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Topic: Magnetic confinement fusion

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Tokamak

Fusion power

Inertial confinement fusion

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	Magnetic Confinement Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The development of nuclear fusion reactors presently focuses on either magnetic confinement reactors or inertial confinement processes.
		One approach to magnetic confinement is the tokamak approach used in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR).
		It is a magnetic confinement reactor using the toroidal geometry of the tokamak, a device first developed in the USSR.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fusmag.html (343 words)

	The Fusion Quest
		Magnetism was known to the ancients in the form of lodestone, and nearly every child today has played with horseshoe magnets, or the magnets that hold reminder notes on the refrigerator door.
		Fusion researchers struggled in secret for a few years, but in 1958, at the second Atoms for Peace Conference in Geneva, fusion scientists from around the world were allowed to share the results of their research and lay the foundation for one of the most closely collaborative scientific endeavors ever undertaken.
		We characterize the effectiveness of the magnetic insulation in terms of the "energy confinement time," which is simply the time that would be required for the plasma to cool off if all heating ceased (by convention, it is the time required for the temperature to drop to about one-third its original value).
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/f/fowler-fusion.html (4799 words)

	The Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		To make fusion occur, the atoms of hydrogen must be heated to temperatures of 100 million ° C and held at high pressure (or "confined") long enough for fusion to take place.
		Magnetic confinement fusion uses strong magnetic fields to confine the hydrogen, heated by microwaves or other means.
		Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) uses powerful energy beams, such as lasers, to compress and heat the hydrogen fuel to fusion temperatures, and uses the inertia of the fuel itself to confine it long enough for fusion to occur.
	fusion.gat.com /icf/concept (352 words)

	Magnetic Confinement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		At the temperatures necessary to initiate and maintain fusion (in the range of 100 million degrees Celsius) the hydrogen exist in a plasma state, and cannot be contained by known materials.
		Magnetic confinement, however, utilizes the fact that plasma consists of charged ions, and a correctly aligned, strong magnetic field can confine the plasma and keep it away from the chamber walls.
		However, a second magnetic field is made possible by the current flowing through the plasma itself, creating field lines that spiral around the torus, trapping the plasma.
	www.eas.asu.edu /~holbert/eee460/jan/2ndpage.htm (198 words)

	Magnetic confinement fusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magnetic confinement fusion is an approach to fusion energy that uses magnetic fields to confine the fusion fuel in the form of a plasma.
		Magnetic confinement is one of two major branches of fusion energy research, the other being inertial confinement fusion.
		The simplest magnetic configuration is a solenoid, a long cylinder wound with magnetic coils producing a field with the lines of force running parallel to the axis of the cylinder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetic_fusion_energy (1155 words)

	Sandia National Laboratories - Fusion Progress
		Using the DIII-D tokamak magnetic fusion machine at General Atomics in San Diego and the Divertor Materials Evaluation System (DiMES), Bill and colleagues at the University of California at San Diego, General Atomics, and Sandia recently conducted experiments that showed erosion is eliminated during operation with detached plasmas.
		Fusion is the combining or fusing of light atoms, such as atoms of hydrogen, to form heavier atoms.
		While there are several different ways to produce fusion, among the most promising is the tokamak, a large doughnut-shaped magnetic confinement device.
	www.sandia.gov /LabNews/LN08-25-00/fusion_story.html (740 words)

	Laser Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion: Principles And Implementation
		At these temperatures, the confinement time of a few nanoseconds owing to the inertial forces, is sufficient to allow the hydrogen atoms to collide often enough, and with sufficient energy, to fuse.
		Laser driven fusion was proposed by John Nuckolls shortly after the demonstration of a ruby laser by Ted Maiman at Hughes in the early 1960s.
		The basic principles of the fusion processes, the differences between the two major methods, and the target research and development which has occurred during the past few years of the ICF program will be discussed.
	www.ece.uiuc.edu /seminar/98-99/fusion.html (508 words)

	Nuclear Fusion Propulsion - Future Space Propulsion Systems
		MCF, sometimes referred to as continuous fusion, effectively tries to recreate the Sun's method of achieving fusion, by super heating the fuel to hundreds of millions of degrees by using a plasma.
		So, in terms of fusion, the idea is to introduce these muons (replacing the electrons) and allow their negative charge to effectively shield the positively charged nuclei from each other.
		MCF as a propulsion system is possibly not the optimum approach, although it is quite possible that MCF will be the optimum for power generation, but we will have to wait and see for a definitive answer.
	www.thespacesite.com /space_nuclear_fusion_propulsion.html (3175 words)

	Magnetic Fusion Nuclear Physics Science
		Magnetic data over the area of the Hillside Diatreme show that it is...
		buildings and pieces of the tokamak [a doughnut-shaped (toroidal) chamber used in fusion research in which a plasma is heated and confined by magnetic fields.
		RFX is a toroidal device where a ring of high temperature ionized gas (plasma) is confined by a magnetic field in the Reversed Field Pinch configuration.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Science/Physics/Nuclear/Fusion/Magnetic (1068 words)

	Glossary of Fusion Terms A-Z
		Alfven waves in the direction of the magnetic field; it is proportional to the magnetic field strength, and inversely proportional to the square root of the ion
		magnetic confinement: the magnitude of the magnetic field pressure is determined by the expenditure on the
		magnetic confinement device, that confines the plasma in cylindrical geometry by using a poloidal current and an axial magnetic field.
	www.fusion.org.uk /info/glossary/glossmain.htm (5942 words)

	Newswise
		Divertor walls are the region in a tokamak where material surfaces are in direct contact with the energy-producing fusion plasma.
		The researchers used the DIII-D tokamak magnetic fusion machine at General Atomics in San Diego and the Divertor Materials Evaluation System (DiMES) to conduct experiments that showed erosion is eliminated during operation with detached plasmas.
		While there are several ways to produce fusion, among the most promising is the tokamak, a large doughnut-shaped magnetic confinement device.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=FUSION3.SNL (804 words)

	Heavy-Ion Fusion Tutorial
		For fusion to occur, the atoms of hydrogen must be heated to extremely high temperatures (millions of degrees C) so they have enough thermal energy to overcome this repulsion, and then they must be held together or confined long enough for fusion to occur.
		With inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the method discussed here, a tiny pellet of frozen hydrogen is compressed and heated so quickly that fusion occurs before the atoms can fly apart, so the reaction is confined, in effect, by the inertia of the fuel.
		Although the fusion reactions produce high-energy neutrons which have the capability to contaminate parts of the reactor, there are several IFE reactor designs which prevent these neutrons from reaching and activating the reactor walls.
	hif.lbl.gov /tutorial/tutorial.html (2559 words)

	Nuclear Science and Engineering Department @ MIT
		As fusion technology refocuses on more basic engineering science issues, the Department is perfectly positioned to play an important role in research on superconducting magnets, high power millimeter wave generation, and advanced materials.
		The primary method we are presently investigating is use of a magnetic “divertor” to direct the particles leaving the plasma into a region remote from the hot plasma core.
		The subject is of fundamental importance to all forms of magnetic confinement fusion research, providing a link between the physics behavior of the plasma and the engineering characteristics of the confinement device.
	web.mit.edu /nse/research/fusion/fusion.html (2028 words)

	fusion, nuclear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Various forms of fusion have been considered for use in nuclear propulsion for spacecraft.
		A fusion reaction occurs when two light nuclei approach each other so closely that their Coulomb (charge) repulsion is overcome, allowing the nuclei to fuse.
		The total mass of the fusion products is lower than that of the two original nuclei; the difference is converted to kinetic energy which is distributed between the products.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/F/fusion.html (219 words)

	ACT Advanced Concept Team (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One concept which is still at a relatively early stage of development is the direct use of energy from fusion reactions to drive a spacecraft.
		In collaboration with European academia, the ACT is conducting a study on the feasibility of open magnetic confinement fusion propulsion.
		To investigate the feasibility of open magnetic fusion systems for space propulsion (particularly GDM with embedded field reversed configuration), including the study of the main physics and engineering challenges associated with achieving self-sustaining fusion processes.
	www.esa.int /gsp/ACT/propulsion/fusion.htm (469 words)

	Magnetic Fusion Energy
		Magnetic confinement devices use extremely strong magnetic fields to trap the ions of the plasma, forcing them to follow circular paths about the magnetic field lines.
		One other technique is to increase the magnetic field of the plasma along a gradient, compressing the plasma and therefore raising its temperature.
		This would also be the first opportunity to study the practical problems likely to occur in an actual fusion power plant, such as the accumulation of helium ash and methods for controlling the burning rate.
	www.princeton.edu /~chm333/2002/spring/Fusion/tour2/MFE.html (649 words)

	ScienceDaily: Major Issue Impeding Successful Magnetic Confinement Fusion Resolved
		ORNL Supercomputer Helping Shed Brighter Light On Fusion (September 21, 2000) -- Some of the secrets to achieving fusion energy may be unlocked by calculations developed by researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and run on the lab's...
		Fusion In Our Future (September 10, 1998) -- Nuclear fusion, the same reaction that fuels the sun, holds the potential for providing humankind with a clean and limitless supply of energy.
		Nuclear fusion -- In physics, nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/09/000921071718.htm (2013 words)

	IEEE-USA Position Statement on Fusion Energy Research and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) uses focused high-power sources (lasers and particle beams) to compress and heat small target pellets and confines the reacting mixture by its own inertia for very brief times (about a billionth of a second).
		Fusion should be developed as an element within a portfolio of long-term electrical energy generation technologies because of fusion's potential as an inexhaustible and environmentally attractive energy source.
		Due to the long-term nature of the fusion RandD program and fusion energy's significant environmental and national security advantages, stable government commitment to the long-term development of fusion power is essential to exploit the international fusion advances and to lead in strategically important areas.
	www.ieeeusa.org /policy/positions/fusion.html (1956 words)

	Physics Division \| Inertial Confinement Fusion \| What is Fusion? \| Los Alamos National Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		For many people fusion seems as far from their reality as the Sun, and in fact, it is. Fusion reactions are responsible for the energy that is released by the stars.
		These researchers are investigating the use of man-made fusion reactions to produce miniature stars which give off energy (see figure 2.) These fusion reactions employ two forms or isotopes of hydrogen, called deuterium and tritium, which have a different number of neutrons than hydrogen.
		In an inertial confinement fusion reaction, energy is rapidly applied to the surface of the fusion capsule which causes the solid surface to vaporize or turn into a gas.
	www.lanl.gov /ICF/intro.shtml (512 words)

	University of York \| Dept of Physics \| Research Projects For 2006/2007 \| Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The most promising device for a fusion power plant is the tokamak, which confines deuterium and tritium fuel in a plasma state using a toroidal configuration of magnetic fields.
		In particular, a theory recently developed at the Institute for Fusion Studies at the University of Texas has shown how a certain type of event, in which the frequency of the associated magnetic field oscillations varies with time (or "sweeps"), may betray information about the underlying physics.
		In a tokamak, the charged particles of the plasma are confined to travel along magnetic field lines which spiral around toroidal flux surfaces.
	www.york.ac.uk /depts/phys/gsp/projects/fusion_proj.htm (886 words)

	The Transient Internal Probe Explanation
		It is a technique which directly measures the internal magnetic field structure of a high temperature plasma for magnetic confinement fusion research.
		In magnetic confinement controlled fusion, internal magnetic field structure is the most important variable of the hot plasma.
		This is because internal magnetic fields both describe and influence the plasma current profile and equilibrium state, which are each essential for generation of heat and sustainment of plasma ions at thermo-nuclear reaction density and temperature.
	www.aa.washington.edu /AERP/HIT/TIP/tipM.html (499 words)

	Fusion Strategy
		Controlled thermonuclear fusion by magnetic confinement thus became a European field of research; thereafter, national fusion research activities were brought together in a single European programme.
		The long-term objective of the Community project, which integrates all magnetic confinement fusion research performed in the EU Member States (plus Switzerland), is the joint construction of safe and environment-friendly prototype reactors, leading to the construction of economically viable power stations meeting the needs of the potential users.
		A commercial fusion reactor might be ready for use in the middle of the next century.
	www.fusion-eur.org /fusion_cd/strategy.htm (515 words)

	Optimized Three-Dimensional Magnetic Fusion Confinement Geometries
		Stellarators rely on three-dimensional shaping of the outer magnetic surface to provide good plasma confinement and stability without the need for the externally driven currents that are necessary in tokamaks.
		The coloration of the magnetic surface is proportional to the local magnetic field strength.
		This work contributes to the development of innovative new magnetic fusion concepts that will avoid the disruptive current-driven instabilities of the tokamak and thus lead to improved, more reliable reactors.
	www.nersc.gov /news/annual_reports/annrep98/spong.html (445 words)

	Plasma Science and Technology - Applications - Magnetic Confinement Fusion
		Magnetic confinement fusion devices are designed to confine hot, dense plasma for a sufficient period of time (a few seconds) for nuclei to fuse by overcoming their natural repulsive forces.
		An operating fusion energy reactor must attain sufficiently high energy density for the fusion to become self-sustaining (ignition) and generate economically significant energy gains.
		Fusion is routinely produced in current experiments and we are now on the threshold of "burning plasma" experiments that will allow the construction of useful fusion powers plants.
	www.plasmas.org /fusion-mag.htm (1860 words)

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