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Topic: Magnetic circular dichroism

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	Magnetic properties of transition-metal multilayers studied with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy
		The magnetization direction in one of the ferromagnetic layers is pinned by exchange coupling to an antiferromagnet, for example FeMn or NiO, while the magnetization direction in the other ferromagnetic layer may be rotated by the weak magnetic field originating from the magnetic bits of the magnetic disk which rotates underneath the head.
		X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy, first suggested by Erskine and Stern [13] and pioneered by Schütz and coworkers in both the near-edge [14] and extended fine-structure regimes [15], is one of those techniques.
		When the sample is magnetized in different directions, i.e., by rotating the spin moment by a sufficiently strong external magnetic field, an orbital moment arises from the clockwise/counterclockwise imbalance of orbital motion in the plane perpendicular to the spin quantization axis as a consequence of the spin-orbit coupling.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/421/stohr.html (6609 words)

	Magnetic circular dichroism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magnetically induced circular dichroism (MCD), is the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light in the presence of a magnetic field.
		MCD measurements are made by taking a circular dichroism, or CD measurement, with the magnetization oriented in the positive sense, and then a CD measurement with the magnetization oriented in the negative sense.
		In type A spectra, MCD absorption is a consequence of the magnetic field breaking the degeneracy of the ground state of the optical absorption.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetic_circular_dichroism (652 words)

	Circular dichroism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Circular dichroism (CD), is the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarized light.
		As a consequence, circular dichroism is exhibited by biological molecules, because of the dextrorotary (e.g.
		At the quantum mechanical level, the information content of circular dichroism and optical rotation are identical.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Circular_dichroism (938 words)

	Magnetic X-ray Circular Dichroism
		Magnetic X-ray Circular Dichroism (MXCD) arises because a magnetic material may have a different photon absorption cross-section at a particular photon energy for left- and right-circularly polarised light.
		Evaluation of the areas under the L3 and L2 peaks in the dichroism (difference) spectrum, and under the L3+L2 peaks in the spectrum formed by summing the 2 curves together, allows the spin and orbital magnetic moments for each individual cobalt atom to be evaluated.
		Magnetisation of the sample in "transverse" mode - with the helicity vector of the light perpendicular to the applied magnetic field.
	srs.dl.ac.uk /SXR/technique/MXCD/index.htm (755 words)

	Igitur-archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Magnetic circular dichroism in the 2p4d x-ray emission of EuO
		show / hideMagnetic circular dichroism is observed for ferromagnetic EuO (T C 569 K) in the b2,15 fluorescence at incident photon energies resonant with the 2p 3/2 excitation.
		The dichroism is dominated by exchange interac-tion between the localized 4 f electrons and the final state 4d core hole.
	igitur-archive.library.uu.nl /chem/2001-0713-151206/UUindex.html (77 words)

	MCD
		However, in contrast to CD, MCD spectroscopy is performed in a strong magnetic field parallel to the direction of propagation of the circular polarized light.
		Typical experimental conditions for LT MCD measurements are temperatures between 1.5 - 30 K (liquid helium) and magnetic fields of 0 - 7 T. The Spectromag4000 cryostat comprises a horizontal field split pair superconducting magnet in a low boil-off helium cryostat.
		The magnet is also able to operate at 8 T, but this requires cooling of the magnet coil to 2.2 K. For the 2.2 K operation of the magnet, a lambda point refrigerator is included in the Spectromag4000 system.
	www.umich.edu /~lehnert/MCD.html (1003 words)

	Standing Waves Probe Nanowedge Interfaces
		For scientists studying so-called magnetic nanostructures comprising multiple layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic materials each only a few atoms thick, the problem is particularly challenging because most of the action takes place out of sight in the comparatively few atoms that reside at or near the boundaries (interfaces) between the layers.
		Magnetic circular dichroism in photoemission from the 2p and 3p levels of iron and chromium resulted in identification of regions with decreased (increased) ferromagnetic alignment for iron (chromium) and derivation of the positions and widths of these regions.
		Analysis of the core-level photoemission and magnetic circular dichroism as the standing wave moves through the interface yields composition and magnetization profiles across the interface, including a region of intermixed iron and chromium in which the atomic magnetic moments change orientation.
	www-als.lbl.gov /als/science/sci_archive/55wave_probe.html (856 words)

	Magnetic Domain Imaging Based On Magnetic Dichroism
		Consequently, magnetic contrast is obtained by subtracting images acquired from the same spot on the sample with photon energies of 52 and 55 eV.
		Since with partially circularly polarized light one is sensitive to the magnetic component parallel to the light incident, one sees a pattern similar to that obtained with circularly polarized light.
		Magnetic domain microscopy using linear magnetic dichroism in the total yield promises to be as powerful as microscopy using circular light [7].
	www.anphy.uni-duesseldorf.de /gruppen/peem/vuv.html (1317 words)

	Session M18 - Reflectometry and Magnetic Circular Dichroism.
		The MCD measurements were performed by changing the direction of the magnetization axis relative to the incident light, with the light helicity being kept constant, and the MCD asymmetries being calculated as a difference between spectra obtained with the two magnetizations.
		Most MCD studies in the soft x-ray range are carried out with light of mixed polarization, where the effect of incomplete circular polarization is usually taken care of by linearly extrapolating the data to P_circ=100 %.
		A formalism is developed to interpret the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) sum rules in terms of the complex dielectric tensor \varepsilon (ømega) Utilizing classical Maxwell-Fresnel theory, the formalism is applied to the reflection spectra at M_2,3 of 3d ferromagnets to calculate the orbital moments \langle L_z \rangle.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR97/BAPSMAR97/abs/S3080.html (2078 words)

	Magnetic Circular Dichroism in X-ray Absorption - ESRF
		Magnetic Circular Dichroism in X-ray Absorption - ESRF
		X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) is considered to be one of the most important discoveries in the field of magnetism in the last two decades.
		The major strength of the XMCD is the capability to deduce from the experimental spectra the orbital-projected magnetic moments both in magnitude and direction with the full benefit of the element selectivity inherent to X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
	www.esrf.fr /UsersAndScience/Publications/Highlights/2002/XASMS/XASMS8 (619 words)

	Magneto-optical imaging of magnetism
		M is the magnetisation vector and the plane of incidence is determined by the incident and reflected beams (and includes also the normal to the investigated surface).
		The magnetic circular birefringence induces the rotation of the transmitted linearly polarised light relative to the incident orientation (figure 4).
		There is the magnetic linear dichroism where magnetism induces a difference of absorption between two orthogonal directions of linear polarisation corresponding to the eigenmodes of propagation (figure 5).
	lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr /themes/micro/Imag1.htm (2406 words)

	Calculation of magnetic circular dichroism in core level photoemission spectroscopy
		Magnetic X-ray dichroism in core level photoemission is calculated using a localized model.
		It is shown that the angular dependent part of the electrostatic interaction between the core hole and the 3d electrons determines the magnetic dichroism in the 2p photoemission of 3d transition metal compounds.
		The circular dichroism is expected to be very strong in compounds with localized 3d electrons.
	stacks.iop.org /0953-8984/3/1015 (213 words)

	Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
		MCD is an optical probe of paramagnetism that details the electronic and magnetic properties of the ground states of metal centers.
		Circular dichroism (CD) (at zero magnetic field) is also available using additional instrumentation.
		Analysis of variable-temperature/variable-field MCD data in terms of magnetic ground state properties is complicated by the need to explicitly consider transition polarization
	www.uga.edu /~cms/MCD.html (508 words)

	[No title]
		Magnetic dichroism in core-level photoemission from solids represents a promising new element-specific probe to investigate the magnetic structure of surfaces and interfaces.
		One way to measure such effects is to use photoelectrons excited by circularly polarized light, for which even the spin-integrated intensity depends on the relative orientation of the photon helicity (left or right circularly polarized) and the sample magnetization (x-ray magnetic circular dichroism in photoemission, XMCD in PE).
		Another example of dichroism experiment is using the p-type linearly polarized light with an electric-field component perpendicular to the surface (x-ray magnetic linear dichroism, XMLD).
	www.physik.tu-dresden.de /~dedkov/dichroism.html (337 words)

	Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectra of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles
		Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectra of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles in Xerogels at 5.5 K
		The analysis of a magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectrum provides the support for the characterization of excited electronic states.
		O; (2) The observed MCD signal is large, suggesting that both the magnetic and electric moments of surface plasmon resonances in colloidal gold are allowed; (3) The MCD spectra of the surface plasmon transition at 523 nm display an A-term-like feature and is shown to be temperature independent.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT8/Abstracts/Lin/index.html (473 words)

	Magnetic Circular Dichroism
		Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra taken at the M2,3 absorption edge of thin Fe films exhibit pronounced thickness-dependent variations in the MCD signal and line shape which are related to birefringence effects in the ferromagnetic film.
		The M2,3 MCD experiments confirm the magnitude and thickness dependent periodicity predicted by the macroscopic theory.
		The observed interference effects are of general character and caution should be employed in attempts to relate changes in the L2,3 MCD spectra of several-monolayer thin films solely to the formation or reorientation of magnetic moments and to their decomposition into spin and orbital components.
	www.phys.uwosh.edu /rioux/texts/osc_abs.html (262 words)

	[No title]
		Infrared Magnetic Circular Dichroism: On the Misidentification of the
		Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectra of the Halogen Molecules, I
		Circular Dichroism and Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Azotobacter vinelandii Ferredoxin I, P.J. Stephens, G.M. Jensen, F.J. Devlin, T.V. Morgan, C.D. Stout, A.E. Martin and B.K. Burgess, Biochemistry, 30, 3200-3209(1991).
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~pstephen (10963 words)

	Defintion of magnetic_circular_dichroism_mcd - Chemistry Dictionary
		MCD is frequently used in combination with absorption and CD studies to effect electronic assignments.
		The three contributions to the MCD spectrum are the A-term, due to Zeeman splitting of the ground and/or excited degenerate states, the B-term, due to field-induced mixing of states, and the C-term, due to a change in the population of molecules over the Zeeman sublevels of a paramagnetic ground state.
		Variable-temperature MCD is particularly effective in identifying and assigning electronic transitions originating from paramagnetic chromophores.
	www.chemicool.com /definition/magnetic_circular_dichroism_mcd.html (136 words)

	Cluster Characterization in Iron-Sulfur Proteins by Magnetic Circular Dichroism -- Stephens et al. 75 (11): 5273 -- ...
		We report magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of 4-Fe iron-sulfur clusters in the iron-sulfur proteins Chromatium high-potential iron protein (HIPIP), Bacillus stearothermophilus ferredoxin and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin.
		The MCD is found to vary significantly with cluster oxidation state but is relatively insensitive to the nature of the protein.
		It is concluded that MCD is useful for the characterization of iron-sulfur cluster type and oxidation state in iron-sulfur proteins and is superior for this purpose to absorption and natural circular dichroism spectroscopy.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/short/75/11/5273 (219 words)

	XMCD
		The size of the dichroism effect s cales like cos θ, where θ is the angle between the photon spin and the magnetization direction.
		Hence the maximum dichroism effect (typically 20%) is observed if the photon spin direction and the magnetization directions are parallel and anti-parallel as shown on the left side of Fig.
		resonance intensities and their differences for parallel and anti-parallel orientation of photon spin and magnetization directions are quantitatively related by sum rules to the number of d holes and the size of the spin and orbital magnetic moments.
	www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu /stohr/xmcd.htm (2407 words)

	Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Magnetic circular dichroism in x-ray absorption is used to investigate the in-plane, remnant magnetization of well-characterized Ni{sub 0.48}/Au{sub 0.52} multilayers.
		A larger dichroism is found in the Ni 2p absorption edge for a 1.8 nm than for a 4.4 nm layer pair sample.
		The larger dichroism is consistent with a larger magnitude of in-plane strain for the Ni layers and a larger total magnetic anisotropy energy as previously shown from magnetization curves.
	www.osti.gov /bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=81068&query_id=0 (217 words)

	Igitur-archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We have recorded X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) at the L2,3 edges of Ni^(II).
		A somewhat too small magnetic moment is found on nickel.
		A complete calculation taking into account the multiplet coupling effect and the covalent hybridization allowed to determine the precise ground state of nickel and showed that hybridization with surrounding nitrogen atoms is not responsible for the experimental low nickel magnetic moment.
	igitur-archive.library.uu.nl /phys/2001-0725-122229/UUindex.html (148 words)

	MCD Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In circular polarization states, the electric vector of light traces out a helical path, rotating once around the propagation direction in one wavelength.
		Circular polarization states may be right or left handed, depending on whether the electric vector rotates clockwise or counter-clockwise when viewed from the target.
		Circular polarization states of light are therefore chiral, and the interaction of chiral photons with chiral molecules leads to circular dichroism (CD).
	www.bmb.ogi.edu /users/JWW/MCD01.html (230 words)

	Elmars Krausz
		Polarised absorption, emission, excitation, Raman, Zeeman and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies.
		Magnetism: detailed spectra of the complex vibronic structure over the entire visible to near IR, absorption and magnetic circular dichroism in Cs3Mo2(Cl,Br)9.
		A fundamental understanding of non-linear processes in new chemical materials is a key element in the development of new, high speed optical devices and in the fabrication of systems with relevance to molecular electronics and optical computing.
	rsc.anu.edu.au /~krausz/krausz.html (1066 words)

	Detection of magnetic circular dichroism using a transmission electron microscope : Nature
		In the case of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), the absorption cross-section of a ferromagnet or a paramagnet in a magnetic field changes when the helicity of a circularly polarized photon is reversed relative to the magnetization direction.
		We compare our measurements of electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) with XMCD spectra obtained from the same specimen that, together with theoretical calculations, show that chiral atomic transitions in a specimen are accessible with inelastic electron scattering under particular scattering conditions.
		This finding could have important consequences for the study of magnetism on the nanometre and subnanometre scales, as EMCD offers the potential for such spatial resolution down to the nanometre scale while providing depth information—in contrast to X-ray methods, which are mainly surface-sensitive.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v441/n7092/abs/nature04778.html (378 words)

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