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	Pakistan Link Headlines
		Madrassah is the Arabic word for school and first emerged as an organised system of education system in present-day Iraq in the 11th century.
		Also, since the teaching methods and the academic and residential environment in madrassahs are rigid and regimented, it is probable that students are unable and unwilling to be amenable to conduct that does not conform to prescribed norms.
		However, unlike the non-elite English medium and, particularly, Urdu medium schools, a madrassah education is of high quality., the report says adding Madrassah graduates are likely to be fully convinced of whatever position they hold and are able to defend their position in an intellectual debate.
	www.pakistanlink.com /headlines/March04/18/06.html (684 words)

	Pakistan's Madrassahs: Ensuring a System of Education not Jihad -- P.W. Singer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Madrassahs' displacement of a public education system is also worrisome to the stability of the Pakistani state and its future economic prospects.
		As the Madrassahs have grown in number and taken on a primary role in Pakistan's education system, the results do not bode well for the country's future economy, which is already struggling.
		The Madrassahs' takeover is rooted in poverty and the pullback of the state.
	www.brook.edu /dybdocroot/views/papers/singer/20020103.htm (4678 words)

	Opinion
		Madrassahs are often blamed for instilling religious radicalism and inciting militancy and Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf, a key ally of the United States in its war on terror, has promised in the past to reform them.
		Pakistani officials say very few madrassahs are involved in activities that promote militancy, but Musharraf urged his nation last Saturday to stop militants trying to misuse the schools.
		The report said the Pakistani districts where madrassah enrolment was relatively high were in the so-called "Pashtun belt" near the Afghan border while in the rest of the country enrolment was thinly but evenly distributed.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Opinion/2005/Mar05/11/02.htm (512 words)

	Pakistan Times \| Op-Ed: The Madrassahs Reform (by Saad S. Khan)
		It is not that the madrassahs only teach extremism, but it is true that the social and economic class that constitutes the madrassah population is precisely that which is most vulnerable to radical influence.
		But it is clear from the condition of the madrassahs that the alms are never too much for the students of the seminaries to give them an iota of decent living.
		As for the textbooks and reading material, the madrassahs are dependent on donations from foreign countries, local organizations and various interest groups, and are obliged to follow the agendas of their benefactors.
	pakistantimes.net /2004/02/26/guest2.htm (1467 words)

	CNN.com - Pakistan's religious schools under fire - September 13, 2002
		There are an estimated 10,000 madrassahs all over Pakistan offering free education to over a million children who have been overlooked by the government's failing school system.
		The watershed in the history of madrassahs was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.
		Yet despite this, over a million children continue to attend the madrassahs that dot the landscape, blissfully unaware of the debate over their shape and existence.
	www.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/13/pakistan.madrassah/index.html (746 words)

	London bombs reverberate in Pakistani madrassahs - Boston.com - Asia - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		But in the same breath, he argued that suicide bombers in Iraq were martyrs engaged in a "jihad," or holy war, and the London bombings were probably motivated by Britain's involvement in the Iraq conflict.
		What goes on in Pakistani madrassahs and the thinking they inspire is of critical interest to Western security agencies after the discovery that at least one of the London bombers, Shehzad Tanweer, visited several in Pakistan before the attacks.
		Madrassahs mushroomed and became recruiting grounds for jihadis in the 1980s when the West and Saudia Arabia poured millions of dollars into Pakistan to finance a war against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2005/07/18/london_bombs_reverberate_in_pakistani_madrassahs (796 words)

	Crosswalk.com - Madrassahs Are 'Factories of Terror,' Policy Expert Asserts
		But the nature of some madrassahs changed between 1979 and 1989, during the war between the Soviet Union and Afghan rebels, according to Ariel Cohen, senior policy advisor for the Heritage Foundation.
		All madrassahs provide free education as well as room and board to students who come mainly from the poorer strata of society.
		While the exact number of madrassahs is unknown, they have a strong presence in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
	www.crosswalk.com /news/1339484.html (500 words)

	http://news.spirithit.com - News \| Society \| HIV Lessons in Madrassahs
		Contesting the prevalent perception of the epidemic as a Western evil, the NGOs have been working since last year to train clerics and students of madrassahs in an effort to lift the stigma of AIDS and educate them that the disease is not confined to drug users, prostitutes, and homosexuals.
		But project officials say that their work in the madrassah network is the first of its kind in the Muslim World and could prove a model for other countries with large networks of Islamic schools.
		Madrassahs clerics say they will preach about the disease, but not the use of condoms - except within a marriage where the husband is HIV positive.
	news.spirithit.com /index/society/print/hiv_lessons_in_madrassahs (646 words)

	Pakistan's two schools of thought \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1994, a group of madrassah students answered the call of a charismatic recluse, Mullah Mohammad Omar, to overthrow Afghanistan's unruly mujahideen warlords and purify the country.
		One of the better-funded madrassahs is the Anjuman Faizul Islam in Rawalpindi.
		This madrassah's library is full of books in both English and the national language, Urdu, from "Gone with the Wind" to "How to Build a Hydropower Dam." The chemistry lab would not look out of place at any American public school.
	csmweb2.emcweb.com /2001/1003/p7s1-wosc.htm (1028 words)

	Are Pakistani Religious Schools Pumping Out Terrorists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The madrassahs flourished in the late 1970s and 1980s during the rule of the late former military dictator, Zia-ul Haq, who patronized the clerics at a time when Pakistan became the front-line of an international fight against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.
		Thousands of students at madrassahs were trained, recruited along with foreign Islamic militants, to wage jihad along with Afghan mujahideen factions against Soviet troops in Afghanistan.
		Meanwhile, in Pakistan, the institution of the madrassahs turned into the political constituency of Pakistani mullahs, a platform which fosters extremism and sectarianism and is seen as a supply line for jihadist groups.
	www.satribune.com /archives/august04/P1_csm.htm (1211 words)

	Madrasah, Tripoli - Lebanon (beryte.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Six Madrassahs ranging from the earliest (Khayriyyah Hasan) to what is probably the latest (the anonymous Mashhad), from the largest and most impressive (the Qartawiyyah) to the least well known Nasiriyyah, were erected around the Great Mosque.
		Two are set by the main entrance to the mosque, and one adjoining its eastern wall, suggesting that by the fourteenth century madrassahs may no longer have been as much used as before and simply as pious foundations tented to be concentrated around the Great Mosque.
		One, the Zurayqiyyah (now destroyed), the earliest madrassah in Tripoli, was built, not near the Great Mosque, but on the right bank of the river, because that was an area developed by the first Mamluk governor of Tripoli.
	www.beryte.com /regional/tripoli/madrasah.html (321 words)

	Madrassahs and Schools: Ideas & Identities of India Pakistan
		From Pakistan’s birth till the present day, Madrassahs have been launched throughout the country as the pivots of Islamic education and as the origin for bringing forth the future generations of scholars of the religion.
		It is crucial to identify, however, that the yield of Madrassahs are a hampered folk in an increasingly competitive, scientific and sentient society.
		Moreover, Madrassahs of late have been heavily censured for advocating an imprecise or, as the term has evolved, an “extremist” view of Islam.
	www.chowk.com /show_article.cgi?aid=00004306&channel=university (2324 words)

	Pakistan: Despite Reform Plan, Few Changes Seen At Most Radical Madrassahs - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Madrassahs were, at best, a pawn in the game of religious extremism.
		Supporters of the madrassah system say most are charitable religious schools that have helped raise the literacy rate in Pakistan.
		Some madrassahs use texts from the 11th century to teach medicine and that others teach mathematics based only on the works of the ancient Greeks more than 2,300 years ago.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2004/2/E7AFCF76-7D7A-4282-9946-0E08F9F6BC0A.html (1003 words)

	Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		General Musharraf, bent on convincing the international community of his unswerving commitment to rid his country of all that nurtures terrorism, is overtly pursuing a wide-ranging campaign to reform madrassahs, expel their non-native attendees and seek out would-be terrorists.
		Repeatedly, he reiterates that all madrassahs must be registered, purged of foreign students and their curricula revised to provide a conventional, broad-based education.
		Hence, a number of raids against madrassahs have been undertaken, one such yielding five Kazakh nationals who confessed that the compound they were occupying was indeed a terrorist hideout.
	www.ipcs.org /ipcs/kashmirLevel2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=1856&subCatID=1022&mod=g (841 words)

	Pakistan religious schools, Madrassahs, Madrassas, Madrasas, Madaris
		Madrassahs provide free religious education, boarding and lodging and are essentially schools for the poor.
		A madrassah systems university is called Dar Ul Ulum, (usually having hundreds of students) a primary school a Maktab, (up to fifty students) and an integrated school with various levels is simply called a Madrassah.
		All madrassahs provide free education and also offer free boarding and lodging to students who come mainly from the poorer strata of society and not necessarily from the communities they are based in.
	www.uvm.edu /~envprog/madrassah.html (740 words)

	Madrassah reform is key to terror war \| csmonitor.com
		Madrassahs in Pakistan totaled a few hundred in 1947; by the end of the Afghan War in 1989, there were several thousand.
		Most madrassahs in Ahmedpur are operated by Deobandi Muslims, a Sunni sect that holds extremely intolerant views of other Muslims.
		Madrassah administrators insist that the function of Islamic schools is to train future clerics, not modern professionals.
	search.csmonitor.com /2005/0627/p09s02-coop.html (990 words)

	Rediff On The NeT:Pakistan's madrassahs fight an image problem
		Madrassahs in Pakistan are thought to number up to 15,000 -- the government has no official figures -- and range in size from one-student rooms connected to a mosque to Usmani's school, which is believed to have the most students in the country.
		Madrassahs have also come under attack because some, mainly in the North West Frontier Province bordering Afghanistan, give weapons training and provide the starry-eyed recruits with which the Taliban is trying to increase its 90 per cent control of the country.
		Those who are trying to separate the conflicting images of Islamic institutions such as madrassahs found an ally when the US ambassador to Pakistan, William Milam, made a recent keynote speech seeking to dispel fears in Muslim countries that the West was on a collision course with the Islamic world.
	www.rediff.com /news/1999/dec/06pak.htm (800 words)

	The View \| From the University of Vermont
		While there appears to be a strong correlation between madrassahs and income in rural areas, which consistently serve the poorest and most abject families, there was no such connection in the urban madrassahs of Islamabad, where wealthy families often send their children for a discipline-oriented traditional education.
		Contrary to popular opinion, there is no connection between the madrassahs and international terrorism, with the exception of the “jihadi madrassahs.” There is a connection, however, between the madrassahs and acts of sectarian violence, especially between Shias and Sunnis in Southern Punjab.
		The madrassahs are graduating a much larger cohort of theologians than the economy can absorb, which could lead to a disgruntled population that would be vulnerable to terrorist recruiters.
	www.uvm.edu /theview/article.php?id=1401 (922 words)

	Turks.US Daily News - Pakistan Places Madrassahs Under Close Scrutiny Daily News
		Despite rejecting the alleged link between its madrassahs (religious schools) and "terror" or "evil ideologies", Pakistan have placed the seminaries under close scrutiny for clues on the London blasts.
		Detectives have visited madrassahs in Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan after it was discovered that three of the four bombers visited Pakistan in 2004, Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported Tuesday, July 19, citing unidentified security officials.
		Officials told AFP that a small fraction of the country's estimated 10,000 madrassahs are breeding grounds for extremism, and President Pervez Musharraf has been campaigning since early 2003 for their reform.
	www.turks.us /article.php?story=20050719130236949 (646 words)

	Kamat's Potpourri: AnthoBLOGy
		Great scholars and teachers devoted their lives in the Madrassahs for the study of Islam, the Farsi language, and most importantly, to spread knowledge among common people.
		Prophet Mohammad is to have said "a scholar’s ink is superior to a martyr’s blood", and the thought of the period (10th to 18th centuries) took upon itself to propagate Islam though advancement of arts, sciences, and devotion.
		Although today the Madrassahs are branded as breeding areas for hatred of the West, they are the only means of education available to a large number of Afghan, Palestinian, and Lebenese children whose lives have been torn by civil (and non-so-civil) wars.
	www.kamat.com /vikas/blog.php?date=10/31/2001&alias=madrassah.htm (448 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 319 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The percentage is 20 among students who came from madrassahs, sources at the district education office said.
		Of the students, 5,542 were from 82 schools and madrassahs in the Sadar upazila.
		When contacted, Barisal District Primary Education Officer A B M Iqbal Bashri, however claimed that the bad result in the evaluation test was due to the fact that children were not in touch with books for about three months after their annual examination in class five, held in November.
	www.thedailystar.net /2004/04/22/d40422070173.htm (369 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Pakistan to regulate religious schools
		Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has outlined a new policy to reform religious schools or madrassahs which are perceived to encourage militancy.
		A "new madrassah strategy" is being introduced in Pakistan to regulate the functioning of the schools and bring their students into the mainstream.
		In his speech, Pakistan's leader said the original aims of the madrassahs were noble because they provided free education for poor students - a welfare system which no non-governmental organisation could match.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/1757108.stm (384 words)

	GN Online: They still mourn collapse of Taliban
		With 1,000 pupils and a 53-year history, Shah's madrassah is one of Pakistan's largest and oldest.
		He passionately rejects any suggestion that madrassahs are hotbeds of Islamic zealotry, turning out recruits for terrorist organisations.
		When the Taliban regime was in its death throes many madrassahs sent volunteers to fight on its behalf.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/Opinion.asp?ArticleID=111442 (472 words)

	Turks.US Daily News: Pakistan Rejects Linking Madrassahs to Terror
		Akram maintained, however, that his country’s madrassahs were not to blame for the extremist ideology of the bombers.
		His statements came as two of Pakistan's leading religious scholars were fearful thousands of madrassahs could face a backlash in the aftermath of the London blasts.
		Speaking to Reuters from one of these madrassahs in Lahore, Naeemi said hatred and militancy played no part in most schools’ teachings.
	www.turks.us /article.php?story=20050719004505581&mode=print (681 words)

	Kuna site\|Story page\|Pakistan to expel foreign students from Madrassahs...7/29/2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The President said that all the Madrassahs will have to register by December 31, 2005 or if they failed then they will face ban.
		Later, talking to KUNA the secretary religious affairs, Vakil Ahmed Khan, said that there are about 11,221 Madrassahs in the country.
		Out of which, around 6,000 are affiliated with different Uqafs (sects), he said, adding that out of these 6,000 affiliated Madrassahs only 3,900 are registered with the government.
	www.kuna.net.kw /home/Story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=756005 (247 words)

	The Body: Pakistan: HIV Lessons in Madrassahs
		Two nongovernmental groups have been working since last year to train clerics and educate students at 10 madrassahs -- Islamic theology schools -- in Pakistan to help destigmatize HIV/AIDS and increase awareness that the disease is not confined to drug users, prostitutes and homosexuals.
		Madrassah clerics believe condoms should play a role in prevention only in a marriage where the male is HIV-positive.
		The Body and its logos are trademarks of Body Health Resources Corporation, which owns the copyright of The Body's homepage, topic pages, page designs and HTML code.
	www.thebody.com /cdc/news_updates_archive/2004/dec14_04/pakistan_aids.html (337 words)

	BBC News \| FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT \| Afghanistan's scholarly soldiers
		The Madrassahs still exist and each year more religious students or Talibs are educated in them.
		He thinks he might then become a teacher in the Madrassah, but he is reluctant to discuss the future - after all, he says it is up to God to decide what he should do.
		Pakistan's military ruler General Musharraf has said he is concerned that some of the Madrassahs or religious schools are turning out people who have a narrow, limited view of the world.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/from_our_own_correspondent/newsid_1595000/1595806.stm (900 words)

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