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Topic: Maghreb French

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	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - French language
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oath of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French was the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts and literature, and monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both speak and write in French.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/French_language (3488 words)

	Canadian French - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is due to the long history of French in Canada and the fact that French immigrants to Canada kept speaking the French of the Ancien régime while in France the French revolution led to the standardization of bourgeois Parisian French.
		French is one of the two official languages of the province of New Brunswick.
		Acadian French is spoken in the Canadian Maritimes (Acadia), and is an ancestor of Cajun French.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Canadian_French (375 words)

	French language - duno.com reference
		French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland (along with German, Italian, and Romansh), and is spoken in the part of Switzerland called Romandie.
		French is an official language of Haiti, although it is mostly spoken by the upperclass and well educated, while Haitian Creole (a French-based creole language) is more widely spoken as mother tongue.
		French is also an official language of the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu, along with France's territories of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna and New Caledonia.
	www.duno.com /term/French_language (5145 words)

	French language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the history of the French language, the most important of these groups are the Franks in northern France, the Alemanni in the German/French border, the Burgundians in the Rhone valley and the Visigoths in the Aquitaine region and Spain.
		The earliest extant text in French is the Oaths of Strasbourg from 842; Old French became a literary language with the chansons de geste that told tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and the heroes of the Crusades.
		French is an official language of New Brunswick, the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_language (3646 words)

	Cultutal Conflicts: North African Immigrants in France; The International Journal for Peace Studies
		French cities, especially ports where there is a sizeable immigrant population, are gradually turning into crisis areas in the contemporary European scene, challenging the peace and harmony of the region, as the latest incidents of violence in Nice and other cities in Southern France indicate.
		The French Muslim population is facing strong opposition to the observance of certain of their religious traditions and rituals.
		It is not the sole responsibility of the French government to defuse the tension and normalize the situation.
	www.gmu.edu /academic/ijps/vol2_2/seljuq.htm (3813 words)

	Modern Languages and Linguistics Library
		Yelles examines the relationships between oral and written literature, the masculine and the feminine, tradition and modernity, and literature from the Maghreb and Francophone literature in general.
		Annexes list the names and major works of authors born in the Maghreb, authors who wrote in or about the Maghreb although they were born elsewhere, and authors who traveled in the Maghreb during the 19th and 20th centuries.
		An analysis of the representation of Maghreb mothers and grandmothers, prostitutes, and young women and girls in Francophone literature published by French and Maghreb men and women throughout the 20th century.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /mdx/bibliogs/French/Francophone/maghreb.htm (2124 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Special \| 'President of the Maghreb'
		The poll also reveals French worries regarding the duration and aftermath of the conflict, with 72 per cent saying that the UN should be given responsibility for post-war reconstruction in Iraq and not the US or UK, and 66 per cent saying that France should contribute financially to Iraqi reconstruction.
		Reacting to the onset of war despite French efforts to prevent it, Chirac expressed his "regret at the actions being undertaken without the authorisation of the United Nations", adding that France "had made every effort to argue that the necessary disarmament of Iraq could be obtained by peaceful means".
		In the first major policy speech made by a French politician since the war began, French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin told an audience at London's International Institute for Strategic Studies last Thursday that the French position was the result of "a certain idea of collective security and a certain vision of the world".
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/632/sc17.htm (706 words)

	Interactions between French and Islamic Cultures in the Maghreb
		In all three countries, however, the French aimed to create a small elite who would think and speak like them, with the result that the ruling class who emerged after Independence in 1956 and 1962 was heavily influenced by French culture, and yet believed that this should be eradicated from their independent nations.
		For Maghrebians French culture is primarily the culture of the former colonial oppressor, and to acknowledge that it has had any positive influence in the Maghreb would be tantamount to saying that colonialism was good for the region, so it is safer to denounce it or simply ignore it.
		A sign of this is the inauguration last year of a new programme for French in schools: for the first time in a decade programme makers recognised the importance of teaching language in the context of culture and not simply as a ‘means of communication’.
	www.surrey.ac.uk /LIS/MNP/may2000/Marley.html (2743 words)

	Afrique francophone
		Institut de Recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain (IRMC), bibliothèque, actualités, liens (Tunis).
		Marweb, annuaire et moteur de recherche du Maghreb.
		Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb (Casablanca).
	www.lehman.cuny.edu /depts/langlit/french/afrique.html (1951 words)

	Yale > French > Graduate Program
		Yale's Department of French offers the Ph.D. in French literature, criticism, theory, and culture from the early Middle Ages to the present, and the French-language literatures of Africa, the Caribbean, and the Maghreb.
		The French Department offers the Master of Philosophy degree, in accordance with the rules as set up by the graduate school (see Bulletin), to students who have completed the course and language requirements (with four grades of Honors, of which at least two must be in French graduate courses) and passed their oral qualifying examination.
		Credit is often granted in recognition of a M.A. in French but it is not automatic; it depends on the nature of the previous work, the student's standing at Yale, and the graduate faculty's assessment of the student's general level of preparation.
	www.yale.edu /french/grad.html (5092 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - France - Algeria - Maghreb countries
		THE MINISTER — Our relationship, between Algerians and French, like that between Europeans and Arab countries on the other side of the Mediterranean, is in no way one of rivalry or animosity vis-à-vis what these countries can and must do to improve their relations with the United States.
		What is more pertinent for the Maghreb countries is, first of all, for them to organize themselves, create links, a sort of common market, economic and political unity — that doesn't mean uniformity — and then for there to be more exchanges, freer exchanges, more cooperation between that shore and ours.
		In any event, as French Foreign Minister and a former European Commissioner, I want to work towards establishing this partnership, using some of the methods which have proved their worth on the structural policy and regional aid front inside the European Union.
	www.info-france-usa.org /news/statmnts/2004/barnier_algeria_rfi071604.asp (1096 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Culture \| In search of Algerian women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Here she studied the history of the Maghreb, becoming a professor of history and then of French and film studies at the University of Algiers in the 1960s and 70s.
		The second is her decision to write in French and to carry out her excavations into Algerian women's history in that language, a decision now crowned by election to the Académie française.
		Djebar writes fascinatingly of the ways in which French for her was associated with writing, education and making a way in the world, while the Algerian Arabic dialects and Berber were associated with a female and private space, peopled by women's voices and containing histories that had never been set down on paper.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/750/cu1.htm (944 words)

	Articles - Newfoundland French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Newfoundland French is a dialect of French that was once spoken by settlers in the French colony of Newfoundland.
		The French colony of Newfoundland existed from 1662 until 1713 when it was given to Britain as part of the Treaty of Utrecht.
		Today, 15 000 descendants of French Newfoundlanders live in the province, and there is a movement to reestablish Newfoundland French as the French language of education in the province (currently, standard French is taught in schools).
	www.multisection.com /articles/Newfoundland_French (224 words)

	Maghreb French - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Transfigurations of the Maghreb: Feminism, Decolonization, and Literatures
		Maghreb Divers: Langue Francaise, Langues Parlees, Literatures Et Representaions Des (Francophone Cultures and Literatures)
		Three nineteenth-century French writer/artists and the Maghreb: The literary and artistic depictions of North Africa by Théophile Gautier, Eugène Fromentin,...
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /maghreb_french.htm (92 words)

	Department of French
		French at Grinnell means French-speaking in every sense of the word and in every part of the world ("dans tous les sens").
		The French curriculum encourages students to examine topics and texts from an interdisciplinary perspective, whether they are studying Medieval poetry, Molière plays, immigrant writers in Quebec, or linguistic identity in the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.
		The study of French can be complemented with concentrations in related areas such as Linguistics, Western-European Studies, Global Development, and Gender and Women's Studies, or by taking language options in classes on French history, philosophy, politics or art.
	www.grinnell.edu /academic/french (237 words)

	Maghreb region Political, Economic Environmental Information News
		The five Maghreb states are different not only in comparison with other countries but internally, from region to region, from town to town, geographically, ethnographically, architecturally, and politically.
		No less a paradox is the derivation of the name Maghreb, from gharib, to go to the unknown, which in the case of the Arab conquerors meant the west, however decidedly part of the Moslem east.
		The French colonial administration transferred a large slice of the Sahara from the Protectorate of Morocco to the Metropolitan Department of Oran in Algeria, but during the brief honeymoon interlude of 1972 in the habitually strained relations between the two independent states, this arbitrarily imposed borderline was accepted by the Agreement of Ifrane.
	en.marweb.com /maghreb (314 words)

	NITLE Arab World Project
		French continues to be the main medium of expression of a large number of Maghrebian writers.
		In French the corresponding sections are usually shorter and are often rendered as indirect speech.
		Drafted into the French army, the central character, Ben Mostapha, is sent with a contingent to Morocco to quell a nationalist uprising.
	arabworld.nitle.org /texts.php?module_id=7&reading_id=14&sequence=1 (4829 words)

	French History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Furthermore, French plans for the air defence of North Africa highlight the central importance of imperial defence and control of Mediterranean communications to France's military planners.
		In this respect, the greater expectation of eventual Italian hostility after 1935 was vital in the re-orientation of French imperial defence planning with regard to the maghreb colonies.
		In spite of the increasing awareness of the strategic importance of French North African security, the limited additions to French air strength in this region bore witness to the limitations of the French air rearmament effort, notably in the Pierre Cot era during 1936-1937.
	www.le.ac.uk /history/bon/resources/FRENCH_HIST/Abstracts/Abs8.html (324 words)

	[No title]
		The fact that French colonization was a capitalist, racialist and moralist enterprise was clearly evident in the Maghreb with respect to the commerce of sex, which was rapidly transferred from local to colonial administrators, both public and private.
		The French military and civil administration and, by extension, local authorities in Algeria were confronted with a paradox that had to be resolved.
		The French official model for prostitution was, therefore, a complete failure not only because of its repressive nature, but also because, for the local people, it represented the very essence of colonisation in that it degraded local traditions, institutions, and social norms.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/alliance/documents/Homepage/Taraud.doc (3841 words)

	Maghreb - Algeria
		After 132 years of French rule and eight years of the bloodiest warfare, Algeria became independent on 3 July 1962, and the country was named The Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria.
		In the first place, the leading nationalists, academics and government officials used French as their means of communication to each other and to the people.
		In fact, to the present day, there is still some conflict between the views of those who desire to be rid of French, the language of colonialism and humiliation, and those who are committed to French as the language of science, culture, communication and commerce.
	www.maghreb-studies-association.co.uk /en/algeria.html (1662 words)

	Literature / Maghrebi Studies - Maghrebi Studies
		Others prominent writers who are comfortable writing in only one language--many of those who were educated in French schools during the colonial period, for example--nonetheless have expressed the sense that they are translating their mother tongue-that is to say quite literally the language in which their mother communicates with them-into another language, most often French.
		Then there are writers who, by virtue of their education, are only comfortable writing in French, but who resent having to write in the language of the colonizer.
		At least one writer, Mohamed Khair-eddine, has expressed the sentiment that he is as comfortable writing in Arabic for French, but since his mother language, Tamazight, is forbidden to him, he chooses to write in French so as to avoid the danger of being assimilated.
	maghrebi-studies.nitle.org /newmaghrebistudies.nitle.org/index.php/maghrebi/literature (922 words)

	Hobart and William Smith French Department-Spring Semester 2005
		It is open only to students with no prior experience in French, or students who have been placed in FRE 101.
		French grammar fundamentals are reviewed and practiced orally and in writing.
		It follows the evolution of the ways of knowing in French culture, with particular consideration to the development of traditional “universal” values and their role in contemporary culturally inscribed perceptions of self and other.
	academic.hws.edu /french/sringsemester05.asp (588 words)

	Sample Chapter for Bensmaïa, R.: Experimental Nations: Or, the Invention of the Maghreb.
		For a majority of the French at the time of the Third Republic (1870-1940), Algeria could be summed up by a few clichés from Alphonse Daudet's 1892 Tartarin de Tarascon, one of the contemporary classics for elementary school children.
		The idea of an Algerian literature written in French was a contradiction in the context of decolonization, and it was believed that political independence would soon be followed by cultural and linguistic independence.
		This decision leads to the explosion of jealousy on which the novel closes: the mother cannot bear the fact that her son is seeking approval from a French schoolteacher who, she believes, won her son over to a language that she does not even speak.
	pup.princeton.edu /chapters/i7546.html (2546 words)

	info: AFRICAN FRENCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		French in Africa is present and spoken by many people.
		French arrived in Africa with colonization from France and Belgium.
		French police clear squats after deadly fires (Independent Online) - French police have evicted dozens of squatters from two rundown buildings in Paris, carrying out a government pledge to close unsafe apartments after fires killed almost 50 people in the capital..
	www.digital-innovations.net /African_French (1359 words)

	Tunisia (History) formally became a French protectorate, the country was a monarchy, with the Bey of Tunis as Head of ...
		Until 1883, when Tunisia formally became a French protectorate, the country was a semi-independent monarchy, with the Bey of Tunis as Head of State.
		A meeting between President Bourguiba and President Chadli of Algeria in March 1983 led to the drafting of the Maghreb Fraternity and Co-operation Treaty, which envisaged the eventual creation of a Greater Maghreb Union, and was signed by Mauritania in December 1983.
		In January 1988 Tunisia and Algeria held further discussions on the establishment of a greater Arab Maghreb, and in April border restrictions between Tunisia and Libya were removed.
	www.arab.de /arabinfo/tunishis.htm (545 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		French arrived in Africa with colonisation from France and Belgium.
		Membership of La Francophonie does not require or imply that the French language is a primary language, or even a widely understood language, in a particular country.
		Although not a member of the Francophonie, French is commonly used in Algeria, a former part of France.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=African_French (147 words)

	U.S. and Soviet policies towards France's struggle with anticolonial nationalism in North Africa.
		The decolonization of the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) confronted the United States and the Soviet Union with challenging and similar dilemmas.
		Further, their information regarding the region was furnished by the French Communist Party (P.C.F.), whose perspectives on the colonies were practically identical to those of the French government, that is, that the Maghreb countries must remain in the French union.
		Unmistakably, Moscow's attitude towards the French regime was dictated by the necessity to provide backing for the P.C.F. in its attempt to forge an alliance with the socialist government and to persevere in its campaign to split the Western alliance.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/zoubir.htm (9626 words)

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