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Topic: Magdeburg rights

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	Magdeburg rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Magdeburg Rights (or Magdeburg law) were a set of city laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with it by a local ruler.
		Since the local tribunal of Magdeburg thus also became the superior court for these towns, Magdeburg, together with Lübeck, practically defined the law of northern Germany and Poland for centuries, being the heart of the most important "family" of city laws.
		Being a member of the Hanseatic league, Magdeburg thus was one of the most important trade cities also, maintaining commerce with the west (towards Flanders), with the countries of the Baltic Sea, and the interior (for example Braunschweig).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magdeburg_rights (488 words)

	Magdeburg
		The so-called Magdeburg Rights were also adopted by many towns in eastern and north- eastern Germany in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (in Pomerania, Schleswig, and Prussia).
		Magdeburg was also a member of the Hanseatic league of towns, and as such was first mentioned in 1295.
		The Diocese of Magdeburg itself was small; it comprised the Slavonic districts of Serimunt, Nudizi, Neletici, Nizizi, and half of northern Thuringia, which Halberstadt resigned.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/magdenburg.html (1566 words)

	Wikinfo \| Magdeburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Magdeburg, the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, lies on the Elbe river.
		973 Emperor Otto I dies and is buried in the cathedral of Magdeburg.
		1035 Magdeburg received a patent giving the city the right to hold trade exhibits and conventions, the basis of the later family of city laws known as Magdeburg rights.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Magdeburg (971 words)

	Magdeburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		View of Magdeburg with the cathedral, from the tower of the Johanniskirche.
		1035 Magdeburg receives a patent giving the city the right to hold trade exhibits and conventions, the basis of the later family of city laws known as Magdeburg rights.
		The sister cities of Magdeburg are Brunswick, Nashville, TN and Sarajevo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magdeburg (1442 words)

	AllRefer.com - Magdeburg, Germany (German Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		The city of Magdeburg obtained from them (13th cent.) a charter that was the model for hundreds of medieval town charters in Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and Poland.
		Under this Magdeburg Law a town governed itself through an elected council, had its own courts of justice, and was exempt from all duties except the payment of rent to the prince of the land.
		Magdeburg prospered and became one of the chief members of the Hanseatic League.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Magdebur.html (515 words)

	Lost Jewish Worlds - Grodno, Section 1
		It is located on the high right bank of the Nieman River, near the Polish border, and is situated at an important railroad junction on the main road from Warsaw to St. Petersburg.
		The charter, which was intended primarily to regularize the Jews’ rights vis-a-vis the Christian townspeople, permitted their use ` of public grazing fields, forests, and meadows.
		The Jews fought for their rights and, in 1629 and 1633, were granted a privilege permitting them to engage in crafts outside the framework of the associations.
	www.grodnoonline.com /lost_worlds/section_1_test.html (4376 words)

	Mena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vyhovsky fought several battles against the Russian army near the town.
		Before the close of the century Mena received the rights of
		In spite of its small size, in 1966 it attained city status.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/M/E/Mena.htm (82 words)

	Urban secession Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In medieval times such measures as the Magdeburg rights established special status for cities and their residents in commercial relations.
		In general it receded as European cities were incorporated in nation-states especially in the 17th century to 20th century, eventually losing many special rights.
		Examples of formally or effectively seceded urban regions include Singapore, Hong Kong before 1997, Washington DC (set up initially as separate from any state), and to a degree the power wielded by the Greater London Council in the UK before its abolition by Margaret Thatcher.
	www.textsheet.com /encyclopedia/u/ur/urban_secession.html (879 words)

	Vilnius
		It become famous after the invitation letter wrote by Gediminas, the grand Duke since 1316, to German merchants.
		And in 1323 Vilnius was named the city and was given Magdeburg Rights.
		Throughout a couple of centuries it became a constantly growing and developing city because in 1579 the university was established here.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/vi/Vilnius.html (1075 words)

	Learn more about Elblag in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1440 the eastern Prussian cities formed the Prussian Confederation which led the successful rising (1454) of Prussia against the rule of the Teutonic Order.
		Prussian Confederation recognized ancient Polish rights to the Prussia and asked the Polish King for incorporation of the whole Prussia into Polish crown.The kings approval led to the Thirteen Years War.
		As a result of it the city of Elblag came under the suzerainty of Poland and became a part of Poland called Royal Prussia.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/el/elblag.html (702 words)

	Trakai
		In the 14th century a fortified castle was built on the peninsula of the Lake Galve and the construction of an insular castle was begun which in the 15th century became the residence of Lithuanian Grand Dukes.
		It is believed that in the 15th century Trakai enjoyed the Magdeburg Rights.
		At the beginning of the 15th century Trakai was granted the Magdeburg Charter, i.e., the status of municipal autonomy.
	neris.mii.lt /towns/trakai/trakai.html (1825 words)

	PolishRoots - Geography & Maps
		This changed in 1387 when Jagiello bestowed the Magdeburg rights on the city and the laws of the local citizens and the newcomers were replaced by new ones.
		From 1432, on receiving the Magdeburg rights, the city was governed independently by the municipal council, which was run by wojts and councillors.
		In 1552, during a municipal meeting, the King confirmed the ‘wielkierz” or procedures the courts were to follow according to the Magdeburg Right i.e.
	www.polishroots.org /slownik/wilno.htm (19221 words)

	Welcome to the Vilna Site
		According to this bill of rights, the local population had a right to commerce, handcrafts, and positions in the local municipality.
		In the year 1527, the local Christian population of Vilna received exclusive rights from the old King Sigmund; according to these papers the Jews were not allowed to be merchants or to live in the region.
		In 1906 Vilna witnessed a meeting of the Union for Equal Rights of Russian Jews; Doctor Shmaryahu Levin was elected as a representative to the Russian Duma.
	www.eilatgordinlevitan.com /vilna/vilna.html (12330 words)

	History of Keidan, from Berel Kagan's "Jewish Towns of Lithuania" - part 1
		In 1652 Duke Radzivil granted the Jewish community the right to sell alcohol, distill brandy and brew beer.
		With the takeover of Lithuania-Zamut by Russia, in 1795, the Jewish legal situation in Keidan began to worsen.
		The Jews lost all their earlier broad rights as the Russian government rapidly extended all the discriminatory laws against Jews that existed in Russia itself.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /acassel/keidan/history/kagan1.html (1919 words)

	take a trolleybus around KAUNAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Kaunas was given the Magdeburg rights and enjoyed the years of development in trade, crafts, culture, and extensive contacts with Western Europe.
		Built in the 13th century, the castle was Lithuania’s first defensive bastion and the only double-walled castle in all of Lithuania.
		After the last reconstruction of the building in 1970, Town Hall became the residence of the Wedding Palace, and Ceramic Art Museum was founded in the basement.
	sophia.smith.edu /~ekaralyt/project2/stop1.html (441 words)

	Karaims of Lithuania
		The Karaites (and Rabbanites) were needed in order to serve as a middle class, between the aristocracy on one hand and the serfs working the land on the other, and therefore were granted privileges in order to induce them to settle and stay.
		Witold gave them a charter of rights, assuring them the status of freemen, religious liberty, the right to their own jurisdiction and commercial freedom.
		In the 14th century a fortified castlewas built on the peninsula of the Lake Galve and the construction of an insular castle was begun which in the 15th century became the residence of Lithuanian Grand Dukes.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/karalit.html (2003 words)

	Town privileges - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some degree of self-government, representation in a diet, and tax-relief could also be granted.
		It can be understood as the Germanic and Hanseatic version of "the right to be a city".
		A town granted such rights had a certain urban law and statutes, but most importantly, was allowed certain privileges in terms of commercial activity, and also some judicial and political independence.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/City_rights (202 words)

	Lobez-my kind of town
		It is located at the eastern end of Szczecin plain and at the northern boundary of Drawsko lake district.
		You may often encounter thick scrubs with branches leaning right above the water surface and many wet meadows in the river's vicinity.
		The city and commune council of Łobez are located in the eastern part of Szczecin Province, on the river Rega.
	www.dens.inet.pl /s5.html (697 words)

	UNESCO \| Education - Germany
		UNESCO Chair in Human Rights Education (531), established in 2001 at Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, (Germany)
		The purpose of the Chair shall be to promote an integrated system of education, information, documentation and research in the field of human rights, democracy and tolerance.
		It will serve as a means of facilitating collaboration between high-level, internationally recognized researchers and teaching staff of the University and other institutions in Germany.
	portal.unesco.org /education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3155&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (167 words)

	Vilnius City
		He stopped Tartar aggression in the East and was considered to be one of the leading politicians in southeast policy (in the presence of the growing Tartar threat).
		In 1387 the Lithuanian state adopted Christianity and the City of Vilnius received Magdeburg rights.
		Foreign investors have the right to buy land that is not designated for agriculture and they are expected to make use of allowances for profit and taxes.
	www.randburg.com /li/vilniusci.html (1148 words)

	Sofron's Kaniv Page (SCA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Kaniv City located on the Right Bank of the Dnipro River (currently Kaniv Reservoir).
		In 1556 it was granted the rights of Magdeburg law.
		In the Kozak period it was a regimental center (1637-78).
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Vault/9116/kaniv.html (138 words)

	Google Earth Explorer - / Czech Republic / Cities - City of Opava (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The historical capital of Czech Silesia, Opava is now in the Moravian-Silesian Region and has a population of 59,843 as of January 1, 2005.
		It received Magdeburg city rights in 1224 and was the capital of a medieval Silesian duchy.
		After the majority of Silesia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession begun in 1740, the remaining Silesian territory still under the control of the Habsburg Monarchy became known as Austrian Silesia with its capital in Opava (1742-1918).
	explorer.altopix.com /map/c3gjlb/400/210/City_of_Opava.htm (288 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Magdeburg
		The so-called Magdeburg Rights were also adopted by many towns in eastern and northeastern Germany in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries (in Pomerania, Schleswig, and Prussia).
		Among successors worthy of mention are: the zealous Gero (1012-23); Werner (1063-78), who was killed in battle with Henry IV (see I
		At the time of the Peace of Prague, this country fell to the share of Prince August of Saxony, and after his death (1680) it was publicly assigned by the Peace of Westphalia to Brandenburg-Prussia (1648), to which it has since belonged, with the exception of the interval of French rule (1807-1814).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09524b.htm (1620 words)

	Klaipeda District. Lithuania. Baltic states. Europe.
		This thriving town of 15,000 people covers 600 ha on the right bank of the Minija River, close to the Zemaiciai Road (the old Kaunas-Klaipeda Road).
		It was granted Magdeburg Rights in 1792, and a school has been in operation here since 1804.
		The ancient town structure has been retained, and there are a few buildings dating from the 17th and 18th centuries.
	www.randburg.com /li/klaipedadi.html (450 words)

	BELINTOURIST :: Travel Guide To Belarus
		In 1499 the city was granted the Magdeburg Rights.
		In 1391 the city was granted the incomplete Magdeburg Rights, and in 1496 — the complete ones.
		In 1597 the city was granted the Magdeburg Rights and in 1772 it formed a part of the Russian Empire.
	www.belintourist.by /travel_en.phtml?topic=factfile (4442 words)

	- Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe: News - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Most of the large cities enjoyed the so-called Magdeburg Rights.
		Right now there is no political force in Belarus that could help people to open their mouths and to mobilize them for a protest.
		The Belarusian society lacks pluralism (even its democratic part); it lacks respect to the rights and preferences of an individual.
	www.ldr-group.org /news.php?id=2 (1189 words)

	editorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For older browsers that are not Java-enabled problems with the display may therefore occur.
		The author reserves the right not to be responsible for the topicality, correctness, completeness or quality of the information provided.
		Liability claims regarding damage caused by the use of any information provided, including any kind of information which is incomplete or incorrect, will therefore be rejected.The information of these sites is just a subject of information and not of a concrete medical consultation.
	www.st-marienstift.de /englisch/impressum_engl.html (232 words)

	Kursiu Nerija National Park / Settlements / Nida /
		The village was located not far from the sea, about 2-km south from present Nida.
		The innkeeper received privileges from the Magdeburg Rights in 1529.
		The innkeeper and 18 fishermen families, 3 part-time fishermen and one lodger family lived in Nida in 1541.
	www.kompasas.lt /nerija/en/zmogus/nida.html (645 words)

	Kobrin or Kobryn, Brest-Litovsk, Russia now called Brest, Belarus. Other names are Brisk, Brestye, Berestie, Brzesc, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Itskovich also received a right to live in any place of Kobrin, including Rynachnaya (Market) square and for free trade and wine industry.
		In 1589, the Jews were accorded equal rights with the other inhabitants.
		After the revolution of 1905 Jewish workers, mainly organized in the Bund and later the Po'alei Zion, took an active part in the struggle for political, social, and cultural rights.
	www.brest-belarus.com /Kobrin.shtml (4111 words)

	HISTORY OF BEREZHANY, Western Ukrainian town (Geschichte der Brzezany, kleine Stadt in West Ukraine, egemalige ...
		Not surprising, that yet in 1530, Berezhany had got the right to organize a bazaar once a week on Friday and a fair twice a year.
		Besides the maintenance of "royal court" of Sieniawski dynasty, half hungry society was obliged "to fortify and repair the ground walls and wood fences" for the defense and also to keep on guard the ready guns and dust, in order to defend the town wherever there is such a need.
		In the castle Berezhany people had the right to hide only in case when the town was given up.
	www.personal.ceu.hu /students/97/Roman_Zakharii/history.htm (4308 words)

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