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	Magdeburg rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Magdeburg Rights (or Magdeburg law) were the laws of the Imperial Free City of Magdeburg during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, and possibly the most important set of Germanic medieval city laws.
		Since the local tribunal of Magdeburg thus also became the superior court for these towns, Magdeburg, together with Lübeck, practically defined the law of northern Germany and Poland for centuries, being the heart of the most important "family" of city laws.
		Being a member of the Hanseatic league, Magdeburg thus was one of the most important trade cities also, maintaining commerce with the west (towards Flanders), with the countries of the Baltic Sea, and the interior (for example Braunschweig).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Teutonic_law (393 words)

	AllRefer.com - Magdeburg, Germany (German Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Known in 805, Magdeburg became, under Emperor Otto I, an outpost for the colonization of the Wendish territories.
		Under this Magdeburg Law a town governed itself through an elected council, had its own courts of justice, and was exempt from all duties except the payment of rent to the prince of the land.
		Magdeburg prospered and became one of the chief members of the Hanseatic League.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Magdebur.html (515 words)

	MAGDEBURG - LoveToKnow Article on MAGDEBURG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		By far the most important building in Magdeburg is the cathedral, dedicated to SS Maurice and Catherine, a handsome and massive structure of the 14th century, exhibiting an interesting blending of Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
		On the refusal of the citizens to accept the Interim, issued by the emperor Charles V., Magdeburg was besieged by Maurice of Saxony in 1550, and capitulated on favorable terms in November 1551.
		Otto von Guericke (I6o2J686), the inventor of the air-pump, was burgomaster of Magdeburg.
	3.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAGDEBURG.htm (1512 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The emergence of the latter is usually connected to the earliest preserved Magdeburg law privilege (1356) issued by King Cazimir the Great of Poland.
		From the mid-fourteenth century, after Red Rus' was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland, the adoption of the German (Magdeburg) law became part of a broad colonisation programme of Polish kings.
		The German law that developed within Latin civilisation and was originally connected to Catholic Christianity now spread in the territory dominated by Orthodoxy.
	www.esh.ed.ac.uk /CEU/Kozubska.htm (734 words)

	Dobromyl' (Lviv, Ukraine) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Magdeburg Right was given in 1566.The first seals, known since XVII century, has a picture of a ball (apple) pierced by two swords - a variant of the Coat of Arms of the Gerburts".
		My ancient encyclopedia says, under the heading Magdeburg - "Magdeburg became a flourishing commercial town during the 13th century, and was an important member of the Hanseatic League..."Magdeburg law" (Magdeburger Recht), securing the administrative independence of municipalities, was widely adopted."
		Perhaps where the source says "was given Magdeburg right" we should translate "received the right of civic self-government" or something similar.
	www.flagspot.com /flags/ua-dob.html (206 words)

	Legal system of Belarus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The tradition of law in Belarus is a long one: the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the third edition of which were published in 1588, were written in Belarusian, and were the first full code of laws written in Europe since Roman Law.
		The laws of Russian Empire were replaced at the beginning of 20th century by Soviet laws and finally, since 1991, by the legislation of independent Republic of Belarus.
		The House of Representatives is empowered to consider draft laws, to call elections for the Presidency, to grant consent to the President concerning the appointment of the Prime minister; to consider the report of the Prime minister on the policy of the Government and approve or reject it as well as some other powers.
	www.belarusguide.com /belarusy/Legal_System_Belarus.html (2155 words)

	Kyiv (Kyiv, Ukraine) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since 1648 it was a center of Kyiv regiment.In 1918 Kyiv was occupied by Moscow troops.On the 24th of August 1991 in Kyiv the Supreme Rada proclaimed the independence of Ukraine.
		Since the XVI century the white angel nimbed in gules field became the official symbol of Kyivs'ke principality.With having the Magdeburg Right an arm with a crossbow appeared on a Magistrate seal.
		On flags of the Cossacks regiments during the war of 1648-1654 there was a picture of Michael piercing a dragon with a spear.
	www.flagspot.com /flags/ua-kiv.html (526 words)

	Magdeburg on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The city is the birthplace of Otto von Guericke (1602-86), the physicist and inventor of the Magdeburg hemispheres (which demonstrate air pressure); the composer G. Telemann (1681-1767); and Baron von Steuben (1730-94), the Prussian general who fought in the American Revolutionary War.
		Magdeburg opts for AED-SICAD: the public utility of Magdeburg in Germany (SWM Magdeburg) is to introduce a new network information system, ArcFM UT.
		Our Town: The people of Magdeburg feel their city has been given a bad press.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Magdebur.asp (739 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - VITEBSK: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		in 1597 it was expressly stated that, in accordance with the ancient law, Jews could not become permanent residents of the town.
		Formal entry of this privilege was made in the city records of Vitebsk in 1630 at the instance of the Jewish leaseholder Judah Yakubovich.
		It is clear, therefore, that, notwithstanding the Magdeburg Law of 1597, Jews continued to live in Vitebsk, and that they possessed an organized community there in the sixteenth and possibly also in the preceding century.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=94&letter=V (1050 words)

	[No title]
		The second flow of settlers ended in the area of the aristocracy family of Barnim I, it sourced from the foreland of the Harz mountains, the diocese of Magdeburg, the Altmark and Brandenburg.
		Stettin received at that time the German municipal laws, by that was meant the law of Magdeburg (1243).
		Fifty-four towns in the west and middle Pomerania had German laws, 44 of these towns were established between 1234 -1280; 21 of these towns were established by Barnim I. As before indicated, the coastal region had the "Luebische" law, the inland had the Magdeburger law, which was then developed to the Stettin municipal law.
	members.tripod.com /~radde/GermanSettlement.html (1518 words)

	Polish History - Part 2
		The system of the princely law, of the strongly centralized authority in the hands of the dynasts, the dependence of the magnates on the prince, was eroding under the impact of a gradual feudalization of social relations.
		The German Magdeburg Law specified the organization of the privileged towns and settlements and ushered in city and village self-government: their own jurisdiction and the principles for treasury and rents.
		The settlement action based on the German Law, continuing from the latter part of the 12th century until the 14th century, and in some regions even till the 15th century, brought to Poland not only legal patterns, but also merchant capital, in addition to handicraft and farming technologies.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history2.htm (869 words)

	PGSA - Slownik Geograficzny Terms
		German law - charter defining terms under which towns were incorporated, so-called because they were usually modeled on the charters given such German cities as Magdeburg and Chelmno.
		In Malopolska the Franconian lan was used, 23-28 hectares; in Mazovia and Podlasie the Chelmno lan was 16.8-17.0 hectares; and in the Kingdom of Poland the New Polish wloka was about 16.8 hectares.
		Magdeburg law - charter defining terms under which towns were incorporated, modeled on the charter of the east central German city of Magdeburg (now in the Land of Saxony-Anhalt) formulated in the 13th century.
	www.pgsa.org /towns/SlownikTerms.htm (1231 words)

	Krasovskyj
		After rechartering the towns under Magdeburg law (German law), Polish authorities then forbade Ruthenians from settling in the towns of the Carpathian region (Sanok, Jaslyska, Biecz, Muszyna.) The city council of Jaslyska even brought out an ordinance stating "it is forbidden for Ruthenians and people of the Greek Faith from settling in the city."
		The introduction of Walachian law, which better served the interests of the landlord, was obligatory for villagers.
		The efforts of the nobility and Latin clergy led to the forced introduction of the Catholic faith and the polonization of the population living in a row of Ruthenian villages in the Dyniw (Dynow) region.
	www.lemko.org /genealogy/krasovskiy/intro.html (4183 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Liberalism: The Slippery Slope to the Left by Barry Loberfeld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The principles that have classically defined liberalism -- the primacy of the individual; the distinction between civil society and the political state; natural law and natural rights; political equality and limited government; private property and free enterprise -- existed in piecemeal form at various times before the advent of John Locke.
		And among the key examples of practice that preceded theory are Magna Carta of England, Magdeburg law of Germany, the Golden Bull of Hungary, and the toleration of seventeenth-century Holland.
		Laws are passed, not with reference to philosophic principles, but only with an eye on the polls; "social democracy" devolves into majoritarian democracy -- a one-party democracy, where Republicans and Democrats "run towards the center" as closely as possible.
	frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=14878 (3244 words)

	History of Kazimierz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The next laws instituted by Casimir the Great, very protective toward the city, gave Cracow a privileged position in the Kingdom of Poland for three hundred years.
		Jewish traders were also known to often break the law, like in the cases of buying and selling stolen property or breaking guilds’ regulations.
		In the second half of the 19th century, the laws of Jewish isolation were abolished and the Jews started to expand into other parts of Cracow.
	www.polishnews.com /serceeuropy/history.html (1901 words)

	Ukrainian-Polish Tourist Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1662 the city acquired the Magdeburg Law.
		It was established in the place of the village of Zabolottia as a fortress for protection from the raids of Crimean Tatars and as a base station of Polish magnates Potostky in the Halych land.
		In 1356 according to the norms of the Magdeburg Law Lviv was given the autonomy.
	www.tourism-carpathian.com.ua /en/region/cities.php (747 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As an organized municipality, the town would have received the new laws, generally known as Magdeburg Law, which became the standard judiciary and administrative pattern for all towns and cities in Poland.
		Finally, under the king's rule, the old wooden structures which may have lain in ruin, were replaced with castles built of stone as a part of his fortification plan for Podolia and which later proved to be one of the most effective defense systems in the country.
		He also instituted laws in the town for protection of the poor, and labor laws which forbade exploitation of serfs and servants on Sundays and religious holidays, as he declared these to be work-free days.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/sjk/jazch5.html (6317 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Later on the law of inheritance was extended, so that daughters were allowed to inherit as well.
		As a rule, the Masovian settlers had to buy their properties under Magdeburg Law and on the basis of equal rights.
		Prussian laws stayed in force and the administration under the supervision of Russian officers stayed in office.
	home.arcor.de /dibowski-dresden/history.html (3239 words)

	Informacje o mieście . . . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The steep slope of the upland together with the view of the town's walls, turrets and church towers create one of the most beautiful town panoramas in Poland.
		Five years later the Grand Master Hermann Balk granted a foundation charter to the town imitating it on Magdeburg law (28th of December 1233).
		Chelmno law was later a base for founding over two hundred Polish towns and cities.
	www.chelmno.pl /Miastoen/1.htm (279 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Following the suppression of the uprising, a regime of emergency laws was introduced in Belarus, which was maintained until the beginning of the 20th century.
		In August 1991 it was given the status of a constitutional law.
		On March 15, 1994 the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Belarus adopted a new Constitution in which Belarus is proclaimed a unitary democratic State with the rule of law.
	www.un.int /belarus/belarus/history.html (2282 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - GRODNO: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It confirms the Jews in all their possessions and rights; permits them to engage in all business pursuits and occupations; exempts the synagogue and the cemetery from taxation; and ends by conferring on the Jews "all rights, liberties, and privileges given to our Jews of Brest" in the preceding year.
		The Jews, who were thus practically enjoying equal rights with the other inhabitants, apparently lived undisturbed, even after Casimir Jagellon in 1444 granted the city its independence in the form of the "Magdeburg Law." Jews continued to farm the taxes and to own real estate until their unexpected expulsion by Alexander Jagellon in 1495.
		The estates and houses owned by Jews were then given by the grand duke to his favorites, but they were soon reclaimed.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=439&letter=G (1872 words)

	PolishRoots - Geography & Maps
		Chelmno law: charter defining terms under which towns were incorporated in Prussia, Pomerania and Mazovia.
		German law: charter defining terms under which towns were incorporated, so-called because they were usually modeled on the charters given such German cities as Magdeburg and Chelmno.
		Magdeburg law: charter defining terms under which towns were incorporated, modeled on the charter of the east central German city of Magdeburg (now in the Land of Saxony-Anhalt) formulated in the 13th century.
	www.polishroots.org /slownik/slownik_glossary.htm (1612 words)

	Magdeburg rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Magdeburg Rights (or Magdeburg law) were the laws of the Imperial Free City of Magdeburg during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, and possibly the most important set of Germanic medieval.
		Jews and Germans were always competitors in those cities, and as the Jews lived under special privileges and were not considered a part of the native population, not only were they excluded from participating in the benefits of the Magdeburg law, but their condition usually was rendered worse wherever it was introduced.
		This page was last modified 00:22, 16 Jun 2005.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Magdeburg_law (391 words)

	History of Brest Region
		The town of Kamenets was given right of self-government by Magdeburg Law.
		The town of Pinsk was given right of self-government by Magdeburg Law.
		The towns of Kobrin and Pruzhany were given right of self-government by Magdeburg Law.
	www.brestregion.com /history/h16.html (196 words)

	Untitled Document
		In the beginning of the 14th century the Minsk Principality was incorporated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a powerful medieval state with the Belarussians taking up about 80% of its population.
		In 1499 under the Magdeburg Law the city was granted the right of selfgovernment and land ownership, as well as certain privileges relating to crafts, commers, duties, etc. In 1569 the Grand Duchy of Lithuania united with Polish Kingdom to form a joined state of Rzeczpospolita.
		Not idealizing this union of the two countries we would like to note it as an example of European integration which took place more than 400 years ago to observe the common interests of the parties.
	www.personal.ceu.hu /students/03/Kseniya_Zavala/HOMEpage.htm (616 words)

	BELINTOURIST :: Travel Guide To Belarus
		King Kazimir’s Code of Laws (Statute of Kazimir), the first code of criminal and procedural laws of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (written in Belarusian) in which punishment is individualized
		The city of Polotsk is granted the Magdeburg Law of Rule
		The city of Pinsk is granted the Magdeburg Law of Rule
	www.belintourist.by /travel_en.phtml?topic=historydates (639 words)

	Magdeburg
		Our Town: The people of Magdeburg feel their city has been given a bad press.(Brief Article) (Time International)
		German flood wave rolls into Magdeburg, residents poised to evacuate if Elbe cannot be held back (AP Worldstream)
		Unfolding knowledge: the latest addition to Magdeburg University's campus is a new library with a generous, dynamic interior.(Auer + Weber) (The Architectural Review)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0831123.html (605 words)

	Slucak
		From 1395 the city was the centre of an appanage principality belonging to Uladzimir Al'herdavic and his successors, the Alel'kavic family.
		In 1411 Slucak was granted the so-called Magdeburg law (the comparatively progressive German code of law ot the time, which was adopted in many parts of Eastern Europe) wit the coat of arms.
		The last heiress of the Alel'kavic family married Janus Radzivil and when she died in 1612 the city was given to the Radzivil family.
	www.belarusguide.com /cities/slucak.html (631 words)

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