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Topic: Magellan probe

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Magellan spacecraft

Space probe

Pioneer Venus project

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Synthetic aperture radar

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Mars Climate Orbiter

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	Magellan probe - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Magellan was the first planetary spacecraft to be launched by a space shuttle when it was carried aloft by the shuttle Atlantis from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on May 4, 1989, on a mission designated STS-30.
		Magellan's initial orbit was highly elliptical, taking it as close as 294 kilometres (182 miles) from Venus and as far away as 8,543 km (5,296 mi).
		Magellan was powered by two square solar panels, each measuring 2.5 m (8.2 ft) on a side; together they supplied 1,200 watts of power (100 watt per m²).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /magellan_spacecraft.htm (1671 words)

	MAGELLAN Mission Characterization - Abstract
		Using one antenna for the SAR and the communications downlink meant the probe had to be constantly re-oriented for mapping and data transmission.
		Magellan's three reaction wheels controlled the spacecraft's attitude during cruise, counteracting gravity and solar radiation perturbations.
		At the rear of the probe is the Thiokol Star 48B orbit insertion stage (solid rocket motor).
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/characterizations/magellan5.html (1211 words)

	Magellan probe - Pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		During the part of its orbit closest to Venus, Magellan's radar mapper imaged a swath of the planet's surface approximately 17 to 28 kilometers (10 to 17 miles) wide.
		After the aerobraking was completed between May 25 and August 3, 1993, Magellan's orbit then took it as close as 180 kilometers (112 miles) from Venus and as far away as 541 kilometers (336 miles).
		In September 1994, Magellan's orbit was lowered once more in another test called a "windmill experiment." In this test, the spacecraft's solar panels were turned to a configuration resembling the blades of a windmill, and Magellan's orbit was lowered into the thin outer reaches of Venus's dense atmosphere.
	greatestinfo.org /Magellan_spacecraft (1501 words)

	Temperature Probe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A robotic probe is a device that uses onboard instruments to gather and relay a variety of telemetry to controllers from remote, hazardous or otherwise difficult to reach locations.
		Probes may return their data over radio links or be physically tethered to controllers or another device, or to collect and return physical samples.
		The beginning of Langmuir probe theory is the ''I-V'' characteristic of the Debye sheath, that is, the current density flowing to a surface in a plasma as a function of the voltage drop across the sheath.
	www.blownspeakers.com /pages3/87/temperature-probe.html (1613 words)

	[5.0] The Exploration Of Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The large entry probe was about 1.5 meters in diameter, weighed 315 kilograms, and carried instruments to analyze the Venusian atmosphere, observe the penetration of sunlight through the atmosphere; examine cloud particles; and obtain temperature, pressure, and acceleration sensors.
		Magellan was launched from the NASA space shuttle ATLANTIS on 4 May 1989, and arrived at Venus on 10 August 1990.
		Magellan's very last act was a "termination experiment" in which the probe was sent through the thin upper reaches of the Venusian atmosphere, both to investigate the structure of the atmosphere and to investigate the use of "aerobraking".
	www.vectorsite.net /taxpl_05.html (6774 words)

	Magellan probe
		Magellan's initial orbit was highly elliptical, taking it as close as 294 kilometers (182 miles) from Venus and as far away as 8,543 kilometers (5,296 miles).
		Built partially with spare parts from other missions, the Magellan spacecraft was 4.6 meters (15.4 feet) long, topped with a 3.7-meter (12-foot) high-gain antenna.
		Magellan was powered by two square solar panels, each measuring 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) on a side; together they supplied 1,200 watts of power.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/magellan_probe (1543 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Magellan Spacecraft
		In 1989 the Magellan probe became the first interplanetary spacecraft to be launched from the space shuttle.
		Magellan is shown here in the cargo bay of the space shuttle Atlantis in preparation for mission launch.
		The dish-shaped top of the spacecraft is a high-gain antenna, which Magellan used to send information about Venus back to Earth.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461539452/Magellan_Spacecraft.html (64 words)

	Magellan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The mountains of Venus shown in Magellan's images have an eerie incompleteness to them; they lack the canyons, gullies, and valleys that water carves into the mountainous regions of the Earth.
		Magellan's radar maps also showed that the surface of Venus, compared to other rocky, waterless bodies in the solar system, is pocked by relatively few meteorite craters.
		Magellan's finding that Venus has few craters led scientists to speculate that earlier craters on Venus--ones that formed more than a billion years ago--have been covered by flows of lava that blanket more than 80 percent of the planet.
	www.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/magellan.html (418 words)

	Magellan (Venus probe)
		Magellan surveyed almost the entire surface at high resolution and enabled a global gravity map to be compiled.
		The primary objectives of the Magellan mission were to map the surface of Venus with a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and to determine the topographic relief of the planet.
		At the completion of radar mapping 98% of the surface was imaged at resolutions better than 100 meters, and many areas were imaged multiple times.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/Magellan.html (225 words)

	Space Today Online -- Solar System -- Planet Venus
		Magellan completed one complete mapping of 90 percent of the surface of Venus with radar able to peer through the blanket of thick clouds which block visible light for optical cameras, then went into a second mapping cycle.
		Magellan's Venus pictures reminded geologists of California earthquake faults, Hawaiian volcanoes, the rift valleys of East Africa and Europe's Rhine Valley.
		The probes penetrated the atmosphere of Venus at different locations on December 9, 1978, gathering data and relaying it back to Earth as they descended and hit the planet.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Venus/VenusProbes.html (905 words)

	Venus (planet) - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The large probe was released on November 16, 1978 and the three small probes on November 20.
		On August 10, 1990, the US Magellan probe arrived at its orbit around the planet and started a mission of detailed radar mapping.
		After a four year mission, Magellan, as planned, plunged into the atmosphere on October 11, 1994, and partly vaporized; some sections are thought to have hit the planet's surface.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Venus_(planet) (3620 words)

	Atlantis opens new era, launches space probe to Venus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Perhaps, more importantly Magellan represents the nation's first new planetary mission in 11 years, and should be the first of new missions to Jupiter, the sun, Mars, Saturn, an asteroid and a comet in the coming decade.
		Magellan weighs just under four tons, but when mated to its booster stages, the total weight soars to more than 40,000 pounds, and presently only the space shuttle has enough punch to carry such a heavy payload into orbit.
		Magellan will voyage about 700 million miles to Venus, swinging around the sun once and half way around again before a scheduled rendezvous Aug. 10, 1990.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/archives/89/890505.html (1271 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Magellan
		Magellan, Ferdinand (Portuguese, Fernão de Magalhães; Spanish, Fernando de Magallanes) (c.
		Magellan provided the first detailed radar maps of the surface of Venus, concluding with the first aerobraking manoeuvres in...
		Magellan, Strait of, channel between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, separating the southern tip of the South American mainland from the island of...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Magellan.html (78 words)

	Spacecraft
		Mariner 9, the sister probe to Mariner 8 which failed on launch, became the first craft to orbit Mars in 1971.
		The probe did return the first close-up images of the Venusian atmosphere in ultraviolet, revealing previously unseen details in the cloud cover, plus the fact that the entire cloud system circles the planet in four Earth days.
		Launched in May 1989, Magellan has mapped 98% of the surface of Venus at better than 300 meter resolution and obtained a comprehensive gravity field map for 95 percent of the planet.
	www.nineplanets.org /spacecraft.html (3254 words)

	The Planets - Venus
		These probes determined that Venus is the hottest of the planets, with a surface temperature of about 460° C (about 860° F).
		The Magellan probe to Venus mapped almost all of the planet's surface and provided scientists with a vast amount of data.
		Combined with data from the Soviet probes and from earth-based radar, the survey shows that the surface of Venus is primarily a rolling plain interrupted by two continent-sized highland areas, which have been named Ishtar Terra and Aphrodite Terra after two manifestations of the goddess Venus.
	www.hostultra.com /~starchives/planets/venus.html (1550 words)

	Magellan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Magellan probe, a NASA unmanned space mission to Venus
		The Magellan Fund, a mutual fund offered by Fidelity Investments.
		The Magellan Science Vessel in in the StarCraft universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magellan (106 words)

	Magellan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The photograph of the Venus probe and its inertial upper stage booster was taken just before the closure of the doors in readiness for launch.
		Initially, the probe was in a 3.26-hour orbit, but after 70 orbits Magellan transferred to an almost circular 90-minute orbit.
		NASA space probe to the planet Venus, launched from the space shuttle Atlantis on 4 May 1989.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0032136.html (206 words)

	SparkNotes: Venus: Venus' Geology
		The Magellan probe was equipped with radar, operating at a frequency at which the clouds remain transparent.
		Perhaps the most important finding of the Magellan mission is that all places on the surface of Venus seem to have approximately the same age--about 600-800 million years.
		This became clear when Magellan made a map of the craters on Venus' surface (which resulted from the impact of little asteroids).
	www.sparknotes.com /astronomy/venus/section4.rhtml (1030 words)

	AIAON \| BBC ON THIS DAY \| 10 \| 1990: Magellan starts mapping Venus
		Previous probes sent to Venus have revealed an environment as unlike that on Earth as it is possible to imagine.
		Magellan was built on a shoestring budget and is made up of a combination of materials from other space projects.
		Magellan spent four years mapping Venus, producing a detailed radar map of 99% of the planet.
	amiabstractornot.highlyillogical.org /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_4640000/4640339.stm (629 words)

	ESA Portal - Probes explore our solar system
		In the case of Venus the Magellan probe sent millions of radar impulses to the surface of the planet and transformed the reflected signals into images.
		The Mariner 10 Probe sent back the first television images of Mercury when it passed by the planet nearest to the Sun in 1973, 1974 und 1975.
		Magellan was launched on May 4, 1989 and reached Venus on August 10, 1990.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/ESAIEFG18ZC_index_2.html (1842 words)

	Magellan Spacecraft - Venus Radar Mapper
		Magellan was carried into earth orbit by the Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-30) on May 4, 1989.
		Magellan was the first planetary spacecraft to have been intentionally crashed.
		Magellan was the first interplanetary spacecraft to be launched by the Space shuttle.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /spaceprobe/magellanspacecraft.html (239 words)

	Seven space shuttle missions planned for '89, starting Feb. 18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		With two successful space shuttle flights behind it this year, NASA is preparing for seven missions next year, including the challenge of launching the Magellan probe to Venus within a five-minute window.
		Magellan, which represents the first use of the shuttle to launch a probe to another planet, will make a 14-month journey to Venus, where it will circle the planet for at least 243 days, using radar to map nearly 80 percent of its surface.
		Earlier this year, the probe was damaged slightly by a fire started by an electrical short.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/archives/88/881208.html (574 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Magellan is to be released from Atlantis' cargo bay six hours after launch and sent streaking on a 15-month, 806-million mile trip of its own.
		Magellan is expected to map about 90 percent of the surface while orbiting Venus for about 243 Earth days, equal to a single Venus day.
		Magellan is to reach its destination in August 1990, swooping into orbit around Venus to begin a 243-day period during which it is to map up to 90 percent of the cloud-shrouded planet's surface with the probe's high resolution radar system.
	www.textfiles.com /ufo/UFOBBS/2000/2513.ufo (7050 words)

	Synthetic aperture radar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The surface of Venus, as imaged by the Magellan probe using SAR
		The Magellan space probe mapped the surface of Venus over several years using synthetic aperture radar.
		Synthetic aperture radar was first used by NASA on JPL's Seasat oceanographic satellite in 1978 (this mission also carried an altimeter and a); it was later developed more extensively on the Spaceborne Imaging Radar (SIR) missions on the space shuttle in 1981, 1984 and 1994.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Synthetic_aperture_radar (1726 words)

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