmuslimeen.org /UMADO/ElimuYaMadrassahTanzania.htm (2481 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 918 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Independent education department and curriculum board will have to be set up for updating madrasa education to enter modern job markets, said the speakers at a roundtable yesterday.
		The roundtable styled as 'Developing madrasa education: Bangladesh perspective' was organised jointly by NIBRAS Foundation Bangladesh and World Assembly of Muslim Youth at the National Press Club in the city.
		The speakers said Ebtedayee madrasa education which is equivalent to primary level, should be given priority and students of Ebtedayee should be provided with free textbooks as most of them come from poor family.
	www.thedailystar.net /2006/12/26/d61226060871.htm (315 words)

	The Education of a Holy Warrior
		A madrasa is a Muslim religious seminary, and Haqqania is one of the bigger madrasas in Pakistan: its mosques and classrooms and dormitories are spread over eight weed-covered acres, and the school currently enrolls more than 2,800 students.
		Tuition, room and board are free; the students are, in the main, drawn from the dire poor, and the madrasa raises its funds from wealthy Pakistanis, as well as from devout, and politically minded, Muslims in the countries of the Persian Gulf.
		The Jihadi madrasa is Muhammad's alma mater, and it is one of the biggest in Kandahar.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/magazine/home/20000625mag-taliban.html (6938 words)

	Madrasa Pre-School Programme East Africa
		With motivation, it might be possible for parents to support an early childhood education initiative that addressed their desire to teach their children about religion and culture as well as prepare them for competitive primary school entrance requirements.
		The madrasa programme is experimenting with an innovative concept to supplement fee income to support community schools.
		The popularity of short courses delivered by the MRC in Mombasa to educators from non-madrasa pre-schools, private and government-funded alike (and that are open to students of all faiths), points to the wide applicability of this approach.
	www1.worldbank.org /education/children/africa/agakhan.html (3272 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		Of these we learn from the EI Hac Ali Ibni Mehırıraet Charter of H. 1718) that the Rahimiye Madrasa is near the Tahtamor (Toktemur) Mosque, and from the Ümmü Gülsüm Hatun Charter of 1193 (1779) that the Rızaiye Madrasa was built by Ümmü Gülsüm Hatun (a woman) as an adjunct to the Kutbeddin Mosque.
		The Ihlasiye Madrasa was built together with a mosque in 1032 (1623) by Hacı Molla Musa in the cobblers’ market, and both structures have been torn down in recent years.
		Most of the madrasas in Şanlıurfa were built either close to mosques or actually in their courtyards.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/sanliurfa/socially.html (578 words)

	Madrasa Education in India - a Need for Reorientation
		The emergence of the institution of the madrasa as a centre for religious learning, and of the ulama as a class of religious specialists, coincided with the spread of Islam outside the Arabian peninsula in the years after the death of the Prophet.
		The number of madrasas in India is estimated to be between thirty to forty thousand.
		It is a matter of satisfaction to note that of late, some madrasas, having realized the significance of science education, have introduced science teaching in their curricula, but have not been able to bring about any noticeable improvement in the quality of education they impart to their students.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/cps/reorient.htm (1419 words)

	The Madrasa in Perspective- Evolution of Fundamentalist movements in South Asia- Waleed Ziad- Articles from the News, ...
		The militant 'ulema' today claim that the madrasa institutions exist to wage a military jihad against all forms of colonialism and injustice, and to teach 'religious studies', while the 'Islamic' parties claim that it is their duty as leaders of the 'ulema' to guide the nation towards 'righteousness'.
		The madrasa of the mid 20th century produced only qaris and imams, who were not regarded by the secular ruling elite as capable of functioning outside their limited ritualistic spheres.
		While the elite and future bureaucracy were enrolled in the Colonial educational institutions, the majority of madrasa students hailed from rural NWFP, Kashmir, and poorer areas of the Punjab, sons of landless peasants, laborers, artisans, or rural imams.
	www.geocities.com /ziadnumis/thenews (3708 words)

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