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Topic: Magnetar

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	Magnetar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A magnetar is a neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field, the decay of which powers the emission of copious amounts of high-energy electromagnetic radiation, particularly X-rays and gamma-rays.
		It is thought that a magnetar's magnetic field is created as a result of a convection-driven dynamo of hot nuclear matter in the neutron star's interior that operates in the first ten seconds or so of a neutron star's life.
		The magnetic field of a magnetar would be lethal at a distance of up to 1000 km, tearing tissues due to the diamagnetism of water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetar (888 words)

	Magnetar
		A magnetar is a neutron star with a strong magnetic field.
		In the outer layers of a magnetar, which consist of a plasma of heavy elements (mostly iron), this causes tension which leads to 'starquakes'.
		The life of a magnetar as a soft gamma repeater is short: The energy of these explosions slows the rotation (causing magnetars to rotate much slower than other neutron stars of a similar age) and lessens the electric field, and after only about 10,000 years the starquakes are over.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Magnetar.html (266 words)

	SPACE.com -- Origin of the Universe’s Most Powerful Magnets (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		What makes magnetars special is their magnetic field, which is thousands of times stronger than that of normal pulsars and billions of times stronger than that of any magnet on Earth.
		Magnetars and pulsars belong to a class of objects called neutron stars, which are big balls of tightly packed neutrons no larger than a big city.
		He explained that the magnetar’s radiation cannot be the cause of the cavity, since that would require the absorption of too many of the X-rays that are seen.
	www.space.com.cob-web.org:8888 /scienceastronomy/magnetar_formation_050201.html (1119 words)

	APOD: 2004 November 26 - Magnetars In The Sky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		magnetars -- believed to be the strongest magnets in the galaxy.
		In 1998, from a distance of about 20,000 light-years, one magnetar, SGR 1900+14 generated a powerful flash of gamma-rays detected by many spacecraft.
		At the surface of the magnetar, its powerful magnetic field is thought to buckle and shift the neutron star crust generating the intense high-energy flares
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap041126.html (215 words)

	VLA Detects Magnetar Nebula
		Magnetars were proposed in 1992 as a theoretical explanation for objects that repeatedly emit bursts of gamma-rays.
		A magnetar is a neutron star with an extremely strong magnetic field, strong enough to rip atoms apart.
		In the units used by physicists, the strength of a magnetar's magnetic field is about a million billion Gauss; a refrigerator magnet has a field of about 100 Gauss.
	www.nrao.edu /pr/1998/magnetar (980 words)

	01.09.2002 - Astronomers try to catch runaway star
		Chandra x-ray picture of the magnetar SGR1900+14 (to the lower left of the center of the cross) and its neighboring sources (indicated by green circles).
		It is an example of an intensely magnetic star, known as a magnetar, which is thought to arise from a fairly recent supernova explosion.
		A magnetar at the distance of the moon, for example, would exert a stronger pull on metallic objects than a refrigerator magnet, erasing credit cards and subway tickets, and pulling keys from pockets everywhere.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2002/01/09_magne.html (968 words)

	GW/NASA Discover New Form of Magnetar
		While studying SGR 1806-20, the magnetar that he confirmed, Ibrahim and his colleagues detected XTE J1810-197 about a degree to the northeast, within the Milky Way galaxy about 15,000 light years away [one light year is approximately six trillion miles].
		Magnetars are brighter in X-rays than they are in visible light, and they are the only stars known that shine predominantly by magnetic power.
		Studying magnetars will allow researchers to test the predictions of theoreticians and their proposed laws of nature, specifically the interaction between light and matter, in some of the universe’s most exotic conditions.
	www.gwu.edu /~bygeorge/012004/magnetar.html (514 words)

	Duncan Shares Rossi Prize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Magnetars and radio pulsars are two types of "neutron stars": compact remnants of massive stars that have ended their normal lives in supernova explosions.
		Magnetar magnetic fields are strong enough to radically alter fundamental physical processes in their vicinity, splitting photons in two and polarizing the vacuum.
		In the magnetar model, these bright flares are due to instabilities in the magnetic field, much like flares seen on the surface of the Sun, except that extreme magnetism means that magnetar flares are tremendously powerful and intense.
	mcdonaldobservatory.org /news/releases/2004/0102.html (1791 words)

	Astromart News - Mysterious Magnetar Yielding Secrets to VLA
		The graphic illustrates the VLA measurements of the exanding fireball from the December 27, 2004, outburst from the magnetar SGR 1806-20.
		A magnetar is a superdense neutron star with a magnetic field thousands of trillions of times more intense than that of the Earth.
		Both magnetars are part of the small group of objects called soft gamma-ray repeaters, because they repeatedly experience much weaker outbursts of gamma rays.
	www.astromart.com /news/news.asp?news_id=210 (3376 words)

	Magnetars
		One of the mysteries surrounding Magnetars is why a large number of supernovas create magnificent nebulas yet leave no pulsar at the center.
		Particle "winds," predicted by theory to carry as much energy as the flashes of hard X-ray emission and are important in slowing down the spinning magnetar, were discovered, which allows astronomers to pinpoint the exact location of the SGR to allow further study of the magnetar with other powerful telescopes.
		Magnetars might naturally acquire a large recoil velocities at birth, via the "neutrino rocket effect," which is still being studied and debated.
	business.fortunecity.com /rowling/167/SuperNovae/Magnetars.html (3018 words)

	Biggest Stars Produce Strongest Magnets
		Magnetars are the rare 'white tigers' of stellar astrophysics, comprising only 1% of known pulsars.
		A magnetar is an exotic kind of neutron star--a city-sized ball of neutrons created when a massive star's core collapses at the end of its lifetime.
		If magnetars are indeed born from massive stars, then one can predict what their birth rate should be, compared to that of radio pulsars.
	www.physlink.com /News/013005StarMagnets.cfm (802 words)

	02.18.2005 - RHESSI satellite captures giant gamma-ray flare
		Thought to be a mighty cataclysm in a super-dense, highly magnetized star called a magnetar, it emitted as much energy in two-tenths of a second as the sun gives off in 250,000 years.
		Magnetars are a special kind of neutron star.
		As the tail faded, its brightness oscillated on a 7.56 second cycle, the known rotation period of the magnetar.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2005/02/18_magnetar.shtml (1459 words)

	Magnetar Games Corporation (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Magnetar Games is excited to be working with Steve Wall and his Company Mammoth Entertainment.
		Magnetar Games is participating in a CANARIE CA*net 4 Intelligent Infrastructure Project, Federation Grid.
		Magnetar Games is pleased to announce that it has secured a distribution agreement with Matrix Games for a computer version of the A World At War (AWAW) board game.
	www.magnetargames.com.cob-web.org:8888 (90 words)

	Magnetar Surprises Scientists (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The magnetar, approximately 10,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, is emitting powerful, regularly-timed pulses of radio waves just like radio pulsars, which are neutron stars with far less intense magnetic fields.
		Because magnetars had not been seen to regularly emit radio waves, the scientists presumed that the radio emission was caused by a cloud of particles thrown off the neutron star at the time of its X-ray outburst, an idea they soon would realize was wrong.
		With knowledge that the magnetar emitted some form of radio waves, Camilo and his colleagues observed it with the Parkes radio telescope in Australia in March and immediately detected astonishingly strong radio pulsations every 5.5 seconds, corresponding to the previously-determined rotation rate of the neutron star.
	www.nrao.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /pr/2006/radiomagnetar (851 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		Dr. Dale Frail, associate scientist at the NRAO, describes it as the after-effect of a supernova, the explosion of a dying star.
		On September 3, they found what they were looking for: the afterglow of SGR 1900+14, a magnetar that was probably created thousands of years ago, and that underwent a tremendous burst of radiation the week before.
		But the best news about magnetars, for the earthling layman, may be that these dying stars are very rare and light years away.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/1998/09/28/51.asp (775 words)

	Magnetar
		Magnetars are dense balls of super- heavy matter, no larger than a city but weighing more than the Sun.
		The discovery confirms the existence of a special class of neutron stars dubbed "magnetars." Magnetars have a magnetic field estimated to be one thousand trillion times the strength of Earth's magnetic field.
		The magnetar theory was first proposed in 1992 by astrophysicists Dr. Robert Duncan of the University of Texas at Austin and Dr. Christopher Thompson of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/magnetar.html (2322 words)

	Soft Gamma Repeater Flare that Blitzed Earth Dec. 27 Could Solve Cosmic Mysteries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The shear moves the crust around and the magnetic fields are tied to the crust, generating twists in the magnetic field that can sometimes break and reconnect in a process that sends trapped positrons and electrons flying out from the star, annihilating each other in a gigantic explosion of hard gamma rays.
		Duncan and his team argue that the hard initial spike of these giant flares is so bright that it can be detected from very far away, meaning that some of the short flares we see are from other galaxies, though the soft X-ray tails are too faint to be seen.
		Duncan and his collaborators predict that if a magnetar flares as brightly as the December 27 event within 100 million light-years of Earth, astronomers should be able to detect it.
	mcdonaldobservatory.org /news/releases/2005/0218.html (1412 words)

	Yes, Virginia, There is a Magnetar! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The discovery confirms the existence of a special class of neutron stars dubbed "magnetars." A neutron star is a burned-out star roughly equal in mass to the Sun that has collapsed through gravitational forces to be only about 10 miles across.
		Magnetars have a magnetic field that is about 100 times stronger than the typical neutron star.
		The magnetar in question, called SGR 1806-20 by astronomers, was first discovered when it emitted soft gamma-ray bursts.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/features/news/26oct98.html (512 words)

	Space Today Online - Deep Space - Magnetars
		Magnetic fields surrounding the magnetar probably was responsible for the outbursts.
		Movement of that strong magnetic field would wrinkle the crust of the neutron star and cause starquakes that would be the source of the soft gamma-ray bursts.
		The crust is believed to be stable in ordinary neutron stars, but in magnetars, the crust probably is stressed by unbearable forces as the colossal magnetic field drifts through it.
	www.spacetoday.org /DeepSpace/Stars/Magnetars/MagnetarSGR1806_20.html (1502 words)

	Science Question of the Week -strongest magnet known in the Universe - February 06, 2004
		The answer is the magnetar, a rare type of neutron star.
		Magnetars are so magnetic that they could strip the information off of your gift card or credit card at a distance of 100,000 miles, or halfway to the Moon.
		Magnetars, for reasons not understood, are up to a thousand times more magnetic than a neutron star.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /scienceques2003/20040206.htm (741 words)

	Astromart News - The Cosmic Shredder and the Magnetar
		A Magnetar is a spinning, highly magnetized neutron star with superstrong magnetic field lines (blue) and surrounding hot gas.
		A prime candidate would be an exotic object called a magnetar, a lone neutron star with a magnetic field 100,000 billion times that of the Earth, tearing itself apart due to enormous magnetic stresses.
		An example of such an explosion was seen a year ago coming from a magnetar in our own galaxy, the Milky Way, so it seems reasonable to expect they should occur occasionally in other galaxies too, said Dr Nial Tanvir from the University of Hertfordshire.
	www.astromart.com /news/news.asp?news_id=452 (941 words)

	Driven to Discovery
		It was not until 1992 that scientists put forth a theory that magnetars existed and that their incredibly strong magnetic fields cause the stars’ solid crust to crack and shoot out powerful bursts of gamma rays.
		Having previously studied magnetars, he realized that this finding would allow for direct measurement of the magnetar’s magnetic field, confirming the amazing strength of that magnetic field and the existence of magnetars.
		A magnetar is a type of neutron star, formed after a supernova, the death of an ordinary star.
	www2.gwu.edu /~bygeorge/dec5ByG!/magnetar.html (1362 words)

	Columbia News ::: RESEARCH NEWS: Two Major Papers by Columbia Scientists Appear in This Week’s Nature
		The magnetar, approximately 10,000 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, is emitting powerful, regularly-timed pulses of radio waves every 5.5 seconds, much like radio pulsars, which are neutron stars with far less intense magnetic fields.
		While pulsars have strong magnetic fields, about a dozen neutron stars have been dubbed magnetars because their magnetic fields are 100 - 1,000 times stronger than those of typical pulsars, the strongest known in the Universe.
		At the moment, the scientists believe that the magnetar's intense magnetic field is twisting, causing changes in the locations where huge electric currents flow along the magnetic-field lines.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/news/06/08/nature060824.html (779 words)

	Ulysses captures gamma-ray flare from star
		We estimate that it released as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun emits in 300 years." Ulysses is a joint mission of NASA and the European Space Agency.
		SGR1900+14 is a newly discovered type of star called a "magnetar" - a dense ball of super-heavy matter about the size of a city, but weighing more than the Sun.
		A magnetar is so intense that it powers a steady glow of X-rays from the star's surface, often punctuated by brief, intense gamma-ray flashes and, occasionally, by catastrophic flares like the one observed on August 27.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/98/magnetars.html (806 words)

	ScienceDaily: Magnetic Mystery Solved
		Magnetars - stars with magnetic fields a thousand million million times stronger than Earth's - are formed when some of the biggest stars in the cosmos explode, says a team led by Australian ex-pat Bryan Gaensler of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
		Magnetars have magnetic fields so strong that, if one were located halfway to the Moon, it could wipe the data from every credit card on Earth.
		Astronomers think magnetars are a kind of neutron star - a city-sized ball of neutrons created from a star's core when then the star explodes as a supernova at the end of its life.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/02/050201193246.htm (1972 words)

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