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	Magnetic field - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is the force observed when a high permeability, ferromagnetic materials, such as iron and steel alloys, are in the proximity of magnetic fields.
		It was Albert Einstein who showed, using special relativity, that electric and magnetic fields are two aspects of the same thing (a rank-2 tensor), and that one observer may perceive a magnetic force where a moving observer perceives only an electrostatic force.
		Thus, using special relativity, magnetic forces are a manifestation of electrostatic forces of charges in motion and may be predicted from knowledge of the electrostatic forces and the movement (relative to some observer) of the charges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnetic_field (1762 words)

	Magnet -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The end of a magnet that points toward the (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth's geographic (The northernmost point of the Earth's axis) North Pole is labeled as the north pole of the magnet; correspondingly, the end that points south is the south pole of the magnet.
		Calculating the attractive or repulsive force between two magnets is, in the general case, an extremely complex operation, as it depends on the shape, magnetization, orientation and separation of the magnets.
		F is force (SI unit: (A unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/sec/sec to a mass of 1 kilogram; equal to 100,000 dynes) newton)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/magnet.htm (2779 words)

	Electromagnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A non-zero electric field is produced by the presence of electrically charged particles, and gives rise to the electric force; this is the force that causes static electricity and drives the flow of electric charge (electric current) in electrical conductors.
		A changing magnetic field produces an electric field (this is the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which underlies the operation of electrical generators, induction motors, and transformers).
		The other fundamental forces are the strong nuclear force (which holds atomic nuclei together), the weak nuclear force (which causes certain forms of radioactive decay), and the gravitational force.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electromagnetism (1197 words)

	force - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about force
		The action of an unbalanced or resultant force results in the acceleration of a body in the direction of action of the force, or it may, if the body is unable to move freely, result in its deformation (see Hooke's law).
		Force is a vector quantity, possessing both magnitude and direction; its SI unit is the newton.
		A resultant force is a single force acting on a particle or body whose effect is equivalent to the combined effects of two or more separate forces.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /force (1230 words)

	Magnetic Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It was certainly not a central force, since it was not oriented along a straight line between two interacting points, as happens with gravitational forces, interacting forces between electrical charges at rest, or between the two poles of a magnet.
		If a magnet is placed near a wire current, the wire experiences a magnetic force because the external magnetic fields interact with the moving charges (no current, no force).
		By Newton's action-reaction (third) law, the force on the magnet due to the current loop is equal and opposite to the force on the current loop due to the magnet.
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /ugrad/labs/summer/magnetic.html (1928 words)

	Magnetic Force Microscopy with the Nano-R™
		Magnetic imaging using the electron microscope however, often required that the sample be thinned or, in the case of recording media, have the protective coating removed.
		The principle of MFM is to measure the change of the interaction force between a magnetized probe and the local stray magnetic field from the sample as the probe is scanned across the surface.
		In the case of magnetic force microscopy the force between the probe and the sample is carried by the magnetic field.
	www.pacificnanotech.com /magnetic-microscopy_magnetic-force-microscopy-with-the-nano-r-.html (634 words)

	Magnetic field - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A magnetic field is a vector field: it associates with every point in space a vector that may vary in time.
		Historically, $\mathbf{B} \ was called the$ magnetic flux density or the magnetic induction, and $\mathbf{H} = \mathbf{B} / \mu_0 \ was called the$ magnetic field, and this terminology is still often used to distinguish the two in the context of magnetic materials (non-trivial μ).
		B is the magnetic field strength or magnetic flux density, measured in Tesla
	open-encyclopedia.com /Magnetic_field (686 words)

	Magnetism and the Sun: Magnetic Force
		Perhaps the reason why magnetic force was not detected in wires until Oersted is because of the large amount of current needed to create a measurable magnetic force.
		The relative weakness of magnetic force, compared to electric force that arises out of the presence of electric charge, can be seen in the next experiment with a wire coil and magnet.
		Force between a wire coil and magnet: The fact that moving charges create magnetic force can be seen in a wire coil with current flowing through it and a magnet.
	solar-center.stanford.edu /magnetism/magneticforce.html (1089 words)

	MAGNETIC FORCE: 1 Star Drive by John Gard
		Magnetic force is the same as gravitational and electrical forces in that no one knows truly what it is. Magnetic force is different from gravitational and electrical forces in that its potential and momentic energy is at the expense of an electrical field in time.
		Where the magnetic field F, is uniform and normal to the finite area A, the magnetic flux across the area is given by: Flux = B * A, and the unit of magnetic flux is 1 newton-meter per ampere, or 1 Wb in honer of Mr.
		In the case of an electron moving in a magnetic field; the index finger is in the direction electron motion, the thumb is in the direction of the magnetic field, and the force is in the direction of the middle finger.
	www.1stardrive.com /solar/mag.htm (5458 words)

	Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
		The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is equal to the cross product of the particles velocity with the magnetic field times the magnitude of the charge.
		The Magnetic Force depends upon the size of the charge q, the magnitude of the magnetic field B, and how fast the charge is moving v perpendicular to the magnetic field (equivalently, the size of v and the component of B perpendicular to the direction of the moving charge).
		The magnitude of the magnetic force is greatest when the charge is moving at right angles to the magnetic field.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/MagneticField/MFonCharge.html (454 words)

	The Mathematical Theory of Sculpture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Magnetic fluid is put into the center plate, and the two electro magnets are placed above and below it so that the same polar sides are facing each other.
		It is made by dissolving fero magnetic micro-powder in a solvent such as water or oil, and it remains strongly magnetic even in a fluid condition.
		An increase in magnetic power of the upper eletro magnet causes the sphere to be pushed outward, and it changes into lines emitting from the center (Fig.3).
	www.mi.sanu.ac.yu /vismath/takeno (543 words)

	The Meaning of Force
		Force is a quantity which is measured using the standard metric unit known as the
		Because a force is a vector which has a direction, it is common to represent forces using diagrams in which a force is represented by an arrow.
		The size of the arrow is reflective of the magnitude of the force and the direction of the arrow reveals the direction which the force is acting.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/Class/newtlaws/u2l2a.html (636 words)

	NOVA \| Magnetic Storm \| TV Program Description \| PBS
		Like the plot of a sci-fi B movie, something weird is happening deep underground where the constant spin of Earth's liquid metallic core generates an invisible magnetic force field that shields our planet from harmful radiation in space.
		The most visible signs of Earth's magnetic field are auroras, which are caused by charged particles from space interacting with the atmosphere as they flow into the north and south magnetic poles.
		At the present rate, Earth's magnetic field could be gone within a few centuries, exposing the planet to the relentless blast of charged particles from space with unpredictable consequences for the atmosphere and life.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/magnetic/about.html (639 words)

	Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory
		Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a recent technique for imaging magnetization patterns with high resolution and minimal sample preparation.
		An image of the field at the surface is formed by moving the tip across the surface and measuring the force (or force gradient) as a function of position.
		Coercivity (measured in Oersteds, Oe) is a property of magnetic material and is defined as the amount of magnetic field necessary to reduce the magnetic induction in the material to zero - the higher the coercivity, the harder it is to erase data from a medium.
	www.cs.auckland.ac.nz /~pgut001/pubs/secure_del.html (7573 words)

	Magnetic Bracelets Magnetic Earrings and Magnetic Jewelry
		Magnetic flux density is measured in tesla or gauss (1 tesla = 10,000 gauss).
		The earth's magnetic field - the magnetic force that influences all living beings - has decreased considerably over the last 500 years and is now only 0.5 gauss.
		The combination of a copper bangle and magnets produces a twin effect: copper from the bangle is dissolved by the perspiration, deposited on the skin and then absorbed into the bloodstream, while the magnet improves the circulation, resulting in a better distribution of the copper (which has anti-inflammatory properties) in the body.
	www.kismet2u.com (936 words)

	IBM Research \| Almaden Research Center \| Science and Technology \| Nanoscale Science \| Atomic Scale Microscopy and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The magnetic tip is attached to a sensitive micromechanical cantilever that will bend in response to small forces, including the magnetic forces due to the magnetic nuclei in the sample.
		By applying a suitably modulated radiofrequency (rf) magnetic field using a small coil, the magnetic moment of the nucleus within the resonant slice can be flipped up, down, up, down, etc., thus generating an alternating force on the tip that causes the cantilever to vibrate slightly.
		This is because the forces that need to be detected are still extremely small - in the attonewton range - and because the behavior of individual spins in the presence of a nearby ferromagnetic tip is not well understood.
	www.almaden.ibm.com /st/nanoscale_science/asms/mrfm (843 words)

	Magnetic Fields
		A magnetized bar has its power concentrated at two ends, its poles; they are known as its north (N) and south (S) poles, because if the bar is hung by its middle from a string, its N end tends to point northwards and its S end southwards.
		Ampere guessed that each atom of iron contained a circulating current, turning it into a small magnet, and that in an iron magnet all these atomic magnets were lined up in the same direction, allowing their magnetic forces to add up.
		In fact, some of the world's strongest magnets contain no iron, because the added benefit of iron inside an electromagnet has a definite limit, whereas the strength of the magnetic force produced directly by an electric current is only limited by engineering considerations.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wmfield.html (696 words)

	Magnetic forces
		The magnetic field B is defined from the Lorentz Force Law, and specifically from the magnetic force on a moving charge:
		The force is perpendicular to both the velocity v of the charge q and the magnetic field B. The magnitude of the force is F = qvB sinθ where θ is the angle
		The electric force is straightforward, being in the direction of the electric field if the charge q is positive, but the direction of the magnetic part of the force is given by the right hand rule.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/magnetic/magfor.html (307 words)

	Articles - Magnet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All magnets are dipoles: that is, all magnets have a north and a south pole.
		The end of a magnet that points toward the Earth's geographic North Pole is labeled as the north pole of the magnet; correspondingly, the end that points south is the south pole of the magnet.
		To avoid the confusion between geographic and magnetic north and south poles, the terms positive and negative are sometimes used for the poles of a magnet.
	www.wholez.com /articles/Magnetic_force (2412 words)

	Magnetic Field Lines
		Magnetic field lines similarly describe the structure of magnetic fields in three dimensions.They are defined as follows.
		Field lines converge where the magnetic force is strong, and spread out where it is weak.
		For instance, in a compact bar magnet or "dipole," field lines spread out from one pole and converge towards the other, and of course, the magnetic force is strongest near the poles where they come together.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wfldline.html (394 words)

	Magnetic Force Calculation (example)
		The first example shown in figure A utilises a single magnet with one pole face secured to a lifting attachment which is connected to a spring scale to measure the force on the magnet.
		The magnetic force holding the steel plate to the magnet can be measured on the scale.
		Now in the second example as shown in figure B square steel section is used to complete the magnetic circuit between the upper side of the magnet and the steel plate significantly reducing the air gap.
	www.imsolution.com.au /magnet-force-calc.html (370 words)

	Magnetic Force Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		At every point in space surrounding a magnet, a moving charge, or a wire carrying current there is a force field called the magnetic field; denoted by the symbol B.
		It is the field associated with this additional force that we call the magnetic field.
		Note that the direction of the force due to the magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction on the magnetic field while the direction of the electric force and the electric field are in the same direction for a positive charge.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/MagneticField/MField.html (158 words)

	ipedia.com: Magnetic field Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In physics, a magnetic field is an entity produced by moving electric charges that exerts a force on other moving charges.
		Historically, B was called the magnetic flux density or the magnetic induction, and H (= B / μ) was called the magnetic field, and this terminology is still often used to distinguish the two in the context of magnetic materials (non-trivial μ).
		It was Albert Einstein who showed, using special relativity, that electric and magnetic fields are two aspects of the same thing (a rank-2 tensor), and that one observer may perceive a magnetic force where a moving observer perceives an electrostatic force.
	www.ipedia.com /magnetic_field.html (535 words)

	Exploratorium: Science Snacks: Magnetic Lines of Force
		Each atom in a piece of iron is a magnet, with a north pole and a south pole.
		When you bring a magnet near a piece of iron, the iron-atom magnets line up with the applied magnetic field: The north poles of the iron atoms all point in the same direction.
		These magnets are available at most feed stores.
	www.exploratorium.edu /snacks/magnetic_lines.html (685 words)

	Synthetic Models
		Micromechanical sensing of magnetic force was used to detect nuclear magnetic resonance with exceptional sensitivity and spatial resolution.
		The results suggest that magnetic force sensing is a viable approach for enhancing the sensitivity and spatial resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging.
		The envisioned "magnetic resonance force microscope" would have elemental identification capability and be able to determine nuclear positions with subangstrom spatial resolution in three dimensions.
	www.almaden.ibm.com /vis/models/models.html (366 words)

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